International Journal of Business Studies (IJBS) is an international open access and peer-reviewed journal published tri-annually in February, June, and October by IPMI Research Center, Sekolah Tinggi Manajemen IPMI. IJBS aimed to provide research articles in order to have a significant implication on the world of business management studies. In addition, IJBS’s primary objective is to bridge the gap between theory and practice in business management. The journal covers a variety of business management topics and original researchers in the following areas such as: Business Economics, Business Ethics, Marketing Management, Finance Management, Operation Management, Strategic Management, Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Competitiveness, Sustainable Development, Human Resource Management, Leadership, Organizational Behavior, Change Management, Risk Management, e-Business, International Business, Knowledge Management, Management Accounting, Management Control System, Management Information System, and Supply Chain Management.