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Indonesian Journal of Cancer

ijoc
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Published by National Cancer Center-Dharmais Cancer Hospital

ISSN : 19783744 EISSN : 23556811 DOI : https://www.doi.org/ 10.33371

Core Subject : Health, Science,

Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Immunology & microbiology Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health

Indonesian Journal of Cancer is a peer-reviewed and open-access journal. This journal is published quarterly (in March, June, September, and December) by Dharmais Cancer Hospital - National Cancer Center. Submissions are reviewed under a broad scope of topics relevant to experimental and clinical cancer research. Articles are original research that needs to be disseminated and written in English. All submitted manuscripts will go through the double-blind peer review and editorial review before being granted acceptance for publication. The journal publishes original research articles, case reports, and review articles under the following categories: cancer management, cancer prevention, cancer etiology, epidemiology, molecular oncology, cancer diagnosis and therapy, tumor pathology, surgical oncology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, interventional radiology, as well as early detection.

Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Onkologi

Articles 562 Documents

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Pengelolaan Lesi Prakanker Serviks Teuku Mirza Iskandar
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 3, No 3 (2009): Jul - Sep 2009
Publisher : National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital

Tujuan: memahami modalitas terapi terhadap lesi prakanker serta keuntungan dan kerugiannya. Tujuh puluh persen kanker serviks di Indonesia ditemukan dalam stadium lanjut. Salah satu faktor yang menunjang keberhasilan pengelolaan kanker serviks adalah usaha penemuan stadium prakanker dan stadium dini serta bagaimana pengelolaannya. Penemuan dan pengelolaan yang tepat pada stadium dini akan memberikan hasil penyembuhan antara 66,3% - 95,1%. Sedangkan jika pengelolaan pada stadium lanjut akan memberikan hasil yang kurang baik, di samping biaya yang cukup tinggi.1,2Lesi prakanker serviks yang sangat dini dikenal dengan neoplasia intraepitelial serviks atau NIS, yang ditandai dengan adanya perubahan displastik epitel serviks. Sampai saat ini, pemeriksaan sitologi dengan test Pap masih merupakan pemeriksaan standar untuk deteksi dini keganasan serviks. Sejak 1985, WHO merekomendasikan suatu pendekatan alternatif bagi negara yang sedang berkembang dalam deteksi dini kanker serviks dengan konsep inspeksi visual dengan asam asetat (IVA).3Terminologi NIS dibagi menjadi 3. NIS 1 sesuai dengan displasia ringan, NIS 2 sesuai dengan displasia sedang, dan NIS 3 meliputi displasia berat serta karsinoma insitu. Terminologi ini juga dikonfirmasikan dengan sistem Bethesda, yaitu NIS 1 dan infeksi HPV sebagai lesi intraepitelial skuamosa derajat rendah (LISDR) serta NIS 2 dan NIS 3 sebagai lesi intraepitelial skuamosa derajat tinggi (LISDT). Karena tidak dapat diketahui risiko untuk menjadi progresif dari semua tingkatan lesi prekursor maka semua lesi NIS sebaiknya diobati. Berdasarkan perjalanan alamiah dari NIS, disimpulkan bahwa makin rendah derajat kelainan maka makin besar kemungkinan regresi menjadi normal. Sebaliknya, makin berat derajat kelainan maka makin besar kemungkinan menjadi lesi yang lebih berat.Modalitas yang dimiliki dalam penatalaksanaan lesi prakanker cukup banyak, biasanya dibagi dalam 2 golongan, yaitu destruksi dan eksisi. Pada tindakan destruksi, kita tidak dapat memiliki bahan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan histopatologi, sedangkan pada eksisi kita sekaligus dapat memiliki bahan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan histopatologi. Laser ablation, kauterisasi, serta krioterapi merupakan terapi destruksi yang biasa digunakan untuk displasia ringan. Sebenarnya, kauterisasi atau krioterapi masih punya tempat untuk displasia sedang keras. Sedangkan LEEP, LLETZ, konisasi dengan cold knife atau laser, serta histerektomi merupakan tindakan eksisi yang biasanya digunakan untuk displasia sedang - keras.Pemilihan terapi harus dipertimbangkan secara hati-hati dalam melihat efektivitas terapi serta efek samping. Keberhasilan destruksi lokal dalam pengelolaan lesi prakanker mencapai 95%. Ini berarti, ada faktor 5% kegagalan pengelolaan dengan destruksi lokal ini. Oleh sebab itu, sebagai operator harus teliti dalam mengelola lesi prakanker.Kesimpulan: pengelolaan lesi prakanker dengan destruksi lokal mencapai 95%. Penggunaan metode destruksi lokal sebagai salah satu manajemen lesi prakanker dapat menghindari terjadinya terapi yang berlebihan (over treatment). Tetapi, peningkatan kemampuan dalam menggunakan metode ini sangat diperlukan, di samping pengamatan lanjut yang adekuat.Kata kunci: terapi, lesi, prakanker, serviks

Breast Cancer and Malignant Melanoma Preoperative Lymphoscintigraphy in Dharmais Cancer Hospital Kardinah -; Samuel Haryono; Evelina Suzzana; Aida Suriadiredja
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 1, No 4 (2007): Oct - Dec 2007
Publisher : National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital

Pemeriksaan limfoskintigrafi sebagai pemetaan kelenjar getah bening preoperatif telah banyak diteliti khususnya pada pasien kanker payudara dan melanoma maligna sebagai bagian dari prosedur sentinel node. Prosedur ini telah diterapkan pula di RS. Kanker "Dharmais" dimana dilakukan injeksi isotop preoperatif, injeksi blue dye dan penggunaan gamma probe intraoperatif.Dilaporkan 48 pasien kanker payudara dan 5 pasien melanoma maligna yang menjalani prosedur limfoskintigrafi. Sebanyak 75.7% dari 37 pasien breast conserving treatment ditemukan positif limfoskintigrafi sedangkan seluruh pasien melanoma maligna didapatkan hasil positif limfoskintigrafi. Dengan menggunakan blue dye dan gamma probe intraoperatif, sentinel node dapat diidentifikasi walaupun hasil limfoskintigrafi negatif. Preoperatif limfoskintigrafi merupakan komplemen prosedur sentinel node dimana hasil pemetaannya akan memberikan arahan saat operasi.Kata kunci: kanker payudara, melanoma maligna, limfoskintigrafi, sentinel node, blue dye, gamma probe, breast conserving treatment

Role of CXCR4 and MMP-9 Expressions with Regional Cervical Lymph Nodes Metastatic Status in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Etty Hary Kusumastuti; Nurdhani Hi Djafar; Alphania Rahniayu
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 15, No 2 (2021): June
Publisher : National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital

Background: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) that has metastasized has a higher risk because of the poor prognosis, ranging from decreased quality of life of the patient to death. There is a need for markers that can understand the image of the tumor so that it can predict earlier the level of aggressiveness and the ability of tumor cells to metastasize. Tumor cells that proliferate excessively will cause CXCR4 expression. Activation of CXCR4 will increase MMP-9 via the MAPK/ ERK line. MMP-9 will degrade the extracellular matrix causing tumor cell metastasis. This study is aimed to analyze the correlation of CXCR4 and MMP-9 expressions with lymph node metastasis (LNM) in PTC.Methods: This cross-sectional analytic observational study was conducted in 43 PTC samples taken from the Anatomical Pathology Laboratory of Dr. Soetomo Hospital from January 2011 to December 2018. The samples were divided into 2 groups based on the regional cervical LNM status. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess the expression of CXCR4 and MMP-9. Spearman test was used to analyze the correlation of CXCR4 and MMP expression with cervical LNM status.Results: The expression of CXCR4 and MMP-9 was higher in the papillary thyroid carcinoma group with cervical regional LNM (p = 0.007 and p = 0.030). There was a significant positive relationship between CXCR4 and MMP-9 expressions with regional LNM status with rs = 0.468 and p = 0.001 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Expression of CXCR4 and MMP-9 was proven to correlate with regional cervical LNM status in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Both can be used as predictive markers for metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Korelasi Hypoxia Inducible Factor- 1A (HIF-1A) dan Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Dengan Hasil Operasi pada Kanker Ovarium Jenis Epitel
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 8, No 3 (2014): Jul - Sep 2014
Publisher : National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital

Hypoxia inducible factor 1? (HIF-1?) regulates gene involved inresponse to hypoxia and promotes angiogenesis. HIF-1? is atranscriptional factor to induce vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF). The objective of this study was to examine the correlation ofHIF-1? and VEGF expression with surgical outcome in epithelialovarian cancer, therefore could predict optimality of debulking inovarian cancer.Thirty patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who underwent primarysurgery were included in this study. Tumor tissues were obtainedfrom surgery and examined with q reverse transcriptase polymerasechain reaction (qRT-PCR) for HIF-1? and VEGF expression analysis.Evaluation of surgical outcome was based on volume of residualtumor. Correlation between HIF-1? and VEGF was analyzed by usingSpearman correlation test while the correlation between HIF-1? andVEGF and surgical outcome was analyzed by ANOVA.Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 47.5310.41 years.Eleven patients (36.7%) were diagnosed with stage I ovarian cancer,9 patients (30%) with stage II, 8 patients (26.7%) stage III and 2patients (6.7%) with stage IV. Out of 30 patients, 22 patients (73.3%)successfully underwent optimal debulking and 8 patients (26.7%)with suboptimal debulking. There was a correlation between HIF-1?and VEGF expression (r=0.582) but no correlation between HIF-1?and VEGF expression with surgical outcome in patients withepithelial ovarian cancer.Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between HIF-1? andVEGF expression but no significant correlation between HIF-1? andVEGF expression with surgical outcomes.

COVID-19 and Cancer Care in Indonesia: What we have done in Dharmais Cancer Center Hospital Hendi Setiadi; Fifi Dwijayanti; Martya Rahmaniati Makful
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 14, No 2 (2020): June
Publisher : National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital

At the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus (CoV) of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), named SARS- CoV-2 was approved as a microbial agent that causes viral pneumonia in patients who are linked epidemiologically to the seafood market in Wuhan (Wuhan) Hubei province, China [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated the coronavirus or COVID-19 as a pandemic because it has spread globally in the world since March 11, 2020 [2]. There have been more than 8 million cases reported with more than 450 thousand deaths around the world until June 19, 2020 [3]. Indonesia reported the first cases of COVID-19 in early March 2020 and currently 43,803 cases with 2,373 deaths [4]. Indonesia has the highest cases of COVID-19 in Southeast Asia [5]. WHO stated that according to the current evidence, coronavirus is transmitted among people through respiratory droplets and contact routes [6-8]. Droplet transmission is different from airborne disease. Droplet transmission occurs when a person closely contacted (within 1 m) with someone who has respiratory symptoms (e.g. coughing or sneezing,) and was therefore at risk of having his/her mucosae (mouth and nose) or conjunctiva (eyes) exposed to potentially infective respiratory droplets. Droplet transmission may also occur through fomites in the immediate environment around the infected person [9]. Increasing cases occur continuously become alert for our institution as health care providers.

Tethered Cord Syndrome in Patient with Lipomyelomeningocele: A Case Study I Gusti Ayu Sri Mahendra Dewi; Ni Putu Sriwidyani; Desak Made Cittarasmi Saraswati Seputra
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 16, No 2 (2022): June
Publisher : National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital

Introduction: Tethered Cord Syndrome (TCS) is a condition that occurs due to spinal cord traction caused by the attachment of the spinal cord to the surrounding tissues. The incidence of TCS is quite rare, approximately 0.25 per 1,000 live births Case Presentation: We reported a 4-year-old female patient with a lump on her sacral region since birth which enlarged over time. The patient experienced intermittent fever for 1 month before hospital admission and constipation since infancy. Physical examination revealed a lump with a diameter of 6 cm on her sacral region with no neurological abnormality. Ultrasonography examination showed an anechoic lesion with multiple linear structures on supragluteal sinistra with a size of 2.2 x 2.5 x 2.1 cm. MSCT findings showed spina bifida at L5 until S2 level with features of lipomyelomeningocele and tethered cord started from L2 level. Bilateral hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and distended bladder (pine tree appearance) with the possibility of the neurogenic bladder were also found on MSCT examination. The patient underwent surgery to excise the lump and to release the tethered cord. Microscopic findings from excised mass showed a group of neuronal and glial cells, the syncytial sheet pattern of meningothelial cells, and foci of calcification which supported lipomyelomeningocele diagnosis. Conclusions: : Intensive follow-up care and observation must be carried out in children with spinal dysraphism because it may be associated with TCS which may be asymptomatic at an early stage.

Profil Ekspresi Caspase-3 pada Kanker Ovarium Tipe Epitel I Nyoman Gede Budiana; Suhatno -; Faroek Hoesin; Budiono -
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 7, No 3 (2013): Jul - Sep 2013
Publisher : National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui profil ekspresi caspase-3 pada kanker ovarium tipe epitel. Rancangan penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional deskriptif. Sampel penelitian adalah pasien kanker ovarium di RSUD Dr. Sutomo, Surabaya, yang jaringan tumor ovariumnya telah diparafinisasi di Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi FK Universitas Airlangga Surabaya. Kriteria inklusi adalah blok parafin telah diperiksa secara histopatologi sehingga telah terdiagnosis pasti kanker ovarium tipe epitel dan catatan medis pasien bisa ditemukan serta terisi lengkap. Kriteria eksklusi adalah pasien pernah menjalani kemoterapi atau radiasi sebelum pembedahan dan blok parafin rusak sehingga tidak dapat digunakan. Ekspresi caspase-3 diperiksa secara imunohistokimia.Dari 42 subjek penelitian, didapatkan ekspresi caspase-3 positif sebanyak 47,6% dan ekspresi caspase-3 negatif sebanyak 52,4%. Ditemukan subjek penelitian dengan derajat diferensiasi sel baik lebih banyak mempunyai ekspresi caspase-3 positif dibandingkan dengan derajat diferensiasi sel sedang dan jelek (p=0,017). Subjek penelitian dengan stadium dini lebih banyak mempunyai ekspresi caspase-3 positif (p<0,001). Demikian juga subjek penelitian dengan residu tumor ? 1 cm lebih banyak mempunyai ekspresi caspase-3 positif (p=0,029).Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik ekspresi caspase-3 pada berbagai derajat diferensiasi sel, stadium, dan residu tumor pasca operasi primer pada kanker ovarium tipe epitel.Kata kunci: caspase-3, derajat diferensiasi sel, stadium, residu tumor

Perbedaan Ekspresi Foxp3+ dan Cd8+ Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes Karsinoma Payudara pada Berbagai Stadium T Anisia Indiralia; Alphania Rahniayu; Sjahjenny Mustokoweni
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 12, No 1 (2018): Jan - Mar
Publisher : National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital

Background: Breast carcinoma, the most common malignancy in women, are often accompanied by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) which has controversial clinical relevance. TIL is thought to reflect the host’s immune response to malignant tumors. FOXP3, specific biomarker of Treg, is an important transcription factors that develops and functions in the maintenance of self tolerance, including inhibition of CD8+ cytotoxic T cell function. Aim: To analyze the differences and the correlation between FOXP3+ and CD8+ TIL in breast carcinoma with different T staging. Methods: An analytical observational research, performed on 44 paraffin block of breast carcinoma of various stages T (AJCC 7th ed) in anatomical pathology installation of RSUD Dr. Soetomo, used FOXP3+ and CD8+ antibodies. The immunoexpression are evaluated on stromal area, then analyzed statistically, period January 1, 2014 – December 31, 2016. Result: Showed significant differences in FOXP3+ expression between T1-T4, T2-T3, T2-T4, T3-T4. There were significant differences in CD8+ expression between T2-T3, T2-T4. There is a correlation between the expression of FOXP3+ and CD8+ in T1 and all T (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There was significant difference in FOXP3+ and CD8+ TIL of breast carcinoma with increasing T stage. There was correlation between FOXP3+ and CD8+ TIL expression of breast carcinoma at all T and T1 stage. ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Karsinoma payudara adalah keganasan terbanyak wanita dan sering didapatkan adanya tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) dengan relevansi klinis yang masih kontroversial. TIL sering dianggap mencerminkan respon imun inang terhadap tumor ganas. FOXP3, biomarker spesifik Treg, merupakan faktor transkripsi yang penting dalam perkembangan dan berfungsi dalam pemeliharaan self tolerance, termasuk penghambatan fungsi sel T sitotoksik CD8+. Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik terhadap 44 sampel blok parafin karsinoma payudara berbagai stadium T (AJCC edisi ketujuh) di instalasi Patologi Anatomi RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya menggunakan antibodi FOXP3 dan CD8, dihitung pada area stroma tumor, kemudian dilakukan uji statistik periode 1 Januari 2014 – 31 Desember 2016. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi FOXP3+ antara T1 dan T4, T2 dan T3, T2 dan T4, T3 dan T4. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi CD8+ antara T2 dan T3, T2 dan T4. Terdapat korelasi antara tingginya ekspresi FOXP3+ dengan tinginya ekspresi CD8+ pada T1 dan semua T (p < 0,05). Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna ekspresi FOXP3+ dan CD8+ TIL karsinoma payudara dengan meningkatnya stadium T. Terdapat korelasi antara ekspresi FOXP3+ dan CD8+ TIL karsinoma payudara pada semua stadium T dan T1.

Tingkat Kesintasan dan Faktor Prognostik Pasien Karsinoma Sel Ginjal di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais DODDY HAMI SENO; RACHMAT BUDI SANTOSO; CHAIDIR MOCHTAR; RAINY UMBAS
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 6, No 1 (2012): Jan - Mar 2012
Publisher : National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33371/ijoc.v6i1.153

Karsinoma sel ginjal (KSG) mencakup 2-3% dari seluruh kasus kanker di seluruh dunia. Walaupun insidennya kecil, KSG mempunyai angka mortalitas yang besar. Berbagai studi mengenai faktor prognostik kesintasan pasien KSG menunjukkan hasil yang bervariasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kesintasan KSG di Indonesia dan faktor prognostik yang berpengaruh terhadap kesintasan pasien KSG.Metode: penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menelusuri data registrasi pasien KSG yang telah menjalani operasi/biopsi pada Januari 1995 hingga Desember 2008 di Bagian Urologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Rumah Sakit Kanker Dharmais, Jakarta. Analisis kesintasan dilakukan dengan metode Kaplan-Meier dan analisis multivariat dilakukan dengan uji Cox proportional hazard regression.Hasil: sebanyak 81 pasien menjadi subjek penelitian. Median usia subjek 52 tahun (kisaran 6-83 tahun). Perbandingan laki-laki dan perempuan sebesar 3,2 : 1. Overall survival (OS) 5 tahun sebesar 22,2% dan rerata OS sebesar 64,3 bulan. Bila dikelompokkan berdasarkan Fuhrman grade, rerata disease-specific survival pada grade 1-2 adalah 84,9 bulan dan grade 3-4 adalah 37,8 bulan. Sedangkan bila dikelompokkan berdasarkan TNM staging, rerata disease-specific survival pada stage 1-2 (KSG lokal) 91,4 bulan; stage 3 (KSG lokal lanjut) 59,5 bulan; dan stage 4 (KSG metastatik) 29,7 bulan. Pada pasien KSG metastatik, overall survival 5 tahun sebesar 9,5%. Pada analisis multivariat, terdapat tiga faktor yang berhubungan dengan kesintasan, yaitu TNM staging (p=0,000), Fuhrman grade (p=0,040), dan hitung trombosit (p=0,034).Kesimpulan: overall survival pada kelompok pasien kami lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan negara lain karena sebagian besar subjek datang terlambat dan dengan ukuran tumor yang besar. Pada penelitian ini, terdapat tiga faktor yang berhubungan dengan kesintasan, yaitu TNM staging, Fuhrman grade, dan hitung trombosit. Kewaspadaan dan pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai KSG perlu ditingkatkan.Kata kunci: Fuhrman grade, sel jernih, trombositosis.

Analisis Cost-Effectiveness Seftazidim Generik pada Pasien Kanker Payudara di Rumah Sakit Kanker “Dharmais” Jakarta, 2012 NADIA FARHANAH SYAFHAN; AGUSDINI BANUN SAPTANINGSIH; MUTIARA JEANY RAHAYU PERTIWI
Indonesian Journal of Cancer Vol 10, No 3 (2016): July - September 2016
Publisher : National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital

ABSTRACTAdministration of ceftazidime shortened duration of neutropenia and hospitalization days in breast cancer patients who had infection after myelosupressive chemotherapy. Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) as one of pharmacoeconomic methods was important to determine treatment attaining effect for lower cost. The aim of this study was to comparethe total direct medical cost and effectiveness, which was measured from length-of-stay (LOS), of generic ceftazidime A and B usage, and to decide which ceftazidime that was more cost-effective in early-stage and late-stage breast cancer patients at National Cancer Center Dharmais Hospital Jakarta year 2012. The study design was non-experimental withcomparative study retrospectively on secondary data from medical records and administrative data in 2012. Samples were taken by using total sampling method. The number of samples were 9 patients, which included 7 patients with generic ceftazidime A and 2 patients with generic ceftazidime B. The total direct medical cost of generic ceftazidime A in early-stage and late-stage breast cancer patients, respectively Rp 15.930.407,45 and Rp 15.962.519,25, were higher than generic B, respectively Rp 6.716.225,21 and Rp 7.147.956,92. Median LOS of generic A ceftazidime in early-stage and late-stage breast cancer patients, respectively 7 days and 10 days, were longer than generic B, respectively 3 days and 4 days. According to CEA result, generic ceftazidime B was more cost-effective than generic A.ABSTRAKPemberian seftazidim dapat mempersingkat durasi neutropenia dan lama hari rawat inap pada pasien kanker payudara yang mengalami infeksi setelah kemoterapi mielosupresif. Analisis cost-effectiveness merupakan salah satu metode farmakoekonomi yang penting untuk menentukan obat efektif dengan biaya yang lebih rendah. Penelitian dilakukan untuk membandingkan total biaya medis langsung dan efektivitas yang dilihat dari lama hari rawat penggunaan seftazidim generik A dan B, serta menentukan seftazidim yang lebih cost-effective pada pasien kanker payudara stadium awal dan lanjut di Rumah Sakit Kanker “Dharmais” Jakarta, 2012. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi komparatif secara retrospektif terhadap data rekam medis dan administrasi tahun 2012. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara total sampling. Jumlah pasien yang dilibatkan dalam analisis 9 pasien, yaitu 7 pasien menggunakan seftazidim generik A dan 2 pasien menggunakan seftazidim generik B. Median total biaya medis langsung kelompok generik A pada pasien kanker stadium awal maupun lanjut berturut-turut sebesar Rp 15.930.407,45 dan Rp 15.962.519,25 lebih tinggi dibanding generik B, berturut-turut sebesar Rp 6.716.225,21 dan Rp 7.147.956,92. Median lama hari rawat kelompok generik A pada pasien kanker stadium awal maupun lanjut berturut-turut 7 hari dan 10 hari, lebih panjang dibanding generik B, berturut-turut 3 hari dan 4 hari. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa seftazidim generik B lebih cost-effective dibanding generik A.

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Phone +628176389956

Journal Mail Official admin@indonesianjournalofcancer.or.id

Editorial Address National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital Research and Development Building, 3rd-floor Jl. Letjen S. Parman Kav. 84-86, Slipi West Jakarta

Location Kota adm. jakarta barat, Dki jakarta INDONESIA

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Contact Name
Bayu Brahma

Contact Email
journal.cancer@gmail.com

Phone
+628176389956

Journal Mail Official
admin@indonesianjournalofcancer.or.id

Editorial Address
National Cancer Center - Dharmais Cancer Hospital Research and Development Building, 3rd-floor Jl. Letjen S. Parman Kav. 84-86, Slipi West Jakarta

Location
Kota adm. jakarta barat,

Dki jakarta

INDONESIA