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SURABAYA PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION JOURNAL
Published by Universitas Airlangga
ISSN : -     EISSN : 26560895     DOI : https://doi.org/10.20473/spmrj.v2i1.16875
Core Subject : Health, Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal focused on both basic science and clinical study, with following topics: Neuromuscular rehabilitation Musculoskeletal rehabilitation Pediatric rehabilitation Cardiorespiratory rehabilitation Sport rehabilitation Geriatric rehabilitation This Journal also invites contributors from all associated disciplines.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Rehabilitasi
Articles 112 Documents
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Evaluating Hand Function across Brunnstrom Stages in Ischemic Stroke Patients Aurellia Shafitri Suryansah; Muhammad Siddik; Farida Heriyani; Fathia Arsyiana; Pagan Pambudi
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): SPMRJ, FEBRUARY 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/spmrj.v8i1.71412

Abstract

Background: Ischemic stroke disrupts blood flow to the brain, leading to decreased motor function, particularly in the hands. Based on previous studies, a detailed and objective description of hand function at each phase of the Brunnstrom stage has not been studied. Aim(s): This study assessed hand function in post-stroke patients at Bhayangkara Tk III Banjarmasin Hospital throughout each phase of the Brunnstrom stages. Material and methods: This observational descriptive research employed a cross-sectional design. We utilized primary data through observations using the Sollerman Hand Function Test. The sample comprised 50 post-ischemic stroke patients at the Physical Rehabilitation Clinic of Bhayangkara Tk III Banjarmasin Hospital between August and October 2024, selected via purposive sampling. Result: This study indicated that 46 patients (92%) had poor hand function, while 4 (8%) had good function. The majority were in Brunnstrom phase VI (50%), followed by phase V (22%), phase III (18%), phase IV (6%), and phase II (4%). All subjects in phases II to V exhibited poor hand function. In phase VI, 4 individuals (16%) demonstrated good hand function, while 21 (84%) had poor function. Conclusions: The findings conclude that the majority of ischemic stroke patients exhibit poor hand function, highlighting the need for targeted rehabilitation strategies. Healthcare facilities should educate patients on independent motor exercises, particularly for hand function, and encourage them to follow these exercises consistently to enhance recovery.
Effectiveness of AI-Based Chatbots as Additional Psychiatry Assistive Technology and Alternative to Mental Health Services for Adolescents Arya Dwi Rahmat; Alfana Yudaru Tauhid; Faizah Azzahrah Mulyadi; Asyifa Ellfazmy; Nikki Aldi Massardi; Elvira Yunita
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): SPMRJ, FEBRUARY 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/spmrj.v8i1.75554

Abstract

Background: Adolescents' lives have been profoundly impacted by the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in mental health. AI provides easier access to learning and psychological support through chatbots. However, it also raises concerns like dependency, reduced critical thinking, risks of stress, and social isolation, especially due to social media algorithms that shape digital behavior. Data privacy and diagnostic accuracy are also key issues in mental health applications. Aim: The main objective of this review is to examine whether AI-based chatbots can serve as an additional psychiatry assistive technology to help adolescents. Scope: The review was carried out by examining research articles from databases including PubMed and Google Scholar, with a focus on papers published between 2020 and 2025. Findings: AI chatbots like Emohaa, Elomia, and SEJATI have proven effective in alleviating symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia. They provide immediate support, promote emotional expression, and foster self-awareness. These chatbots have also shown promise in telerehabilitation contexts by aiding in monitoring, providing behavioral feedback, and facilitating early intervention. However, an overreliance on AI systems might hinder emotional sensitivity and social growth. Conclusion: AI chatbots hold significant promise as therapeutic resources in adolescent mental health, especially in under-resourced environments. However, their application must be carefully weighed against ethical considerations, data privacy safeguards, and continuous professional supervision. The responsible incorporation of AI into mental health care can enhance access and customization while reducing psychological and social risks.
Cardiovascular Diseases in Indonesia: Development, Barriers, and Future Challenges of Cardiac Rehabilitation Arnengsih Nazir; Henhen Heryaman; Cep Juli; Azizah Ugusman; Januar Wibawa Martha; Marina Annette Moeliono; Nur Atik
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): SPMRJ, AUGUST 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/spmrj.v8i2.70300

Abstract

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remained the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia, with a high prevalence posing challenges for medical and rehabilitation management. The unequal distribution of CVD and its risk factors hindered government efforts to allocate healthcare workers, limiting access to cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs, particularly in underserved areas. Methods: This review analyzed various articles in English and Indonesian, retrieved through Google using relevant keywords, reference exploration, and communication with professional organizations. Results and Discussion: Despite being introduced over 40 years ago, hospital-based CR programs remained scarce, especially in rural regions. Barriers included comorbidities, socioeconomic status, limited accessibility, low referral rates, lack of patient motivation, insurance constraints, insufficient supervised CR facilities, and employment-related issues. Additionally, government challenges in coordination and staffing further restricted CR expansion. However, the high number of CVD patients and individuals at risk presented opportunities for improvement. Strategies such as strengthening referral systems, increasing facilities, regulating healthcare workforce distribution, implementing telerehabilitation, and enhancing government policies on service coverage were crucial to expanding CR access. Conclusion: Although CR in Indonesia has been developed for decades, its availability remains inadequate. Challenges mirrored those of other developing nations, yet the increasing burden of CVD underscored the urgent need to expand CR programs through improved infrastructure, policies, and workforce distribution.
Activities of Daily Living Improvement among Post-Stroke Patients Receiving Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: An Observational Study Linda Ramadhanty Pramesta; Rita Vivera Pane; Wiwik Winarningsih; Aisyah; Aufar Zimamuz Zaman Al Hajiri
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): SPMRJ, AUGUST 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/spmrj.v8i2.71703

Abstract

Background: The prevalence of stroke is now increasing along with the increase in metabolic diseases. In addition to having an impact on mortality rates, stroke is also a burden due to the increase in morbidity rates. Post-stroke patients usually experience disabilities, which causes a decrease in their independence in carrying out daily activities (ADL). Aim: Aimed to observe the effect of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) on ADL among post-stroke patients. Material and methods: An observational analytical cross-sectional design study using secondary data from medical records of stroke patients at the Haji Regional Hospital, East Java Province, Surabaya, Indonesia. Subacute post-stroke patients who were given CBT therapy and had MMSE 25-30 examination results were included in the established inclusion criteria. Data collection was carried out from November 2023 to January 2024 using consecutive sampling techniques. ADL was assessed using the Barthel-index which was carried out before and after CBT. The statistical test used was Chi-Square with a significance value of p <0.05. Result: A total of 11 post-stroke patients who were received CBT intervention were involved in this study. The largest age group was 56-65 years (36.4%) and female (63.6%). The highest Barthel index before CBT was in the severe dependence category (54.5%) while the highest after CBT was in moderate dependence (63.6%). There was a significant effect of CBT on ADL of post-stroke patients (p < 0.05). Conclusions: There was a significant effect on ADL after patients received CBT.
Progressive Muscle Relaxation Outperforms Slow Deep Breathing in Reducing Mean Arterial and Systolic Blood Pressure Among Elderly Adults Bintang Tatius; Novita Sari Dewi; Wajihahni Rodiyah
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): SPMRJ, AUGUST 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/spmrj.v8i2.72580

Abstract

Background: Aging is associated with declining physiological function, increased risk of hypertension, and heightened fall risk in the elderly. Physiotherapy interventions such as Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) and Slow Deep Breathing (SDB) have shown potential in managing blood pressure. Previous studies suggest that MAP may be a more critical parameter for assessing cardiovascular function and fall risk, especially in the elderly. Aim: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of PMR and SDB in reducing systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the elderly.Material and methods: A quantitative, quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design was conducted, involving 48 elderly participants randomized into PMR and SDB groups. Blood pressure parameters (SBP, DBP, and MAP) were measured daily before and after each intervention over seven days. Data were analyzed using dependent and independent sample t-tests, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.Result: Both PMR and SDB significantly reduced SBP, DBP, and MAP in elderly participants (p < 0.05). However, PMR achieved more significant reductions in SBP (p = 0.017) and MAP (p = 0.041) compared to SDB. These findings suggest that PMR is more effective than SDB in lowering blood pressure parameters.Conclusions: While both PMR and SDB are beneficial for managing blood pressure in the elderly, PMR's superior efficacy on lowering MAP makes it a promising intervention for reducing fall risk and promoting cardiovascular health.
Validity of The Brief Virtual Reality Satisfaction Questionnaire in Elderly: Correlation of Cognitive Function with Virtual Reality Satisfaction Melinda Harini; Marcela Wirjanata; Vita Amalia; Natasha Valentina; Bob Arvianto; Satyanaya Widyaningrum; Luthfi Saiful Arif; Arierta Pujitresnani; Amien Suharti; Prasandhya Astagiri Yusuf; Boya Nugraha; Martina Wiwie Nasrun; Kuntjoro Harimurti; Irma Ruslina Defi; Alida Roswita Harahap
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): SPMRJ, AUGUST 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/spmrj.v8i2.74566

Abstract

Virtual reality (VR) is a technology that allows users to do interactive activities in virtual circumstances. Rehabilitation using VR has shown effective result in treating cognitive impairment in elderly. VR offers a high level of flexibility and control over the user, enabling the user to perform intensive training according to their ability, keeping it enjoyable and compelling. Despite this fact, geriatric patients also face challenges in integrating technology into their daily activities, especially in developing country. Thus, Universitas Indonesia creating VR exergame software (VRE) which was named VRAGMENT. This study aimed to know the correlation of cognitive with VR satisfaction using VRAGMENT in elderly patients. This was a cross-sectional study, conducted on May until July 2023. Cognitive function was measured using Montreal Cognitive Assessment Indonesian Version (MoCA-Ina) and VR satisfaction was measured using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). We use Meta Oculus VR as the hardware for VRAGMENT program. We recruited 80 elderly at the outpatient setting and 32 elderly at the inpatient setting, with MoCA-Ina range 8-30. All subjects enjoy VRAGMENT session. Subjects with higher cognitive levels have higher satisfaction than those with lower cognitive levels (r = 0.434, P<.05). There is a correlation between cognitive function that was measured using MoCA-Ina and brief VR satisfaction questionnaire. VRAGMENT protocols need to be adapted so could facilitate cognitive impairment and increase elderly satisfaction with this technology. Keywords: Elderly, Virtual Reality, Cognitive
Effect of Lower Extremity Strengthening Added to Walking Exercises on Functional Mobility in Prospective Hajj Pilgrims: A Randomized Controlled Trial Maulida Laila Anggraini Rahmawati; Endang Ambarwati; Lisa Nurhasanah
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): SPMRJ, AUGUST 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/spmrj.v8i2.78600

Abstract

Background The Hajj pilgrimage requires good physical condition and mobility to enable pilgrims to perform rituals independently according to Islamic teachings Aim(s) This study aims to determine the effect of adding lower extremity strengthening exercises on the functional mobility of Hajj pilgrims who have received walking training. Materials and Methods This study used a Randomized Controlled Trial with a pre- and post-study design on 36 Hajj pilgrims on Hajj pilgrims in Salatiga City from February to April 2023. The partisipants divided into two groups : control group (n=18) who received walking exercises 5 times per week and treatment group (n=18) who received walking exercises 5 times per week added lower extremity strengthening exercises 2 times per week. The duration of the training was 6 weeks. The outcome was measured by the Time Up and Go Test (TUG). Result There was a significant change (p < 0.05) in the control group's mean TUG before and after exercises (1.66 ± 1.08). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the treatment group's mean TUG before and after workouts (1.73 ± 1.57). There were no significant differences in the mean TUG values between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusions Both walking training alone and walking training combined with lower-limb strengthening significantly improved functional mobility, as measured by the TUG test, in prospective hajj pilgrims. The addition of strengthening exercises did not result in superior improvements compared with walking training alone.
Aquatic Therapy For Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review Of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) Vita Pertiwi; Aisyah Farah Putri; Ulfiana Nafiza Zahra; Haidar Ali Robbani Al Asrory; Abdurrahman Sidik; Laily Nur Azizah; Sintia Dewi Septiani M K
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): SPMRJ, AUGUST 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/spmrj.v8i2.79166

Abstract

Background: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is one of the main causes of low back pain (LBP). LDH is a significant cause of pain and functional impairment, which adversely affects quality of life and burdens the healthcare system. There are various treatment approaches involving various intervention strategies including aquatic therapy. Aim: To determine the effectiveness of aquatic therapy as a management strategy for lumbar disc herniation. Methods: A search was conducted by PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct on randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of aquatic therapy on lumbar disc herniation. The study selection using PEDro Scale to assess methodological quality assessment. Results: We identify 1.462 studies in the electronic searches, after reviewing and screening, 4 appropriate studies have been identified. Conclusion: Aquatic therapy is a promising treatment for LDH, offering pain relief, improved function, and better quality of life. Its buoyancy and hydrostatic pressure reduce muscle and joint stress. Additionally, its pleasant nature promotes patient compliance and may decrease depression linked to chronic low back pain. Overall, aquatic therapy shows equal effectiveness to land-based therapy
A Low-cost Hybrid Cardiac Rehabilitation Program for Functional Recovery in a Patient with Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Post-septal Myectomy: A Case Report Erna Setiawati; Reijefki Irlastua; Sri Wahyudati
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): SPMRJ, AUGUST 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/spmrj.v8i2.82082

Abstract

Background: Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM) requires definitive surgical management followed by structured cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Access to CR is often limited by significant geographical and socioeconomic barriers, particularly in developing countries. Aims: to highlight the feasibility and potential benefits of a low-cost, home-based hybrid CR model for a post-septal myectomy HOCM patient who faced such barriers. Material and methods: A 45-year-old woman with symptomatic HOCM (NYHA Class III) underwent an individualized 8-week hybrid CR program post-septal myectomy, combining limited in-person sessions (Weeks 0, 4, 8) and tele-rehabilitation via WhatsApp video. Functional parameters (6MWT, TUG, METs, NYHA) were measured at each visit. Result: The patient exhibited improved functional capacity: 6MWT increased by 33% (162 m to 216 m), TUG improved by 39% (18 s to 11 s), and predicted METs increased by 40% (2.5 to 3.5). NYHA level improved from III to II; no adverse events occurred. Conclusion: A low-cost hybrid cardiac rehabilitation program appears safe and potentially beneficial for improving functional capacity in a post-surgical HOCM patient, though confirmation in larger studies is needed.
Effects of a Community-Based Multicomponent Exercise Program on Frailty, Mobility, Strength, and Balance Among Older Adults in East Lombok Lalu Suprawesta; Indri Susilawati; Ni Ketut Dewita Putri; Siti Ainun Ma'rufa
Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): SPMRJ, AUGUST 2026
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/spmrj.v8i2.84582

Abstract

Background: Frailty is a common geriatric syndrome that increases vulnerability to falls, disability, hospitalization, and loss of independence, particularly among older adults living in rural and low-resource settings. Preventive strategies that are feasible, community-oriented, and clinically relevant are essential to support healthy aging. Aim(s) (including purpose setting): This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a community-based multicomponent therapeutic exercise model on frailty status and functional performance among older adults in East Lombok, Indonesia, as a preventive approach against frailty progression. Material and methods: A pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted involving 20 community-dwelling older adults recruited through purposive sampling at Rumah Senja, East Lombok. Frailty status was assessed using the Indonesian version of the FRAIL scale (Ina-FRAIL). Functional performance was evaluated using handgrip strength, the Timed Up and Go test, and the Five Times Sit-to-Stand test. Participants completed a structured multicomponent exercise program consisting of strength, balance, aerobic, and functional training, delivered three times per week over a three-month period. Result: Following the intervention, the proportion of participants classified as robust increased from 30% to 65%. Changes in Ina-FRAIL scores did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.090); however, a large effect size was observed (r = 0.69), indicating a clinically meaningful improvement. Functional performance improved significantly, with TUG time decreasing by 2.2 seconds (p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 1.24) and FTSTS time decreasing by 4.4 seconds (p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 1.16). Handgrip strength increased by 1.1 kg but was not statistically significant (p = 0.102), although a moderate effect size was identified (r = 0.37). Conclusions: A community-based multicomponent therapeutic exercise program demonstrates clinically meaningful benefits in preventing frailty progression and improving functional capacity among older adults in rural communities, supporting its integration into community-based physiotherapy and healthy aging programs.

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