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Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
ISSN : 28305922     EISSN : 28305914     DOI : https://doi.org/10.18196/jpcn
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
The core of the journal focuses on Paradiplomacy and City Networks which revolves around international cooperation by the regional government, and actorness such as mayors, local legislators, governors, and other sub-national elected officials who have traditionally engaged in international activities for their trade promotion, investment, and economic development through city-to-city exchanges, business study groups, international exchange and capacity building for local bureaucrats, youth exchanges for the benefit of their local communities. Paradiplomacy activities may also include international organizations as interlocutors of the policy processes propelled by local public action. But unlike other data sources, the Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks ensures that unbiased and uninfluenced research is promoted with a vision to contribute to the peace and stability of the international society. We believe that the blatant truth about covert agendas of politics is the only hindrance to sustainable growth. Therefore, our focus remains on the publication of field-based knowledge to uproot the critical problems.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Politik dan Hubungan Internasional
Articles 51 Documents
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Paradiplomacy and Democratic Resilience in the Sahel: Subnational Strategies Against Democratic Reversals Idrees Mahmud Gana; Suleiman Mohammed Evuti
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.122

Abstract

Since 2020, the Sahel has witnessed a dramatic resurgence of military coups, with democratic institutions collapsing in Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Niger. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), traditionally positioned as a custodian of constitutional order, has responded with sanctions, suspensions, and threats of intervention. However, these state-centric measures have achieved limited success and often exacerbated humanitarian crises. This article argues that subnational actors, through paradiplomatic practices, have emerged as critical agents of democratic resilience. Drawing on secondary data, policy documents, and scholarly literature, the study integrates a paradiplomacy theory with multi-level governance and “democracy from below” perspectives. It demonstrates how city-to-city networks, cross-border municipal cooperation, and civil society coalitions sustain governance functions and uphold democratic norms in contexts of national authoritarian consolidation. The findings suggest that durable strategies for countering democratic reversals must combine ECOWAS’s top-down enforcement with subnational, bottom-up resilience mechanisms. The article contributes empirically by analyzing Sahelian cases, theoretically by extending the concept of paradiplomacy to fragile states, and normatively by proposing multi-layered responses to the resurgence of authoritarianism.
South-South Paradiplomacy: A Channelling Mechanism of Denpasar-Mossel Bay Sister-City Cooperation Isti Nur Rahmahwati; Jevons Kollie Kawala
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.123

Abstract

The practice of paradiplomacy in the Global South countries is currently on the rise. While prior studies have predominantly focused on Global North paradiplomacy, this paper demonstrates how legal regimes structurally channel paradiplomacy yet remain resilient in digital formats, using a case study of Denpasar-Mossel Bay sister city cooperation. It was analyzed as a contemporary manifestation of South-South cooperation rooted in the historical ‘Bandung Spirit’ but adapted to the modern imperatives of local development. This paper refines Lecours’ three-layered model of paradiplomacy by situating it within a Global South regulatory context, employing qualitative analysis of a case study and discourse. The findings revealed that Denpasar-Mossel Bay sister city cooperation is a pragmatic and resilient form of apolitical paradiplomacy, strategically focused on economic and cultural-technical objectives while deliberately avoiding political dimensions. This channeling of sub-national ambition is a direct consequence of the national regulatory framework. The case exhibits a remarkable capacity for adaptation, particularly through the adoption of digital methods during the COVID-19 pandemic, which helped sustain the relationship and ultimately led to its renewal. The paper concluded that South-South paradiplomacy represents a viable, cost-effective model for mutual development, knowledge exchange, and a democratized form of international engagement for sub-national actors in developing countries.
Orchestrated Paradiplomacy: A Multilevel Governance Analysis of the Indonesia-China ‘Two Countries, Twin Parks’ Initiative Riyanto, Budi; Keliat, Cyntia; Lamza, Widia
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.124

Abstract

This study examined the Indonesia-China ‘Two Countries, Twin Parks’ (TCTP) initiative as a novel form of economic paradiplomacy nested within the broader Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). TCTP transcends traditional sub-national diplomacy, representing a complex, multi-tiered arrangement of actors and interests. Unlike the autonomous “micro-diplomacy” of the post-Cold War era, the TCTP demonstrates how central states effectively mobilize sub-national intermediaries—specifically provincial governments and industrial estate operators—to achieve transnational strategic goals. This research extends Multilevel Governance (MLG) theory by conceptualizing “orchestrated paradiplomacy” as a distinct, nested form of sub-national diplomacy embedded within global geoeconomic strategies. This study argues that the new paradiplomacy framework is essential to deconstruct the intricate interplay of actors at the supranational, national, and sub-national levels. Using a qualitative method that analyzed official documents, academic literature, and credible reports, this study mapped TCTP’s architecture and actor motivations. The findings revealed that while the initiative has created significant economic opportunities through transnational supply chain integration, it has simultaneously also generated profound governance challenges. These challenges manifest as policy coordination gaps and the externalization of negative socio-environmental impacts at the local level, stemming from misaligned priorities between the geoeconomic objectives of higher governance tiers and the regulatory responsibilities of local authorities. The study concluded by discussing critical policy implications, arguing that a rebalancing of governance is required to empower local ecological and social oversight, thereby addressing the “governance deficit” inherent in state-orchestrated development models.
Exploring The Role and Authority of Local Government in the Context of International Relations (Comparative Study between Ulsan City and Makassar City) Darussalam, Miftah Farid; Safaat, Ayu Rezky; Agustin, Maya Madya
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.117

Abstract

The implementation of decentralization in developing countries generally goes hand in hand with the process of democratization. However, each country implements a decentralization system with varying levels of authority, which affects the role of local governments in conducting international cooperation. This study aims to compare the authority of local governments in conducting international cooperation between the City of Ulsan, South Korea, and the City of Makassar, Indonesia. Using a qualitative method through a comparative study approach supplemented by interviews, this study employs a decentralization framework as an instrument to measure the level of local government authority. The intensity of cooperation is used to identify the extent to which these authorities are implemented in foreign relations. The results of the comparison based on the constitutions of both countries show that local governments in South Korea have broader authority than city governments in Indonesia. This difference is reflected in the intensity of international cooperation, with Ulsan City recording a higher number of international cooperation initiatives than Makassar City.
West Java Province’s Paradiplomacy Practices in MSME Development toward Heilongjiang Province, China Faykarulhaqq Ahsanu Nadiyya; Fuad Azmi
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.110

Abstract

The increasing involvement of subnational governments in international cooperation has positioned economic paradiplomacy as an important instrument for promoting regional development and enhancing the international competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). This study examines the economic paradiplomacy practices of the West Java Provincial Government through its cooperation with Heilongjiang Province, China, and analyzes how such cooperation contributes to MSME internationalization within a multilevel governance framework. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this study utilizes secondary data collected from government documents, policy reports, academic publications, and official media releases. The findings reveal that the West Java–Heilongjiang partnership has evolved beyond a conventional sister-province arrangement into a structured mechanism of economic cooperation implemented through business matching, investment promotion, technology exchange, and institutional networking. The study further demonstrates that multilevel governance facilitates coordination among governmental institutions, business actors, and supporting organizations, enabling local enterprises to access international markets and strengthen their export readiness. Although measurable economic outcomes remain at an early stage, the cooperation has created institutional conditions that support MSME capacity development and long-term international engagement. This study contributes to the paradiplomacy literature by demonstrating that economic paradiplomacy functions not only as a form of subnational external engagement but also as a development-oriented governance strategy that strengthens regional competitiveness and supports sustainable local economic development.
Paradiplomacy for Cyber Resilience in Jakarta: Between Progress, Loopholes, and the Struggle to Secure the Digital City Rino, Meyer Rafael; Zaki Syaiful Hunafa
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.97

Abstract

Rapid digital transformation in big cities like Jakarta has increased their vulnerability to increasingly complex and cross-border cyberattacks. This issue makes digital public security a strategic agenda in local governance. The increasing number of attacks on public infrastructure, government services, and the private sector shows that strengthening cyber resilience cannot only rely on policies from the central government. In this context, the role of paradiplomacy and subnational actors in foreign relations is an important approach to improving local cybersecurity capacity. This study analyzes how Jakarta, as one of the big cities in Indonesia, responds to cyber threats through paradiplomacy mechanisms. The focus of this study is on institutional adjustments, cross-border collaboration, and the role of local and transnational actors in addressing cybersecurity challenges. This study aims to contribute to paradiplomacy in the context of cybersecurity by using a descriptive qualitative method that analyzes documents, digital reports, and policies from local governments. In addition, this study also offers practical recommendations for public security policies based on inclusive and sustainable multi-level governance to ensure better cyber resilience in the era of digital transformation. It is hoped that the findings from this study can provide input for policymakers who are more effective in dealing with cyber threats at the local and international levels in a more resilient and inclusive manner in the era of ever-growing digital transformation.
Rooftop Solar Policy and Metropolitan Governance: Paradiplomacy as a Policy Channel in Five Southeast Asian Cities Krisnadi, Muhammad Faiz
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.107

Abstract

ASEAN cities face mounting pressure to expand rooftop solar deployment, yet adoption remains uneven across the region. While previous studies have emphasized national renewable energy policies, less attention has been given to how city-level policy instruments and paradiplomacy shape local photovoltaic uptake. This article examines rooftop solar instruments across five Southeast Asian metropolitan governments: Singapore, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur, Ho Chi Minh City, and Bangkok. Using comparative case evidence and an exploratory city-year panel for 2010–2024, the analysis distinguishes national policies from city-level regulatory instruments. The findings reveal heterogeneous policy effects. Singapore demonstrates the strongest procurement-led expansion, whereas Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok remain at earlier implementation stages. Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City illustrate the difficulty of separating national incentives from local initiatives. The evidence further suggests that paradiplomacy serves not merely as symbolic international engagement but as a practical policy mechanism through which city networks, donor partnerships, and technical learning strengthen local implementation capacity. The article argues that ASEAN's urban energy transition depends not only on national incentives but also on the regulatory, institutional, and diplomatic capacity of metropolitan governments to translate climate commitments into effective rooftop solar programmes.
The Institutional Agency of Football Club (FC) Barcelona in Catalonia’s Protodiplomatic Strategy Toward Spain (2019–2021) Nsw, Rayia Khaza; Laode Muhamad Fathun
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.113

Abstract

This article examines FC Barcelona’s institutional agency in Catalonia’s protodiplomacy strategy toward Spain following the 2017 independence referendum, with a specific focus on the period 2019–2021. Catalonia, as an autonomous region with a strong cultural and political identity, saw an escalation of protodiplomatic efforts following the curtailment of its autonomy by the Spanish Constitutional Court in 2010. Within this dynamic, FC Barcelona emerged as a significant non-state actor in projecting Catalan identity onto the global stage. This study aims to identify and analyze the strategic role played by the club in supporting regional protodiplomatic narratives and agendas. Using a descriptive qualitative method grounded in document analysis and interviews, this study draws upon Clive Archer’s role theory, the concept of protodiplomacy by Kuznetsov and Soldatos, and Benedict Anderson’s idea of imagined communities. The findings indicate that FC Barcelona consistently exercises its institutional agency through the promotion of identity elements such as language, flag symbols, and Catalan historical narratives. Despite facing sports regulatory restrictions and political pressure from the Spanish central government, the club effectively represents the Catalan identity struggle. In conclusion, FC Barcelona functions as a strategic instrument in Catalan protodiplomacy, affirming its role that transcends that of a commercial sports entity to become an influential political representation of identity on the international stage.
Visibility without Recognition: Assessing the Effectiveness and Structural Limits of Catalonia's Paradiplomacy in Pursuit of Self-Determination Kafiil, Gibran Muhammad; Nyi Ayu Keisha Alya
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.116

Abstract

This study explores why paradiplomacy has emerged as a central yet contested instrument in Catalonia’s ongoing quest for self-secession from Spain. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the research applies Stéphane Paquin’s theory of paradiplomacy, Pinos and Sacramento’s counter-paradiplomacy framework, and the normative principles of self-determination theory to critically assess the strategic deployment of subnational diplomacy by Catalonia. Drawing on a synthesis of peer-reviewed literature published since 2016, the study investigates how Catalonia has utilized various paradiplomatic mechanisms, including identity diplomacy, targeted public diplomacy campaigns, and active participation in transnational and European networks, to reframe its independence movement and seek symbolic legitimacy in the international arena. These efforts aim to bypass Spain’s exclusive control over foreign policy and cultivate external support for the Catalan cause. However, the research also analyzes Spain’s robust countermeasures, including legal and constitutional suppression, strategic narrative framing, and institutional constraints within international organizations, which collectively work to contain and delegitimize Catalonia’s external outreach. While the findings indicate that Catalonia has been moderately successful in building soft power and gaining symbolic recognition, the study concludes that paradiplomacy alone remains structurally inadequate to achieve formal recognition of self-secession, particularly within the constraints of international law and the liberal-democratic order.
Civil Society Paradiplomacy and Multi-Level Humanitarian Governance: Evidence from MuAID in Conflict-Affected Regions Ridwan, Wachid; Dian Ariyani Surya; Mutiara Dwi Sari
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 5 No. 1: June 2026
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v5i1.127

Abstract

This study examines the paradiplomatic engagement and humanitarian governance of Muhammadiyah Agency for International Development (MuAID) in conflict-affected regions, addressing the gap in scholarly understanding of how Indonesian civil society organizations operationalize international humanitarian assistance beyond state-centric frameworks. Employing a qualitative case study approach, this research analyzed MuAID's humanitarian programs across Palestine, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Jordan, and Turkey from 2017 to 2022 through in-depth interviews with program coordinators and local partners (n=12), document analysis, and performance assessment of five implementing institutions. The findings reveal three paradiplomatic engagement models: local NGO partnership with grant-making and capacity development; diaspora-enabled response leveraging overseas branch networks for rapid action; and domestic refugee management coordinating with government agencies for Rohingya refugees in Indonesia. Across twelve programs, MuAID delivered trauma care to 31,338 injured individuals in Gaza, educational access to 1,515 students in Myanmar, and health services to 827,181 Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. Performance varied across models, with political constraints, administrative barriers, and funding volatility emerging as primary challenges. This research contributes to paradiplomacy and humanitarian governance scholarship by documenting Indonesian civil society organizations as humanitarian donors, reversing North-South assistance flows, and proposing a civil society paradiplomacy framework demonstrating how non-state actors leverage networks, religious identity, and grassroots partnerships to navigate political barriers in conflict-affected regions.

Page 5 of 6 | Total Record : 51

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