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Asian Journal of Agriculture
Published by Universitas Mulawarman
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25804537     DOI : -
Core Subject : Agriculture,
Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry
Aims and Scope Asian Journal of Agriculture encourages submission of manuscripts dealing with all aspects to optimizing the quality and quantity of both plant and animal yield and final products, including agricultural economics and management, agricultural engineering and mechanization, agronomy and crop science, fish breeding, poultry breeding, plants and animals breeding, biotechnology, molecular biology, genetic diversity and breeding, food science and technology, land resources, land use, and remote sensing, plant pathology and pest management, microbiology, virology and bacteriology, organic agriculture, ecology and ecophysiology, physiology and nutrition, post-harvest technology, soil sciences, soilless culture, tissue culture technology, phytoremediation, and water management.
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Articles 221 Documents
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Biotransformation of chlorogenic acids by Lactobacillus casei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Rhizopus oryzae TJAHJADI PURWOKO; SOERYA DEWI MARLIYANA; RATNA SETYANINGSIH; SURANTO SURANTO
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100234

Abstract

Abstract. Purwoko T, Marliyana SD, Setyaningsih R, Suranto S. 2026. Biotransformation of chlorogenic acids by Lactobacillus casei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Rhizopus oryzae. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100234. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100234. Coffee beans naturally contain phenolic compounds, caffeine, and chlorogenic acids. Robusta and Arabica coffees contain caffeine and chlorogenic acids, but Robusta beans generally have higher levels of both phenolics. Lowering caffeine and chlorogenic acid levels is achieved through microbial fermentation. Caffeoylquinic acid, which is a form of chlorogenic acid, breaks down, forming two phenolic compounds, i.e., caffeic acid and quinic acid. Microorganisms can further change these caffeic and quinic acids into other compounds. The objective of this study was to identify the compounds that result when food microorganisms, specifically Lactobacillus casei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Rhizopus oryzae break down chlorogenic acid. Chlorogenic acid (caffeoylquinic acid) was added to the NB and PDB media. After sterilization, L. casei and Leu. mesenteroides suspensions were each poured into NB containing 2 g/L chlorogenic acid, and S. cerevisiae and R. oryzae suspensions were each poured into PDB containing 2 g/L chlorogenic acid. These cultures were incubated for four days at 28°C in a shaking water bath (90 rpm). Lactobacillus casei and Leu. mesenteroides performed higher degradation of chlorogenic acid, while R. oryzae performed lower degradation of chlorogenic acid. The findings showed that bacterium L. casei could break down chlorogenic (caffeoylquinic) acid into eight phenolic compounds, i.e., gallic acid, shikimic acid, quinic acid, dihydrocaffeic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and isoferulic acid. Other microorganisms also broke down chlorogenic acid in the same way as L. casei, except that the bacterium Leu. mesenteroides did not produce p-coumaric acid, fungus R. oryzae did not produce isoferulic acid, and yeast S. cerevisiae did not produce ferulic and p-coumaric acids.
Variation in soil chemical and physical properties across four land-use systems in Kuala Dua, Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan, Indonesia SAUMI SETYANINGRUM; FAIZAH METALI; MOHAMAD HILMI IBRAHIM
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100232

Abstract

Abstract. Setyaningrum S, Metali F, Ibrahim MH. 2026. Variation in soil chemical and physical properties across four land-use systems in Kuala Dua, Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100232. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100232. Farming systems play a vital role in shaping the chemical and physical health of our soils, which are crucial for keeping soils fertile and supporting sustainable agriculture. This study looked into soil quality across four different land-use systems: Acacia monoculture, maize monoculture, integrated cropping, and agroforestry in Kuala Dua, Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. We carried out field surveys and collected soil samples systematically at sites practicing Acacia monoculture, maize monoculture, integrated cropping (areca nut–pineapple), and agroforestry. Soil samples were collected from the 0-20 cm soil depth. The samples were analyzed for bulk density, pH, Soil Organic Matter (SOM), Carbon (C), Total Nitrogen (N), Available Phosphorus (P), exchangeable base cations, exchangeable acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and Soil Fertility Index (SFI). Significant differences among land-use systems were observed for N, SOM, C, SFI, CEC, available P, base saturation, exchangeable cations, exchangeable Al, and exchangeable H (p < 0.05), whereas pH and bulk density did not differ significantly. Integrated cropping recorded the highest N content (1.12%), the highest SFI (118.28), and the lowest exchangeable Al and H concentrations, indicating a more favorable composite fertility status. Agroforestry recorded the highest SOM (82.80%) and C content (48.02%), together with higher Mg concentrations, suggesting improved organic matter accumulation and nutrient retention. In contrast, maize monoculture showed the highest available P but also the highest exchangeable Al and H, indicating greater acidity-related constraints. Acacia monoculture consistently recorded the lowest SFI (64.13). Overall, integrated cropping provided the most favorable composite soil fertility condition, whereas agroforestry demonstrated superior soil organic matter and carbon status. These findings provide site-specific evidence that diversified land-use systems may enhance selected soil fertility indicators and support more sustainable soil management in tropical agricultural landscapes.
Farmers' perceptions of agroforestry as a sustainable land-use practice in Kuala Dua, West Kalimantan, Indonesia SAUMI SETYANINGRUM; FAIZAH METALI; MOHAMAD HILMI IBRAHIM
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100229

Abstract

Abstract. Setyaningrum S, Metali F, Ibrahim MH. 2026. Farmers' perceptions of agroforestry as a sustainable land-use practice in Kuala Dua, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100229. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100229. Agroforestry is increasingly promoted to address soil degradation, climate risk, and declining agricultural productivity. This study examined farmers' perceptions, awareness, perceived benefits, and expectations regarding agroforestry among 30 members of the Kuala Gambut Lestari Forest Farmers Group in Kuala Dua, Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Respondents were selected purposively and surveyed using a structured questionnaire; responses were summarized using descriptive statistics and weighted means on a five-point Likert scale. Respondents reported generally favorable perceptions, with high scores for sustainable agricultural output (WM = 4.50), long-term economic benefits (WM = 4.40), soil erosion protection (WM = 4.30), household food security (WM = 4.20), and biodiversity enhancement (WM = 4.20). Their highest expectations concerned technical and financial support (WM = 4.63), training and institutional assistance (WM = 4.60), market access at fair prices (WM = 4.50), and supportive government policies (WM = 4.47). The findings provide site-specific evidence from one organized farmer group in a peatland-dominated agricultural landscape and should not be generalized beyond this setting because of the small purposive sample, self-reported data, absence of formal questionnaire validation, and descriptive analysis. Nevertheless, the results indicate that agroforestry extension strategies should combine practical training with technical guidance, start-up financing, market linkages, and institutional coordination.
Assessing the sustainability of shallot farming in Indonesia based on evidence from Demak District, Central Java INAYAH RAHMAWATI PUTRI UTAMI; FADHIL ADI NUGRAHA; NOVI MUTIARA DEWI
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100225

Abstract

Abstract. Utami IRP, Nugraha FA, Dewi NM. 2026 Assessing the sustainability of shallot farming in Indonesia based on evidence from Demak District, Central Java. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100225. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100225. Shallot (Allium cepa) is an important horticultural commodity in Indonesia. However, it relies on high-input chemical-intensive production, which raises concerns about the environment and resilience. This study aims to assess the sustainability of shallot farming in Demak District, Central Java, in a multidimensional context (ecological, economic, social, institutional, and technological). Data from 175 farmers were analyzed using the Rap-Shalfarm approach and multiple regression. The results showed that shallot cultivation was at a good level of sustainability in all aspects. However, ecological performance is related to controlled pesticide use and mixed fertilization practices, and reflects the current relative system performance rather than an ecologically optimal or low-input model. Economic performance is strongly affected by input intensity and access to finance, while institutional sustainability is strongly affected by credit, which could increase dependence on agrochemicals. Leverage analysis finds 11 critical target attributes for intervention, including pesticide use, organic fertilizer, labor, farmer exchange rates, human capital, financial access, technology, and infrastructure. Regression results indicate that recommending fertilizer positively affects income, while organic fertilizer use and farming experience negatively affect income under the current conditions. The paper shows that the sustainability of shallot farming is characterized by trade-offs across dimensions, not a balanced system, and recommends policies to support resource efficiency, environmentally oriented financing, capacity building of farmers, and rural infrastructure improvement.
Soil and water management in tidal rice fields based on irrigation and water quality across land units in Mempawah, West Kalimantan, Indonesia BAMBANG WIDIARSO; MUHAMMAD NURIMAN; DENDY DETAFIANO PRAKASA AFNER; SUHAIMI SUHAIMI
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100231

Abstract

Abstract. Widiarso B, Nuriman M, Afner DDP, Suhaimi. 2026. Soil and water management in tidal rice fields based on irrigation and water quality across land units in Mempawah, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100231. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100231. Tidal rice field management in Indonesia is often applied the same way across different land units. This approach ignores the variations in pyrite depth, which significantly changes how soil and water interact. This study used a comparative land-unit approach to describe soil and water management needs in tidal rice fields of Mempawah District, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Field surveys at ten locations identified two land units: Sulfaquents with shallow pyrite and Endoaquents with deeper pyrite (>50 cm). We analyzed soil morphology, irrigation water quality, and crop water requirements in a united framework. Sulfaquents needed 13-15% more irrigation during land preparation (221.1-221.7 mm/decade) compared to Endoaquents (187.9-195.1 mm/decade). This difference reflects the role of water in preventing pyrite oxidation. Irrigation water quality differed regardless of land unit. Three out of ten sites exceeded FAO thresholds (EC > 750 µS/cm or SAR > 26). Spearman correlation identified Na⁺ (rs = 0.967) and SAR (rs = 0.939) as the main factors. In contrast, channel discharge showed no clear relationship (rs = -0.231). This indicates that source water and hydrological connectivity are more important than flow volume. The integrated land-unit framework offers a foundation for managing tidal rice fields in a site-specific way.
Soil organic carbon density across peat humification levels in the acrotelm RABBIRL YARHAM MAHARDIKA; HUMMAIRA HASNAYA SIREGAR; ROSSIE WIEDYA NUSANTARA; MUHAMAD NOOR AZIZU; DENDY PRAKASA AFNER; IRA ERDIANDINI; ULFIA FADILLA
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100227

Abstract

Abstract. Mahardika RY, Siregar HH, Nusantara RW, Azizu MN, Afner DP, Erdiandini I, Fadilla U. 2026. Soil organic carbon density across peat humification levels in the acrotelm. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100227. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100227. Tropical peatlands are major carbon stores, yet Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) density within the acrotelm may vary with peat decomposition and humification. This study compared volumetric SOC density and selected physicochemical properties between Hemic and Sapric peat in shrubland and an abandoned smallholder rubber plantation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Twenty peat samples, comprising 10 Hemic and 10 Sapric samples collected from paired acrotelm profiles, were classified using the von Post scale. SOC density was calculated from bulk density and LOI-derived SOC concentration and evaluated using resampling-based inference, effect-size estimation, quantile comparisons, variability analysis, Spearman correlations, and exploratory Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Sapric peat had higher SOC density (65.74 ± 13.77 kg C m-³) than Hemic peat (41.34 ± 6.97 kg C m-³), with a mean difference of 24.41 kg C m-³, permutation p = 0.0003, and Hedges’ g = 2.14. Sapric peat also had greater bulk density (0.125 vs 0.076 g cm-³), whereas SOC concentration differed only modestly (52.63% vs 54.30%). SOC density remained higher in Sapric peat across Q20-Q80, while evidence for greater variability was weak (CV ratio = 1.24, 95% CI 0.48-3.00; Fligner-Killeen p = 0.118). PCA showed partial separation primarily along PC1 (51.3%). These results provide site-specific evidence that humification-associated differences in peat structure, particularly bulk density, are related to volumetric SOC-density patterns at the investigated sites. Broader applicability requires validation across independently replicated peatlands and hydrological conditions.
Declining carbon intensity of rice production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, as a consequence of yield growth rather than emission reduction TRA VAN TRUNG; NGUYEN TUONG CHAU
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100230

Abstract

Abstract. Trung TV, Chau NT. 2026. Declining carbon intensity of rice production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, as a consequence of yield growth rather than emission reduction. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100230. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100230. Rice production in Vietnam's Mekong Delta is a focal target of the national low-emission agenda, with Decision No. 1490/QD-TTg setting a carbon emissions intensity ceiling below 1.0 ton CO2e per ton of paddy. Carbon emissions intensity under the IPCC Tier 1 inventory framework, the accounting basis used for provincial reporting, is examined here to clarify what such intensity targets measure. A provincial panel of 13 Mekong Delta provinces over 1995 to 2024 (N = 381 province-year observations) is analyzed. Because Tier 1 accounting assigns a constant per-hectare emission factor, provincial carbon intensity reduces to a fixed constant divided by yield, an identity confirmed empirically (log-log yield elasticity of carbon intensity = -1.00, within R-squared = 1.00). The reported decline in carbon emissions intensity over three decades is therefore a reduced-form consequence of rising yields rather than measured mitigation. Two-Way Fixed Effects models with Driscoll-Kraay standard errors indicate that, once province and year effects are absorbed, mean temperature and rainfall are not significantly associated with yield, and the strong raw yield-intensity correlation is largely attributable to shared temporal trends. A separately reported Tier 2 scenario simulation, with low, medium, and high assumptions, indicates carbon intensity reductions of 25 to 53 percent from alternate wetting and drying combined with improved straw management across the technically feasible area, with the water-management component alone accounting for 23 to 47 percent. The principal implication is that intensity targets defined on a Tier 1 basis are met arithmetically through yield gains and, by construction, cannot reflect field-level emission reductions, so certification-grade monitoring requires a shift to Tier 2 or to measured emission factors.
Comparative effects of organic mulch materials on growth and nutrient uptake of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedlings CHARLES NTIM BRAKO; DICKSON OSEI DARKWAH; HANIF LUTUF; JOSEPH SARKODIE; SAMUEL ADDO BANAFO; DOMINIC KWADWO ANNING; ISAAC DANSO
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100228

Abstract

Abstract. Brako CN, Darkwah DO, Lutuf H, Sarkodie J, Banafo SA, Anning DK, Danso I. 2026. Comparative effects of organic mulch materials on growth and nutrient uptake of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) seedlings. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100228. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100228. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is an important tropical oilseed crop that produces the highest oil yield per unit area. Mulching is an important agronomic practice that can improve soil conditions and enhance seedling performance. However, limited information exists on the effectiveness of locally available mulching materials for oil palm seedling production in Ghana. This study was conducted at the Oil Palm Research Institute (OPRI), Kusi in the Eastern Region of Ghana to evaluate the effects of different mulching materials on oil palm seedling growth and leaf nutrient content under nursery conditions. Seven treatments: no mulch (control), sawdust, Gliricidia sepium dry leaves, decomposed spikelet, rice husk, maize husk, and palm kernel shells were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The results showed that among the mulch treatments, Gliricidia leaves significantly enhanced oil palm seedling growth and nursery soil conditions, recording the highest plant height (52.50 cm), leaf production (11.0 leaves), root dry weight (20.82 g), butt dry weight (25.85 g), and frond dry weight (93.00 g), while maintaining favorable soil conditions with 24.35% soil moisture and 27.35°C soil temperature at 11 months after planting (MAP). Mulching materials improved soil moisture conservation and reduced soil temperature compared with the unmulched control. At 11 months after planting (MAP), mulched treatments maintained higher soil moisture levels ranging from 20.14-24.35%, compared with 16.75% under no mulch, while reducing soil temperature from 31.75°C in the control to 27.21-28.14°C under mulch treatments. The results indicate that using locally available organic mulches, particularly Gliricidia leaves, can improve nursery conditions and enhance oil palm seedling production.
Field efficacy of flupyradifurone and acetamiprid with potassium silicate against waxy colonies of woolly apple aphid in Iraqi apple orchards MAHMOUD MUFEED AL-TIKRITI; AWAD JASIM MOHAMMED AL-KALASH
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100238

Abstract

Abstract. Al-Tikriti MM, Al-Kalash AJM. 2026. Field efficacy of flupyradifurone and acetamiprid with potassium silicate against waxy colonies of woolly apple aphid in Iraqi apple orchards. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100238. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100238. This study evaluated the field efficacy of flupyradifurone, Sivanto Prime (200 g/L SL), and acetamiprid, Nestor (20% SP), applied alone or with potassium silicate (Barkid), in reducing visible waxy colonies of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann, on the apple cultivars Ibrahimi and Sharabi in Salah al-Din Governorate, Iraq. The experiment was conducted at one site during a single growing season using a randomized complete block design, with three independent experimental units per treatment within each cultivar. Each experimental unit consisted of two adjacent trees. Colony counts were recorded before treatment and at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Post-treatment data were analyzed separately for each cultivar using a repeated-measures REML model that included insecticide, potassium silicate, time, and their interactions. The response variable was the number of visible waxy colonies; it was not a direct measure of aphid mortality or live aphid abundance. A significant three-way interaction was detected in Ibrahimi (F₆,₃₅.₄ = 27.69, P < 0.001) and Sharabi (F₆,₃₇.₉ = 20.89, P < 0.001), indicating that colony responses varied with insecticide, silicate application, and assessment time. Sivanto + potassium silicate produced the lowest numerical mean colony counts at all assessment times in both cultivars. After adjustment for multiple comparisons using the Holm method, the additional effect of silicate with Sivanto remained significant only at 14 days in Sharabi, with a difference of 3.25 colonies (95% confidence interval: 1.47-5.03; adjusted P = 0.009). The corresponding difference in Ibrahimi was 4.13 colonies and was not significant after adjustment (adjusted P = 0.069). Adding potassium silicate to acetamiprid did not produce a significant difference after adjustment at any assessment time. Potassium silicate alone was also associated with a clear decline in colony counts. These findings provide preliminary field evidence specific to the site and season studied and support further trials across multiple sites and seasons, with greater independent replication, before generalizing the practical value of potassium silicate.
Sorghum responses to a rice husk biochar-humic acid package under uniform terminal irrigation withdrawal KARISMA DEPI; WIDOWATI WIDOWATI; EKA INDAH UMAIYAH
Asian Journal of Agriculture Vol. 10 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Smujo International

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.13057/asianjagric/g100240

Abstract

Abstract. Depi K, Widowati, Umaiyah EI. 2026. Sorghum responses to a rice husk biochar-humic acid package under uniform terminal irrigation withdrawal. Asian J Agric 10 (2): g100240. https://doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g100240. This study evaluated the responses of three Bioguma sorghum varieties to a rice husk biochar-humic acid package under a single terminal irrigation-withdrawal regime. A 3 × 2 factorial completely randomized design comprised 24 experimental units, with four replicates per treatment combination and six grouped polybags per replicate (144 plants in total). Plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, biomass, and panicle and grain components were measured on all plants, whereas stomatal traits, chlorophyll, leaf water content, and Brix were analyzed as one composite value per replicate. Treatment A₁ received 500 g rice husk biochar, 0.25 g solid humic-acid product, and 2 mL liquid humic-acid product per polybag; A₀ received no amendment but underwent identical carrier-water and handling procedures. Irrigation was applied every four days until 9 February 2026 and then withheld until harvest on 14 April 2026. Repeated-measures analysis revealed pronounced temporal effects on plant height, leaf number, and stem diameter, whereas the time × amendment interaction remained significant after within-family FDR adjustment only for plant height. The main effect of amendment also remained significant after FDR adjustment for plant height and leaf number. Postharvest soil organic C was descriptively higher under A₁ (1.74%) than under A₀ (1.50%); however, the amendment effect did not remain significant at q<0.05 within the soil-chemistry family. After multiplicity adjustment, significant amendment effects persisted for stem dry weight and panicle length, while significant variety × amendment interactions persisted for water-holding capacity, bulk density, and total porosity; the interactions for particle density and pH remained nominal only. Because the experiment lacked a well-watered control and multiple water levels, no conclusions can be drawn regarding drought mitigation or tolerance.

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