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International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Published by Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy
ISSN : 22524940     EISSN : 27164519     DOI : https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.xxx.xxx
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering
The International Journal of Renewable Energy Development - (Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev.; p-ISSN: 2252-4940; e-ISSN:2716-4519) is an open access and peer-reviewed journal co-published by Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE) that aims to promote renewable energy researches and developments, and it provides a link between scientists, engineers, economist, societies and other practitioners. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development is currently being indexed in Scopus database and has a listing and ranking in the SJR (SCImago Journal and Country Rank), ESCI (Clarivate Analytics), CNKI Scholar as well as accredited in SINTA 1 (First grade category journal) by The Directorate General of Higher Education, The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, The Republic of Indonesia under a decree No 200/M/KPT/2020. The scope of journal encompasses: Photovoltaic technology, Solar thermal applications, Biomass and Bioenergy, Wind energy technology, Material science and technology, Low energy architecture, Geothermal energy, Wave and tidal energy, Hydro power, Hydrogen production technology, Energy policy, Socio-economic on energy, Energy efficiency, planning and management, Life cycle assessment. The journal also welcomes papers on other related topics provided that such topics are within the context of the broader multi-disciplinary scope of developments of renewable energy.
Arjuna Subject : Energi (semua kategori) - Energi Terbarukan, Keberlanjutan dan Lingkungan
Articles 709 Documents
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Experimental investigation to evaluate photovoltaic–thermoelectric hybrid systems enhanced by heatsink and radiation reflector Bamroongkhan, Pawatwong; Nararom, Mati
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Accepted Articles
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61734

Abstract

This study aims to design and evaluate the performance of a hybrid photovoltaic–thermoelectric (PV–TEG) power generation system by integrating a heat sink and radiation reflector under various thermal management conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the combined effect of these two methods on the power output and system efficiency without expanding the PV installation area. The experimental setup encompassed five configurations (A–E) comparing natural convection, thermoelectric modules, addition of reflective panels, and active cooling using either air suction or forced air ventilation. The experimental findings indicate that all PV–TEG configurations yielded higher power output and greater efficiency than the standalone PV systems. Notably, Configuration E, which combined radiation reflection with forced-air cooling, achieved the highest performance, increasing the electrical output by approximately 1.27 watts and reaching a peak efficiency of approximately 28.6%. The integration of the TEG modules contributed an additional maximum of 2.2% to the total energy output by harvesting excess thermal energy. Further analysis revealed significant correlations between solar irradiance, temperature and electrical efficiency. These results highlight the potential of PV–TEG hybrid systems to effectively harness both solar and thermal energy, particularly in high-temperature and high-irradiance environments.
Multi objective building energy efficiency optimization scheduling by integrating multi objective grey wolf optimizer and long short term memory network Deng, Shuibo; Lv, Lei
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61709

Abstract

Building energy consumption accounts for a large proportion of the overall energy use in society, and energy-saving optimization scheduling is currently a research hotspot. However, traditional scheduling methods often struggle to achieve an effective balance between multiple objectives such as energy conservation, economy, and indoor comfort. To construct an energy-saving scheduling model that can consider multiple objectives, this paper puts forward a building energy scheduling model based on a Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer, taking total energy consumption, operating cost, and indoor comfort deviation as the optimization objectives. The model introduces a set of multi-energy collaborative constraints involving wind energy, photovoltaic systems, energy storage, and combined cooling, heating, and power systems. To improve algorithm performance, we innovatively integrated particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing to enhance the model's global search and local optimization capabilities, and introduced residual long short-term memory networks to improve load forecasting accuracy. Experimental results show that compared to similar models, the proposed algorithm improves the energy-saving rate by 13.3% in a typical household scenario. Its response time is 12 s, memory usage is 89 MB, and convergence speed is 42.86% faster than the slowest comparable model. The Multi-Objective Grey Wolf Optimizer effectively coordinates the multi-objective needs of building energy systems. It significantly improves energy savings and economic performance while ensuring indoor comfort. This algorithm provides strong support for intelligent building energy scheduling and offers practical value for promoting the carbon neutrality goals in the building sector.
LEAP-based energy demand and emissions modelling for low-carbon transport in Khon Kaen province, Thailand Woraratch, Kullayawan; Klungboonkrong, Pongrid; Tippichai, Atit
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.62064

Abstract

Climate change mitigation in Thailand requires urgent transformation of energy-intensive sectors, notably transport in rapidly urbanizing provinces. Khon Kaen, a central economic hub in northeastern Thailand, faces increasing energy demand and transport-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions driven by rising private vehicle ownership and limited public transit integration. This study applies the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) to model long-term energy demand and GHG emissions under two scenarios: Business-as-Usual (BAU) and Low-Carbon Scenario (LCS). A bottom-up vehicle stock turnover approach was combined with socioeconomic projections to simulate transport energy consumption from 2024 to 2050. The LCS integrates electric vehicle (EV) promotion, expansion of Light Rail Transit (LRT), Double-Track Rail (DTR) and High-Speed Rail (HSR), and implementation of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) strategies. Results show that, compared with BAU, the LCS can reduce transport-related GHG emissions by 62.9% by 2050 and final energy demand by 43.5%, reflecting a substantial shift from fossil fuels toward electricity and biofuels. Under the LCS, adoption of EVs is projected to reach 100% of new passenger car sales by 2050, supported by the electrification of rail transport and decreased Vehicle Kilometres Travelled through TOD-based planning. These findings confirm that locally calibrated, integrated transport and land-use measures can significantly support Thailand’s national targets for carbon neutrality by 2050 and net-zero emissions by 2065. The modelling framework may potentially transferable to other mid-sized cities and provides evidence-based guidance for low-carbon urban transport planning.
Comparative study of Reynolds number and Flowrate effects on the thermal–hydraulic performance of corrugated channels with winglets using TiO₂ nanofluids Ameen, Shadan Kareem; Hussein, Adnan Muhammed
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61883

Abstract

This study aims to provide a deeper and more realistic understanding by conducting a systematic comparison between the two approaches (Reynolds number and volumetric flowrate). The analysis emphasizes the impact of internal channel design, using inclined winglets and surface corrugation. An experimental investigation was carried out to prepare and characterize a TiO₂/H2O nanofluid at 1% volume concentration, including accurate measurements of its thermophysical properties and stability validation. A numerical model was also developed using ANSYS Fluent to simulate the hydrothermal behavior of two channel configurations (straight and corrugated), in which the effects of both Reynolds number and flowrate were evaluated across key parameters such as heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, performance evaluation criterion, and wall temperature distribution. By observing the flow patterns inside the corrugated channel, three distinct flow behaviors were identified: axial flow along the channel, transverse flow induced by winglets, and swirling flow within the corrugated grooves. This combination of flow modes enhanced fluid mixing and significantly improved heat transfer performance. The results show that TiO₂ nanofluid significantly enhances the thermal–hydraulic performance, with the relative friction factor (Γ) increasing from 6.9 to 7.6 and the thermal enhancement ratio (En) reaching 2.8 (PEC ≈ 1.5) when evaluated using Reynolds number, while volumetric flow rate assessment (7–9 L/min) yielded higher Γ (3.9–4.2) and En/PEC (2.5/1.6). The effects of the internal enhancement techniques were found to be more pronounced when using flowrate as the reference indicator. This work represents a valuable scientific contribution by integrating three advanced enhancement strategies (surface corrugation, inclined winglets, and nanofluid), and it highlights the need to reconsider traditional thermal system design methods based solely on Reynolds number.
Enhancing hierarchical factor (HF) and catalytic performance of Bayah’s natural zeolite catalyst for hydrocracking of palm oil to biofuels Istadi, Istadi; Alqurni, Wais; Riyanto, Teguh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61669

Abstract

This study investigates enhancement of Bayah’s Natural Zeolite (BNZ), an abundant resource from Banten, Indonesia, as a catalyst for hydrocracking palm oil into biofuels. The primary objective was to improve the zeolite's Hierarchical Factor (HF) and overall catalytic performance through a targeted modification process. The modification involved a two-step procedure: a desilication treatment using various concentrations of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to create mesoporosity, followed by activation with an ammonium acetate (CH₃COONH₄) solution. The structural, textural, and chemical properties of the modified catalysts were systematically characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller/Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BET-BJH) analysis. The characterization results revealed that the NaOH treatment increased the HF, average pore diameter, pore volume, and specific surface area compared to the untreated BNZ. Catalytic performance was evaluated in a continuous hydrocracking reactor using palm oil as feedstock. Among the modified samples, the BNZ-3 catalyst exhibited the most promising activity, demonstrating an optimal average pore diameter of 3.83 nm and an HF value of 0.069. This catalyst achieved an impressive Organic Liquid Product (OLP) yield of 85.67% and a palm oil conversion rate of 97.22%. The conversion of triglycerides was monitored via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) by observing the disappearance of the ester bond absorption peak at 1745 cm⁻¹. Furthermore, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the distilled biofuel confirmed the presence of desired hydrocarbons fractions, including gasoline, kerosene, and diesel components, alongside minor quantities of alcohols, esters, and acids. The DSC results corroborate the TG and DTG analyses, reinforcing the conclusion that BNZ‑3 experiences more extensive coke deposition and undergoes more intense thermal decomposition than the blank catalyst. These findings underscore the potential of modified natural zeolites as effective, low-cost catalysts for sustainable biofuel production.
Enhancing Cold Flow Properties of Palm Biodiesel: Quantitative Comparison of Improvement Methods via Fatty Ester Isomerization and Bio-additive Introduction Indarto, Antonius; Surya Pradana, Yano; Kembara Alam, Alif; Makertihartha, I Gusti Bagus Ngurah; Prakoso, Tirto; Soerawidjaja, Tatang Hernas
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Accepted Articles
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61192

Abstract

Biodiesel is a cleaner and renewable combustion fuel that globally serves as an effective alternative to fossil diesel. The current application of this biofuel is still restricted to specific concentration due to its poor cold flow properties (CFPs). Nevertheless, some enhancement methods lead to deterioration of other properties, especially oxidation stability (OS). Later, isomerization process was offered to improve cold flow properties chemically with minimum impact on oxidation stability. In this study, palm-biodiesel isomerization was carried out atmospherically using SO4/SnO2 catalyst in the stirred batch reactor at temperature of 200oC, catalyst loading of 10 wt%, stirring speed of 900 rpm, and under N2 flow. The performance of catalyst and the effect of isomerization on CFPs and OS were investigated. For comparative study, the effect of bio-additive (turpentine oil and α-terpineol) introduction, at concentrations of 1, 3, 5 vol%, on CFPs and OS was also evaluated. The isomerization results demonstrated a conversion ratio of 29.0% and an isomerization selectivity of 69.7%. This reaction had a slight improving effect on both CFPs (ΔPP = ‒1oC; ΔCP = 0.5oC) and OS (ΔOS = 1.36 h). Furthermore, the best insertion of bio-additives demonstrated a more significant enhancement in CFPs (ΔPP = ‒1oC; ΔCP = ‒1.75oC). Nevertheless, it significantly reduced OS level (ΔOS = ‒11 h).
Comparative study of g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O and BiVO₄/Cu₂O photocathodes for enhanced electricity generation and hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic fuel cells Hakim, Muhammad Fahmi; Bachri, Muhammad Febriansyah; Ratnawati, Ratnawati; Yudianti, Rike; Ibadurrohman, Muhammad; Slamet, Slamet
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61810

Abstract

The preparation of good photocathodes is a crucial issue regarding promoting the performance of photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) systems for environmentally protective energy conversion approaches. In the present work, a comparative study of Cu₂O-based photocathodes jointly modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) was performed to ascertain their competence towards concomitant electricity generation and hydrogen evolution in an integrated single-chamber photocatalytic fuel cell. Cu substrates were anodized to produce ordered Cu₂O layers, modified with immersion treatments, and then low-temperature calcination. The as-prepared products were characterized in detail by XRD, HR-TEM, UV–Vis DRS, PL spectra, and XPS analyses, as well as photoelectrochemical measurements to gain insight into crystallinity, morphology, photocatalytic activity (optical absorption), electronic structure, and charge recombination. Results revealed that among the pristine Cu₂O and g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O, superior charge separation was exhibited on the BiVO₄/Cu₂O photocathode, along with better power density and hydrogen evolution. The highest power density of BiVO₄/Cu₂O was 0.05625 mW cm⁻² and 13.71 mmol.m⁻² for hydrogen evolution compared to both Cu₂O (0.0375 mW cm⁻²;11.19 mmol.m⁻²) and g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O (0.026 mW cm⁻²; 8.1616 mmol m-2). This observation was supported by the analysis of the photoluminescence spectra: BiVO₄/Cu₂O had PL intensity of 325 a.u., lower than Cu₂O (400 a.u.) and g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O (650 a.u.), validating that this sample more effectively suppressed electron–hole recombination and electron transport mechanism. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiVO₄/Cu₂O is associated with the generation of a p-n heterojunction, which accumulates a built-in electric field to drive effective charge separation and offers visible-light sensitization upon its larger absorption spectrum that is beneficial for not only promoting hydrogen evolution efficiency but also improving electricity production in PFC systems.
Identification and comparison of pyrolysis products of different biomasses from agro-industrial using TGA-FTIR and Py-GC/MS Rosero Espín, Marco Vinicio; Muñoz Borja, Morayma Angelica; Narvaez Cueva, Ricardo Andrés; Insuasti, Boris German; Espinoza, Sebastian; García Cortés, Angela Nuria; Marcilla Gomis, Antonio
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61812

Abstract

The valorization of agro-industrial residues is crucial for the circular bioeconomy. This study elucidates the thermal decomposition mechanisms and volatile product distribution of four distinct Ecuadorian biomasses: balsa wood (Bl), sugarcane bagasse (Bg), cocoa husks (Cc), and coffee husks (Cf), TGA kinetics. TGA and DTG profiles showed the characteristic multistage degradation of lignocellulosic materials, with maximum mass-loss rates occurring between 320 and 360 °C depending on the biomass. Bl and Bg, which contained the highest cellulose fractions (33–35%), exhibited sharp DTG peaks and higher decomposition temperatures. In contrast, Cc and Cf, both lignin-rich residues (up to 42–47%)—displayed broader degradation profiles, delayed devolatilization, and higher char yields (>26%). Kinetic evaluation confirmed these trends, with cellulose-rich samples showing higher activation energies than lignin-dominated husks. The in-situ FTIR monitoring revealed clear compositional differences in evolved gases: Bl and Bg generated higher proportions of CO and carbonyl-containing volatiles, whereas Cc and Cf produced more CO₂ and phenolic signals associated with lignin fragmentation. Py-GC/MS supported these observations, identifying dominant aldehydes and alcohols in Bl and Bg, while Cc and Cf produced elevated levels of phenols, guaiacols, and nitrogenous aromatics. Overall, the integration of TGA–FTIR and Py-GC/MS allowed establishing direct correlations between lignocellulosic composition, kinetic parameters, and volatile speciation. Unlike previous studies that report either kinetic parameters or volatile fingerprints separately, this work establishes direct kinetic–molecular correlations between activation energy domains and dominant volatile families for Ecuadorian biomasses. The results indicate that balsa wood is a promising feedstock for generating oxygenated chemical intermediates, whereas coffee husk shows strong potential for biochar-oriented processes due to its high lignin content and char yield. These findings expand the thermochemical characterization of Ecuadorian agro-industrial residues and support their selective valorization through pyrolysis.
Evaluating the performance of stainless steel in microbial electrolysis cells: Hydrogen production and corrosion behaviour Shamsuddin, Raba’atun Adawiyah; Abu Bakar, Mimi Hani; Wan Daud, Wan Ramli; Kim, Byung Hong; Md. Jahim, Jamaliah; Wan Mohd Noor, Wan Syaidatul Aqma; Yunus, Rozan Mohamad; Satar, Ibdal; Ndayisenga, Fabrice
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 2 (2026): March 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61531

Abstract

Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) provide a sustainable route to hydrogen production via microbial electron transfer, while the biocathode enhances affordability and functionality. Stainless steel (SS) is an ideal material for bioelectrochemical systems (BES) due to its high recyclability and corrosion resistance. The chromium content forms a protective, corrosion-resistant layer that promotes beneficial microbial interactions and enhances durability. However, the MEC requires an oxygen-free cathode, which is incompatible with the layer. This study evaluated the corrosion resistance of SS to microbial interactions, also known as microbial-influenced corrosion (MIC).  The results from SS are compared with those from carbon steel (CS) and graphite felt (GF), which are standard laboratory electrode materials used as controls. The performance of these biocathodes was assessed in both open-circuit (Co-MEC) and closed-circuit (Cc-MEC) conditions over a 120-day operational period, with a focus on hydrogen production and corrosion resistance against MIC. SS biocathodes exhibited the highest hydrogen production rate (2.33 ± 0.34 LH₂/m². day), outperforming CS by 54% and GF by 1.3%. Additionally, the SS system demonstrated superior chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency, achieving 45% COD removal, comparable to the GF (44%), whereas CS achieved 38%. The corrosion analysis revealed that the corrosion rate (RM) of CS (0.08 ± 0.08 mm/year) was 86% higher than that of SS and GF (0.03 ± 0.03 mm/year) under Cc-MEC mode. Microbial community analysis revealed a higher abundance of Desulfovibrio, a genus within the sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) group, in Co-MEC systems, which contributes to increased corrosion. In contrast, the Cc-MEC system showed an increase in electrochemically active bacteria (EAB), including Pseudomonas, which are known to promote hydrogen evolution and inhibit SRB. This study highlights the need for further research into corrosion-resistant materials and the optimisation of microbial communities.

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