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Contact Name
agata iwan candra
Contact Email
iwan_candra@unik-kediri.ac.id
Phone
+62811308010
Journal Mail Official
iwan_candra@unik-kediri.ac.id
Editorial Address
Jl. Selomangleng 1 Gedung A no.110 - KEDIRI 64115 JAWA TIMUR - INDONESIA
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Kota kediri,
Jawa timur
INDONESIA
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi dan Teknik Sipil (JURMATEKS)
Published by Universitas Kadiri
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26217686     DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/jurmateks
Core Subject : Engineering,
JURMATEKS (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Sipil) diterbitkan oleh Program Studi Teknik Sipil, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas KADIRI untuk menampung hasil penelitian, tugas akhir maupun tugas proyek mahasiswa teknik sipil di lingkungan Universitas KADIRI.
Articles 313 Documents
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ABU CANGKANG KEMIRI TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN BETON K-300 Moh. Abdul Basit Minanulloh; Yosef Cahyo; Ahmad Ridwan
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil Vol 3, No 1 (2020): JUNE
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Kadiri University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (297.937 KB) | DOI: 10.30737/jurmateks.v3i1.875

Abstract

K-300 concrete is concrete that has a characteristic compressive strength of 300 kg/cm2.  Many studies that use plantation and mining waste materials are simply wasted. These wastes are in the form of kemiri shell ash, rice husk ash, and others. in this study, kemiri shell ash as a cement additive, with variations in the addition of 5%, 10%, and 15% of the weight of cement to the quality of K-300 concrete. Concrete compressive tests carried out at the age of 7 and 28 days. The purpose of this study was to determine the compressive strength of concrete, the highest pressure strength, and the optimum percentage. Strong concrete pressure characteristics obtained at 28 days at a normal concrete variation 304.127 kg / cm, normal concrete variations with the addition of 5% “Abu Cangkang kemiri” 421,551 kg / cm, normal concrete variations with the addition of 10% “Abu Cangkang kemiri” 426,863 kg / cm2, and variations  normal concrete with the addition of 15% “Abu Cangkang kemiri” 428,210 kg / cm.  The results show that the optimum percentage of the addition of kemiri shell ash is 15% of the weight of cement with a maximum compressive strength of 428,210 kg/cm.  Beton K-300 adalah beton yang mempunyai kuat tekan karakteristik sebesar 300 kg/cm². Banyak penelitian yang menggunakan bahan – bahan limbah perkebunan dan tambang yang terbuang begitu saja. Limbah tersebut berupa abu cangkang kemiri, abu sekam Padi, dan lain- lain. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan abu cangkang Kemiri sebagai bahan tambah semen, dengan variasi penambahan 5%, 10%, dan 15%  dari berat semen terhadap mutu beton K-300. Uji tekan beton dilaksanakan pada umur 7 dan 28 hari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kuat tekan beton dan  kuat tekan tertinggi. Kuat tekan karakteristik yang diperoleh pada umur 28 hari pada variasi beton normal 304,127 kg/cm², variasi beton normal dengan penambahan 5% abu cangkang  Kemiri 421,551 kg/cm², variasi beton normal dengan penambahan10% abu cangkang Kemiri 426,863kg/cm², dan variasi beton normal dengan penambahan 15% abu cangkang Kemiri 428,210 kg/cm². Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa presentase optimum dari penambahan abu cangang Kemiri  adalah sebesar15% dari berat semen dengan kuat tekan maksimum sebesar 428,210 kg/cm².
MENINGKATKAN STABILITAS ASPAL BETON DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN FILLER SERBUK KACA Dony Triyatno; Yosef Cahyo; Ahmad Ridwan
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil Vol 3, No 1 (2020): JUNE
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Kadiri University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (819.106 KB) | DOI: 10.30737/jurmateks.v3i1.898

Abstract

Road construction in Indonesia mostly uses concrete asphalt. This study aims to determine the optimum level of asphalt produced in a concrete asphalt mixture with glass powder filler, in terms of the stability of Marshall, flow, VIM, VMA, VFB, and MQ. Asphalt concrete mixture in this study uses AC 60/70 asphalt. This study uses 5 samples, each using a different asphalt content, namely: 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, with one sample consisting of 3 variants. The material used is a coarse coral aggregate held by sieve No. 8 (2,36mm). Fine aggregate with Brantas river sand passes filter no.8 (2.36mm), and fillers use glass powder bypassing   filter   no.   200 (0.075mm).  The   results of this study on Marshall characteristics obtained asphalt content of 5% and 6% with the average value of stability 714 and 880, Flow 3.2 mm and 2.3 mm, VIM 4.55% and 4.19%, VMA 19.30% and 17.89%, VFB values of 75.39% and 76.16%, and MQ 270 kg / mm and 438kg/mm. Pembuatan konstruksi jalan di Indonesia banyak menggunakan aspal beton. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar aspal optimum yang dihasilkan pada campuran aspal beton dengan filler serbuk kaca, ditinjau dari stabilitas Marshall, flow, VIM, VMA, VFB, dan MQ. Campuran aspal beton dalam penelitian ini menggunakan aspal minyak AC 60/70.  Penelitian ini menggunakan 5 sampel, masing-masing menggunakan kadar aspal yang berbeda yaitu: 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, dengan satu sampel terdiri dari 3 varian. Tahapan penelitian yaitu agregat kasar batu koral tertahan saringan no. 8 (2,36mm), agregat halus dengan pasir sungai brantas lolos saringan no.8 (2,36mm), dan filler menggunakan serbuk kaca dengan lolos saringan no.  200 (0,075mm).  Hasil dari penelitian ini pada karakteristik Marshall didapat kadar aspal otimum 5%  dan  6%  dengan  nilai  rerata  stabilitas  714  dan  880,  Flow  3,2  mm dan  2,3  mm, VIM 4,55%  dan  4,19%  VMA  19,30%  dan  17,89%,  nilai  VFB 75,39%  dan  76,16%,  dan  MQ  270  kg/mm dan 438 kg/mm. 
ANALISA PERENCANAAN PONDASI TIANG PANCANG PADA GEDUNG REKTORAT UNIVERSITAS DARUL ULUM JOMBANG Mualif Mualif; Ahmad Ridwan; Sigit Winarto
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil Vol 3, No 1 (2020): JUNE
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Kadiri University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (268.987 KB) | DOI: 10.30737/jurmateks.v3i1.894

Abstract

The building is a physical form of the results of construction work that integrates with its domicile. The building functions as a place to live and as a public place like a place of education. As is the case with buildings in general, Darul Ulum University's Rectorate Building in Jombang has a variety of functions, including a venue for various activities both for the chancellor, education staff, and students. In this research, the writer wants to plan the construction of Darul Ulum University, Jombang University Building, with a pile foundation using the Guy Sangrelat method based on SPT data obtained from the project construction site. The pile foundations' design received a vertical load of 36 tons, carrying capacity of a single pile of 12.23 tons, carrying capacity of a group pile foundation of 37 tons, carrying capacity of a pile foundation 37 tons greater than the load that rests on the foundation. The foundation plan used in the Darul Ulum Jombang University Rectorate Building construction is to use a 30 cm diameter pile with a depth of 9.6 meters.Gedung merupakan wujud fisik hasil pekerjaan konstruksi yang menyatu dengan tempat kedudukannya. Gedung berfungsi sebagai tempat hunian dan sebagai tempat umum seperti tempat pendidikan. Seperti halnya dengan Gedung pada umumnya, Gedung Rektorat Universitas Darul Ulum Jombang mempunyai berbagai fungsi meliputi tempat terselenggaranya berbagai kegiatan baik untuk rektor, tenaga kependidikan maupun kemahasiswaan. Pada penelitian ini penulis ingin merencanakan pembangunan Gedung Rektorat Universitas Darul Ulum Jombang dengan pondasi tiang pancang dengan metode Guy Sangrelat berdasar data SPT yang diperoleh dari lokasi pembangunan proyek. Rencana pondasi tiang pancang didapatkan beban vertical sebesar 36 ton, daya dukung tiang tunggal sebesar 12.23 Ton, daya dukung pondasi tiang kelompok sebesar 37 ton, daya dukung pondasi tiang pancang 37 Ton lebih besar dari beban yang menumpu pada pondasi. Rencana pondasi yang digunakan pada pembangunan Gedung rektorat Universitas Darul Ulum Jombang adalah menggunakan tiang pancang berdiameter 30 cm dengan kedalaman 9.6 meter.
STUDY PERENCANAAN STRUKTUR ATAS GEDUNG GUEST HOUSE 6 LANTAI DI KOTA KEDIRI Ravie Setya Putra; Ahmad Ridwan; Sigit Winarto; Agata Iwan Candra
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil Vol 3, No 1 (2020): JUNE
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Kadiri University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (236.962 KB) | DOI: 10.30737/jurmateks.v3i1.886

Abstract

The increasing number of tourist attractions and airport construction in the city of Kediri will impact the rising number of visitors from outside the city. The availability of adequate accommodation to accommodate the number of visitors who will come to the town of Kediri is essential. Kediri City Guest House Building is one of the solutions to the problem of availability of accommodation in the City of Kediri going forward. Calculations carried out in this study regarding the structure of the 6-story Guest House building design using SAP2000V7.40 software. The results of the standard frame elements in the structure column model with the appropriate dimensions and materials included in the plan drawing. The column section frame has dimensions 600x600 cm and diameter 600 cm. The wall load value is distributed to all frames holding the wall in the form of a uniform load of 250 kg/m2 as planned, the height of the stairs is 2 m, and the length is flat is 2.5 m. Thus, the calculation results obtained the number of stomps of 10 pcs and the number of climbs of 10 pcs with a width of 61cm stairs, aantrade (horizontal) 25 cm, and optrade (up) 20 cm. Bertambahnya jumlah tempat Wisata dan pembangunan Bandara di Kota Kediri akan berdampak pada bertambahnya jumlah pengunjung dari luar Kota. Ketersediaan akomodasi yang mencukupi untuk menampung jumlah pengunjung yang akan datang ke Kota Kediri sangat diperlukan. Gedung Guest House Kota Kediri menjadi salah satu solusi pada permasalahan ketersediaan akomodasi kedepannya. perhitungan yang dilakukan Pada penelitian ini   mengenai perencanaan struktur bangunan Guest House 6 lantai dengan menggunakan software SAP2000V7.40. Hasil elemen frame biasa pada model kolom struktur dengan dimensi dan material yang sesuai telah dicantumkan dalam gambar rencana. Frame section kolom tersebut berdimensi 600 x 600 Cm dan diameter 600 Cm. Nilai beban dinding didistribusikan ke seluruh frame yang menahan dinding dalam bentuk beban merata (uniform load) sebesar 250 kg/m2 seperti rencana tinggi tangga adalah 2 m dan panjang datar adalah 2,5 m. Secara perhitungan diperoleh hasil jumlah injakan 10 bh dan jumlah tanjakan 10 bh dengan lebar tangga 61cm, aantrade (mendatar) 25 cm, dan optrade (naik) 20 cm.
PENELITIAN CAMPURAN LATASTON AC - WC DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN AGREGAT HALUS LIMBAH BATUBARA Doni Prayoga; Sigit Winarto; Yosef Cahyo
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil Vol 3, No 1 (2020): JUNE
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Kadiri University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (300.644 KB) | DOI: 10.30737/jurmateks.v3i1.899

Abstract

This study aims to determine the optimum asphalt content produced in a mixture of asphalt concrete with a fine aggregate of coal waste using the Marshall Method. This study uses AC 60/70 asphalt oil, with variations in asphalt levels, namely  6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, and 8%. The sample used consisted of 3 variants of sample specimens. Stages of research activities include coarse coral aggregate suspended by sieve no. 8 (2,36mm), fine aggregate with coal waste through filter no. 8 (2,36mm), and the cement filler pass through filter no. 200 (0.075mm). The test results of this research are the optimum asphalt content of 7.5%, 8% with a stability of 2717, 3447, Flow 3.4 mm, 3.8 mm, VIM 3.4%, 4.91%, 16.05%, 17 , 39%, VFB 78.2%, 70.9%, MQ value, 846 kg / mm, 835 kg / mm. The test results show that the samples tested have met the 2010 Binamarga requirements with an asphalt content efficiency value of 7.8%. Excessive use results in blending, and if too little will result in a crack.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar aspal optimum yang dihasilkan pada campuran aspal beton dengan agregat halus limbah Batubara dengan Metode Marshall. Penelitian ini menggunakan aspal minyak AC 60/70, dengan variasi kadar aspal yaitu: 6%, 6,5%, 7%, 7,5%, dan 8%. Sampel yang dipakai terdiri dari 3 varian sampel benda uji. Tahapan kegiatan penelitian meliputi agregat kasar batu koral tertahan saringan no. 8 (2,36mm), agregat halus dengan limbah batubara lolos saringan no. 8 (2,36mm), dan filler semen lolos saringan no. 200 (0,075mm). Hasil uji dari penelitian ini yaitu kadar Aspal Optimum 7,5 %, 8% dengan  stabilitas 2717, 3447, Flow 3,4 mm, 3,8 mm, VIM 3,4 %, 4,91 %,16,05 %, 17,39 %,  VFB 78,2 %, 70,9 %,  nilai MQ,846 kg/mm,  835 kg/mm. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sampel yang diuji telah memenuhi syarat binamarga 2010 dengan nilai efisiensi kadar aspal 7,8 %. Penggunaan yang berlebihan mengakibatkan terjadinya blending dan jika terlalu sedikit akan mengakibatkan terjadinya crack.
Penambahan Bahan Additive Grolen DP serta Variasi Umur untuk Meningkatkan Kuat Tekan Beton Venny Andriani; Ahmad Ridwan; Yosef Cahyo Setianto Poernomo; Ashabul Yamin
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil Vol 4, No 1 (2021): JUNE
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Kadiri University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (3251.876 KB) | DOI: 10.30737/jurmateks.v4i1.1658

Abstract

Concrete is a building material that plays an important role in the construction of buildings and bridges. Adding materials to concrete in the current era is increasingly becoming developed because it is able to change the properties of concrete mixtures according to needs. Additive Grolen DP is an added material that can accelerate the hardening of concrete and reduce water consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the compressive strength and slump value with the addition of additive Grolen DP 0%, 3%, and 7% for variation of age 3, 7, and 28 days. The method used is an experimental method by making test objects that refer to SNI. The specimens used are cylindrical dimensions 15x30 cm with an initial quality plan Fc'= 22.06 Mpa. The results showed that the highest average compressive strength was the addition of additive Grolen DP 7% or BT 3 with a variation of 28 days of age with a value of Fc’= 38.02 MPa. The slump value generated by BT= 11.2 cm. BT 2= 12.3 cm, and BT 3= 12.9 cm. From these results, it can be seen that the addition of variations additive Grolen DP  affects the quality of concrete.
Studi Perencanaan Perkerasan Lentur Dan Rencana Anggaran Biaya (Pada Proyek Ruas Jalan Karangtalun – Kalidawir Kabupaten Tulungagung) Henny Prasetiyo; Yosef Cahyo Setianto Poernomo; Agata Iwan Candra
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil Vol 3, No 2 (2020): OCTOBER
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Kadiri University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (705.504 KB) | DOI: 10.30737/jurmateks.v3i2.1187

Abstract

Road pavement is a major component in supporting the smooth running of land transportation so that it can be accessed comfortably and safely by road users. Road pavement, according to its type, is divided into three types, namely flexible pavement, rigid pavement, and composite pavement. On flexible pavements, there are several methods used to determine the thickness of the pavement in the initial plan. The method used as a reference is the 2017 Design Manual Method, and the calculation of the RAB refers to the Basic Unit Price Analysis in 2019. This study aims to obtain good quality flexible pavement but at a low cost in terms of the 2017 Design Manual method and analysis calculations and The price of the basic unit (RAB) in 2019. From the calculation of the pavement thickness of each layer, namely the top layer of 5 cm, the middle layer of 20 cm, and the bottom layer of 15 cm, it is known that the cost required to carry out the construction of the pavement is Rp. 73,342,707,500.00.Perkerasan jalan adalah komponen utama dalam menunjang lancarnya suatu transportasi darat, sehingga jalan dapat diakses dengan mudah, nyaman dan aman oleh pengguna jalan. Perkerasan jalan menurut jenisnya dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu perkerasan lentur, perkerasan kaku dan perkerasan komposit. Pada perkerasan lentur terdapat beberapa metode yang digunakan untuk menentukan tebal perkerasan perencanaan awal. Adapun metode yang dipakai sebagai acuan adalah Metode Manual Desain 2017 serta perhitungan RAB mengacu dengan Analisa Harga Satuan Dasar pada tahun 2019. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan mutu perkerasan lentur yang baik tetapi dengan biaya yang murah ditinjau dari metode Manual Desain 2017 serta perhitungan Analisa Harga Satuan Dasar (RAB) pada tahun 2019. Dari hasil perhitungan tebal perkerasan masing-masing lapisan yaitu lapis atas 5 cm, lapis tengah 20 cm, dan lapis bawah 15 cm diketahui biaya yang diperlukan guna melaksanakan pembangunan perkerasan jalan tersebut sebesar Rp. 73.342.707.500,00.
Penggunaan Serbuk Kaca Sebagai Subtitusi Agregat Halus untuk Meningkatkan Kuat Tekan Beton Rio Rahma Dhana; Syamsul Arif
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil Vol 4, No 1 (2021): JUNE
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Kadiri University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (2051.695 KB) | DOI: 10.30737/jurmateks.v4i1.1833

Abstract

A large amount of waste is generated from various industrial activities. Limah glass is one of the wastes that allows it to be used as an alternative solution to environmental problems. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of glass waste on the compressive strength of concrete. The experimental method was applied by mixing glass waste which was made into powder with a percentage of 0%, 5%, 15%, and 25% as a fine aggregate substitute. The quality of the concrete is planned to be Fc'16.6 with 12 samples of cylindrical 15x30 cm. The compressive strength test was carried out at the age of 7 and 28 days of concrete. The results showed that there was a decrease in each variation of the mixture. In testing the compressive strength of concrete aged 7 days, the highest compressive strength was obtained in concrete with the addition of glass powder with a percentage of 5% with a compressive strength value of 23.97 Mpa. While at the age of 28 days, the highest compressive strength was obtained in concrete with the addition of glass powder with a percentage of 5% with a compressive strength value of 34.24 Mpa.
Meningkatkan Kapasitas Daya Tampung Drainase dengan Penggunaan Beton U-ditch pada Daerah Banjir Sidokare Dan Kawasan Kumuh Lemahputro Kota Sidoarjo Renggar Ma'aris; Edy Gardjito; Yosef Cahyo Setianto Poernomo; Ashabul Yamin; Fitry Rahmawaty
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil Vol 4, No 1 (2021): JUNE
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Kadiri University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (2638.199 KB) | DOI: 10.30737/jurmateks.v4i1.1743

Abstract

The slums in Sidoarjo city are caused by people who ignore the cleanliness of the environment. The number of people who dispose of waste, household waste, or production waste in the channel causes the reduced function of drainage channels. This study aims to determine the capacity of existing channels in the flood area of Sidokare and Lemahputro slum, Sidoarjo. The method used uses a quantitative descriptive method—hydrological data obtained from rainfall recording stations for ten years. The data was then analyzed using rational methods to calculate the discharge of flood plans when resetting the 10-yearly. The hydrology and hydraulic analysis calculation results obtained plan discharge (Qr) of 0.092 m3/s and existing discharge (Qs) of 0.032 m3/s. These results showed the existing channel condition could not accommodate the discharge of rainwater runoff, so there needs to be redimence of the channel. From the analysis of the dimensions of drainage channels conducted, obtained a new channel in the form of Box U-Ditch with a channel depth (h) 0.50 width under the channel (b) 0.40 m, with channel discharge plan that 0.128 m3/s can accommodate.
Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Kayu Dan Abu Bambu Terhadap Kepadatan Tanah Lempung Vella Maulina Kris Putri; Agata Iwan Candra; Ahmad Ridwan
Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi & Teknik Sipil Vol 3, No 2 (2020): OCTOBER
Publisher : Faculty of Engineering, Kadiri University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (2121.973 KB) | DOI: 10.30737/jurmateks.v3i2.1077

Abstract

The soil has an important role in construction, namely as the loading of soil on clay. It is necessary to improve the nature of the shrinkage. The authors conducted the study to increase the strength of clay by adding wood ashes and bamboo ashes. Wood ash and bamboo ash have pozzolan properties expected to add power to clay when weighted, would drop significantly.  Material compares in this study using a mix of wood ash and bamboo ash with a variation of 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12%. Meanwhile, the clay soil is taken directly from the ravaged area, from bulging villages, from the grid district. The results showed that the soil is categorized as montmorillonite soil with properties that can damage light structures and road surface runoff. After adding wood and bamboo ash, it showed optimum results of 12% of the dry fixed test items showing a liquid limit’s value at 41,00%, plastic limit at 28,43%, and the net value of plastic limit at 12,57%. When testing for solidification using native soil at a dry volume of 7,91, gr/cm rainfall can increase by 10,42 gr/cm additives after adding 12% of wood ash and bamboo ash.Tanah memiliki peran penting dalam konstruksi yaitu sebagai pembebanan tanah pada tanah liat. Perlu untuk memperbaiki sifat penyusutan. Penulis melakukan penelitian untuk meningkatkan kekuatan tanah liat dengan cara menambahkan abu kayu dan abu bambu. Abu kayu dan abu bambu memiliki sifat pozzolan yang diharapkan dapat menambah kekuatan pada tanah liat saat tertimbang, akan turun secara signifikan. Perbandingan material dalam penelitian ini menggunakan campuran abu kayu dan abu bambu dengan variasi 0%, 4%, 8%, dan 12%. Sementara itu, tanah lempung diambil langsung dari area yang rusak, dari desa-desa yang menggembung, dari grid distrik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanah tersebut dikategorikan sebagai tanah montmorillonite dengan sifat yang dapat merusak struktur ringan dan aliran permukaan jalan. Setelah dilakukan penambahan abu kayu dan bambu didapatkan hasil optimum dari 12% benda uji tetap kering yang menunjukkan nilai batas cair 41,00%, batas plastis  28,43%,   dan   nilai   bersih   batas  plastis  12,57%.   Pada pengujian solidifikasi menggunakan tanah asli pada volume kering 7,91 gr / cm curah hujan dapat meningkat sebesar 10,42 gr / cm aditif setelah penambahan 12% abu kayu dan abu bambu.

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