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Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
ISSN : 28305922     EISSN : 28305914     DOI : https://doi.org/10.18196/jpcn
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
The core of the journal focuses on Paradiplomacy and City Networks which revolves around international cooperation by the regional government, and actorness such as mayors, local legislators, governors, and other sub-national elected officials who have traditionally engaged in international activities for their trade promotion, investment, and economic development through city-to-city exchanges, business study groups, international exchange and capacity building for local bureaucrats, youth exchanges for the benefit of their local communities. Paradiplomacy activities may also include international organizations as interlocutors of the policy processes propelled by local public action. But unlike other data sources, the Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks ensures that unbiased and uninfluenced research is promoted with a vision to contribute to the peace and stability of the international society. We believe that the blatant truth about covert agendas of politics is the only hindrance to sustainable growth. Therefore, our focus remains on the publication of field-based knowledge to uproot the critical problems.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Politik dan Hubungan Internasional
Articles 43 Documents
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Jakarta – Berlin Collaboration in Implementing Jakarta Smart City and Achieving SDGs Mujiono, Rayhan Krisna; Haqqi, Halifa; Anugrah, Alma Fuji
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 1: June 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i1.77

Abstract

The Jakarta Provincial Government has officially partnered with Berlin in developing a smart city through the Smart Change program, supported by the European Union (EU). This collaboration aims to strengthen Jakarta’s smart city initiative, which has been under development since 2014, to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using a descriptive qualitative research method, this study comprehensively examined the Jakarta Smart City (JSC) program and its alignment with the SDGs. The findings unveiled that JSC has made progress in implementing the smart city initiative and contributing to SDG achievements. However, further optimization in regulatory implementation, funding mechanisms, and public participation were required to ensure more effective outcomes. Enhancing these elements would help Jakarta’s smart city initiative achieve its goals more effectively and substantially.
Center-Regional Relations in National Motivated Paradiplomacy: A Scottish Case Study Putri, Anggi Koenjaini; Ario Bimo Utomo; Cakra Diaz Pratama
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 1: June 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i1.87

Abstract

This study investigated the complex dynamics of center-regional relations in nationally motivated paradiplomacy, using Scotland as a case study. As a devolved nation within the United Kingdom (UK), Scotland has actively pursued international engagement not merely as a pragmatic exercise in policy diffusion or economic cooperation, but as a strategic vehicle for constructing a distinct national identity. This research identified the nationalist dimension as a primary motive behind Scottish paradiplomacy, particularly under the leadership of the Scottish National Party. Employing a qualitative interpretive approach and a case study method, the study drew upon primary sources (official Scottish government documents, speeches, and international frameworks) and secondary literature spanning 2014 to 2022. Using the analytical lens of paradiplomatic theory and the center-regional relationship typology developed by Panayotis Soldatos, the study concluded that Scotland’s paradiplomacy fits the parallel disharmony pattern. While Scotland and the UK operate simultaneously in international affairs, their motivations, narratives, and policy orientations frequently diverge. Scotland’s emphasis on global citizenship, climate justice, and European engagement stands in stark contrast to London’s centralist and post-Brexit trajectory. This dissonance illustrates how subnational paradiplomacy can serve not only as a policy tool but also as a political instrument for autonomy-seeking entities, challenging conventional notions of sovereignty from below. This study contributes to the broader discourse on paradiplomacy by demonstrating how subnational governments with strong nationalist narratives can develop differentiated external roles within a unitary state structure.
Analysis of the Process of Cooperation Plan between Batu City and Fukushima City in the Agricultural Sector for the Period of 2016-2025 Alkatiri, Sarah; Abdullah
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 1: June 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i1.90

Abstract

This study analyzed the process and challenges of the planned agricultural cooperation between Batu City (Indonesia) and Fukushima City (Japan) from 2016 to 2025. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the research drew on primary data from interviews with local government officials and institutional actors, supported by relevant documentation. The analysis was grounded in two frameworks: Aldecoa and Keating’s theory of paradiplomacy, emphasizing the role of subnational governments in international cooperation, and Indonesia’s Ministry of Home Affairs Regulation No. 25 of 2020, which sets the procedural standards for foreign cooperation at the regional level. The findings revealed that while initial steps were taken—such as bilateral visits and preliminary program design—the cooperation did not progress to formal implementation due to regulatory non-compliance, leadership discontinuity, and weak institutional coordination. Specifically, the absence of reporting to the central government, lack of an MoU, and inadequate bureaucratic integration hindered the realization of the agreement. Despite these challenges, opportunities remained for revitalizing the cooperation, particularly under new leadership that has expressed a willingness to re-engage. This study contributes to the growing discourse on paradiplomacy in Indonesia and offers practical insights into the governance and institutional conditions necessary for effective city-to-city collaboration in the agricultural sector.
Jakarta’s Paradiplomacy in Strengthening Cybersecurity through the ASEAN Smart City Networks (ASCN) Masyhari, Ghulam Ali; Al Furqan, Andi Muhammad Raihan
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 1: June 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i1.91

Abstract

The rapid digital transformation in Southeast Asia has prompted many cities to adopt the smart city concept as a strategic effort to improve public service efficiency and the quality of life for citizens. This shift, however, is not without challenges. As digital infrastructures expand, so do vulnerabilities to cybersecurity threats such as data breaches, cyberespionage, and ransomware. These threats are no longer confined to national domains; instead, they are increasingly localized and require responses not only at the national level but also from sub-national actors. This condition reveals an essential argument in the digital era: cities must not merely be policy recipients but must also become proactive agents in global digital governance. Jakarta’s involvement in the ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN) reflects a strategic shift in urban governance, where cities are no longer passive recipients of national policy but active players in regional cybersecuritiy cooperation. ASCN serves not only as a policy forum but also as a diplomatic platform for exchanging best practices, forming technological partnerships, and adopting international standards. This research argues that Jakarta’s participation in ASCN exemplifies strategic paradiplomacy, enabling the city to strengthen its digital security through collaborative projects and knowledge sharing. Using a descriptive qualitative method based on official documents and policy reports, the study discovered that ASCN has facilitated Jakarta’s engagement in regional governance and adoption of global security norms. The findings contribute to the discourse on non-traditional security by depicting that sub-national actors, like Jakarta, could play meaningful roles in cross-border digital governance. It underscores the need to move beyond state-centric perspectives and recognize the growing significance of cities in responding to transnational cyberthreats in Southeast Asia.
Exploring Paradiplomacy in Cybersecurity: A Case Study on Cyber Defense Academy in Singhasari Special Economic Zone Safira, Putri Alyaa; Diphda, Bintang Corvi; Hannun, Syaharanie Mulya
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 1: June 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i1.101

Abstract

Various studies on paradiplomacy have been conducted in Indonesia. However, only a few have addressed the advancement of cybersecurity within the paradiplomacy framework. Therefore, this study explored the paradiplomacy in the cybersecurity sector, using the Cyber Defense Academy (CDA) in the Singhasari Special Economic Zone (SEZ) as a case study. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method through document analysis, interview data with a CDA representative, and secondary literature. The findings indicated that through collaboration with sub-national partners from India, such as Diaas.in and Aquarii India, the CDA represented a new model of paradiplomatic governance under the coordination of the Singhasari SEZ. This study concluded that the CDA denoted a new form of paradiplomacy with the potential to strengthen Indonesia’s cybersecurity network and emerged as a distinct type of actor within the paradiplomatic landscape.
Urban Responses to War: The Pact of Free Cities in the Russia-Ukraine Crisis Anantakupa, Azhar Gusti; Ömer Kutay Seyrek
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.92

Abstract

This study examined the role of the Pact of Free Cities in responding to the Russia-Ukraine crisis, emphasizing the growing significance of urban paradiplomacy in contemporary international relations. The research addressed the issue of how cities operate as autonomous actors during international crises, independently from their national governments. This topic was considered significant due to the increasing visibility of cities in humanitarian responses and political positioning on the global stage. A qualitative comparative analysis was conducted focusing on the four founding members of the Pact: Warsaw, Prague, Bratislava, and Budapest. The approach involved examining municipal responses to the crisis in relation to their respective national stances. The findings uncovered that Warsaw, Prague, and Bratislava demonstrated alignment between local and national support for Ukraine. In contrast, Budapest’s municipal government adopted a pro-Ukrainian position, diverging sharply from the national government’s pro-Russian orientation. This contrast illustrated the potential of cities to assert independent international positions and contribute meaningfully to global humanitarian and democratic efforts. The study concluded that the Pact of Free Cities has served as a vital platform for cities to uphold democratic values and foster international solidarity, even when national narratives are at odds with one another.
Subnational Foreign Policy in a Global Context: The Case of Córdoba’s Paradiplomacy toward the United States and China (2011–2023) Trebucq, Federico
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.104

Abstract

This study analyzed the paradiplomatic activity of the Córdoba provincial government toward the United States and China from 2011 to 2023, aiming to identify similarities and differences in the strategies adopted in relation to both global powers, while considering possible constraints arising from the international context. The research is framed within the field of paradiplomacy studies, conceiving of non-central governments as actors with autonomous capacity for engagement in transnational settings. A mixed-method approach was employed: a qualitative analysis that contextualized the actions according to their type, institutional framework, and thematic dimensions; and a quantitative analysis that classified the 98 identified actions based on the role of the provincial government (as actor or facilitator) and the scope of application (domestic or international). The findings disclosed that Córdoba’s international engagement was predominantly economic and commercial, with a facilitator–international profile, and that while relations with the United States focused on services, technology, and education, those with China emphasized infrastructure, agro-industry, and investment, in both cases without evidence of a long-term strategic plan.
Angklung as an Instrument of Paradiplomacy: A Case Study on the Sister Province Relations of West Java-Sichuan and West Java-Chungcheongnam-do Athallah, Muhammad Raja; Sari, Deasy Silvya
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.106

Abstract

West Java’s rich cultural heritage presents immense potential for the province’s advancement. The active paradiplomacy that West Java fosters with various international provinces significantly amplifies the potential utilization of its cultural assets. West Java stands out as one of Indonesia’s provinces with high and effective paradiplomacy activities. In conjunction with West Java’s ongoing paradiplomatic processes, the angklung emerges as an instrument embodying the value of unity and harmony. Sichuan and Chungcheongnam-do served as key respondents for observing the implementation of the angklung as an instrument in West Java’s paradiplomacy. The strong relationship between West Java and its two sister provinces has led to the renewal of the Memorandum of Understanding and the effective continuation of collaborative programs within their active cooperation periods. The utilization of the angklung, originating from West Java, offers insights into how soft power operates within the paradiplomacy. The direct link between paradiplomacy and soft power made this research particularly compelling. Drawing from the participant observation method conducted by the researchers as part of West Java’s efforts, this study focuses on the correlation between the angklung and the values championed in West Java’s paradiplomacy with its two sister province partners. 
Subnational Economic Diplomacy in Resource-Rich Regions: Tin-Based Paradiplomacy by the Bangka Belitung Provincial Government Ramadhani, Ery; Mohammad Raihan Nadhir
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.118

Abstract

This study examined the paradiplomatic activities of the Bangka Belitung Provincial Government in attracting international investment to the tin sector. It underscores the growing importance of subnational diplomacy in decentralized, resource-rich regions amidst global imperatives of sustainability and better economic management. It was prompted by the lack of institutional analysis on the utilization of economic diplomacy by local governments in the Global South to rebrand commodities on international markets. Through semi-structured interviews with government representatives, private interests, and civil society stakeholders, supplemented by documentary analysis, a qualitative case study method was pursued. It was performed using the lenses of paradiplomacy, economic diplomacy, and ESG-based governance. Findings uncovered that Bangka Belitung has transitioned from passive natural resource commodity exportation to active international diplomatic branding through the employment of trade missions, advertising campaigns, and memoranda of understanding. However, institutional fragmentation, coordination problems, and the inability to create ESG mechanisms remain as challenges. Despite this, the efforts of the province have testified to increased sensitivity toward international legitimacy as a resource. The study argued that effective subnational diplomacy in natural resource-based economies is contingent upon strategic framing and institutional cohesiveness. Bangka Belitung’s experience could serve as a benchmark for localized diplomacy in the Global South amid the rise of globalized mineral governance.
Climate Commitments: Analyzing the Application of ITMO in Indonesia-South Korea Bilateral Relations Danuwijaya, Try; Ongom, Trevor Graham
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.119

Abstract

This study explores the evolving dynamics of climate diplomacy between Indonesia and South Korea through the lens of multitrack diplomacy and green political theory, focusing on the implementation of Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMO) under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. As global climate commitments increasingly rely on cooperative market-based mechanisms, bilateral partnerships have emerged as crucial pathways for achieving Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Indonesia and South Korea have developed an ambitious climate collaboration agenda that not only involves traditional government-to-government (Track 1) engagement but also incorporates non-state actors, including research institutions, business sectors, and civil society organizations that operate across multiple tracks of diplomacy. This article investigates how these diverse actors advance the ITMO cooperation and contribute to strengthening bilateral environmental relations. Drawing on secondary data and document analysis, this paper illustrates how the synergy between tracks creates an enabling environment for technology transfer, capacity building, and joint carbon-offset projects, positioning ITMOs as both a diplomatic instrument and a climate policy tool. Although the partnership is promising, challenges remain in harmonizing regulatory frameworks. The findings highlight the necessity of a comprehensive Multitrack Diplomacy approach to maximize cross-sectoral engagement in ITMO implementation, especially on a bilateral basis.

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