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International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
Published by Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy
ISSN : 22524940     EISSN : 27164519     DOI : https://doi.org/10.61435/ijred.xxx.xxx
Core Subject : Science, Engineering,
Control & Systems Engineering Earth & Planetary Sciences Electrical & Electronics Engineering Energy Engineering
The International Journal of Renewable Energy Development - (Int. J. Renew. Energy Dev.; p-ISSN: 2252-4940; e-ISSN:2716-4519) is an open access and peer-reviewed journal co-published by Center of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE) that aims to promote renewable energy researches and developments, and it provides a link between scientists, engineers, economist, societies and other practitioners. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development is currently being indexed in Scopus database and has a listing and ranking in the SJR (SCImago Journal and Country Rank), ESCI (Clarivate Analytics), CNKI Scholar as well as accredited in SINTA 1 (First grade category journal) by The Directorate General of Higher Education, The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology, The Republic of Indonesia under a decree No 200/M/KPT/2020. The scope of journal encompasses: Photovoltaic technology, Solar thermal applications, Biomass and Bioenergy, Wind energy technology, Material science and technology, Low energy architecture, Geothermal energy, Wave and tidal energy, Hydro power, Hydrogen production technology, Energy policy, Socio-economic on energy, Energy efficiency, planning and management, Life cycle assessment. The journal also welcomes papers on other related topics provided that such topics are within the context of the broader multi-disciplinary scope of developments of renewable energy.
Arjuna Subject : Energi (semua kategori) - Energi Terbarukan, Keberlanjutan dan Lingkungan
Articles 709 Documents
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Environmental Impact on Electric Vehicle: Cradle-to-Cradle Approach for Various Vehicle Technology Toward Sustainable Transportation Idris, Muhammad; Garniwa, Iwa; Soesilo, Tri Edhi Budhi; Utomo, Suyud Warno
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Accepted Articles
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2025.61174

Abstract

The transition to sustainable transportation is critical to global efforts to mitigate climate change and reduce environmental degradation. Life-cycle assessment (LCA) provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental impacts of various vehicle technologies across their entire life-cycle. Numerous studies have been conducted using the cradle-to-gate/wheel/grave approach. However, material waste (vehicles and batteries) will become an ecological problem due to mining and extracting sources. Therefore, the cradle-to-cradle approach is considered to mitigate vehicles' end-of-life phase by material recycling and recovery. This study emphasizes various vehicle technology manufacturing, usage, and end-of-life phases. Unlike traditional cradle-to-grave assessments, the cradle-to-cradle approach promotes resource circularity by integrating material reuse and recycling into the evaluation process, thus minimizing waste and optimizing resource efficiency. The analysis identifies critical indicators, including energy consumption, air quality, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs), while reducing emissions during operation, pose challenges in material extraction for batteries and end-of-life management. By incorporating cradle-to-cradle principles, this study highlights strategies for improving material recovery and reusability, particularly for battery components and lightweight materials. This research underscores the importance of adopting greener energy sources and circular economy principles in the transportation sector to achieve sustainability goals. Policy recommendations include enhancing recycling infrastructure, incentivizing eco-friendly vehicle design, and fostering cross-sector collaboration. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of sustainable vehicle technology pathways and provide a framework for reducing environmental impacts while meeting growing transportation demands.
Future wind speed and energy potential in Togo for the period 2021-2040: Projections from CORDEX-Africa models Batablinlè, Lamboni; Yessou-Gnouyarou, Kassiki; Latévi, Lawson; Lorimpo, Kpengou; Bazyomo, Serge; Esso-ehanam, Tchedre Kpéli; Zakari, M. Djibibe Moussa; Bannaa, Magolmeena; Emmanuel, Lawin Agnidé
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61680

Abstract

This study assesses the wind energy potential across Togo by analyzing historical (2001–2020) and future (2021–2040) wind regimes using MERRA-2 reanalysis data and six bias-corrected CORDEX-Africa regional climate models (MIROC, MPI, ICHEC, NOAA, NCC, and IPSL). A Python-based analytical framework was developed to automate data compilation, visualization, and multi-model statistical processing, ensuring reproducibility and computational efficiency. Model performance was evaluated against ground-based observations using a multi-metric validation approach combining R², NSE, and RMSE. Results identify MERRA-2 (R² = 0.96, NSE = 0.95, RMSE = 0.35) and the RCMs MIROC, MPI, and ICHEC (R²=0.93–0.95, NSE=0.92–0.94, RMSE<0.45) as the most reliable sources for future wind projections. Seasonal and spatial analyses reveal pronounced heterogeneity across the country. During the rainy season, wind speeds in northern Togo reach 3.8–4.3 m/s, while the southern coastal zone maintains stable year-round winds ranging from 3.9 to 4.5 m/s due to the influence of persistent sea breezes. Future projections for 2021–2040 show an increase in wind speeds of 4–8 %, corresponding to wind power density enhancements of 9–30 %. Peak power density values are projected to reach approximately 52 W/m² in the north, 47 W/m² in the center, and 49 W/m² along the coast. Overall, these findings provide a robust scientific basis for region-specific energy strategies, including the development of hybrid wind–solar systems, targeted coastal installations, and optimized siting of northern wind farms. The results further highlight the potential of wind energy to support national electrification efforts and emerging green hydrogen initiatives, contributing to sustainable development and energy security in Togo.
Process optimization in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation system for bioethanol production from Pakchong grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv Thailand) Ningrum, Annisa Septyana; Sihombing, Erick Rafael; Murdiyanto, Satria Ahmadsyah; Wahyuono, Ruri Agung
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61568

Abstract

To support the 2060 Net Zero Emission (NZE) target under the Paris Agreement, increasing the proportion of bioethanol blends to 20-30% has become a national priority. However, limited sugarcane-derived bioethanol production in Indonesia highlights the urgent need for alternative biomass sources. Pennisetum purpureum cv. Thailand (Pakchong grass) presents a promising candidate due to its high biomass yield, low lignin content, and adaptability. This study aims to optimize the bioethanol production process from Pakchong grass through pretreatment, enzymatic saccharification, and fermentation, utilizing a modified simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) scheme. Pretreatment optimization using NaOH (1-5%) revealed that 5% NaOH for 15 minutes effectively removed up to 70% lignin and 78% hemicellulose while retaining 66% cellulose. Enzymatic saccharification using 10 g/L cellulase for 5 days yielded 76.18% glucose conversion without requiring costly additives. Bioethanol fermentation was conducted using six fermentation schemes involving simultaneous (SSF), fed-batch (FSSF), and pre-saccharification strategies (PSFF). Among them, the two-feed FSSF (SE2) produced the highest ethanol yield (32 g/L, 95.41% efficiency), outperforming both conventional SSF (SE1) and PSFF variants. The findings emphasize the importance of synchronizing enzymatic hydrolysis with yeast metabolic activity. This work demonstrates the feasibility of integrated pretreatment and fermentation strategies for bioethanol production from Pakchong grass, offering insights for scalable and cost-effective renewable fuel development in tropical regions.
Batch and fixed-bed adsorption of phosphate and nitrate on char derived by the co-pyrolysis of waste tires and corn cobs Hussein, Sally Ali; Ahmed, Muthanna Jabar
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61629

Abstract

The existence of both phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in water can severely affect the aquatic environment by causing eutrophication phenomena. Co-pyrolysis has emerged as a viable thermal technology for converting various solid waste blends into extremely effective char. In this research, the co-pyrolysis of waste tires (WT) and corn cobs (CC) into char and its application as an adsorbent against nitrate and phosphate were investigated. The influence of various variables, including WT/CC blend composition, pyrolysis time, and pyrolysis temperature, on the performance and yield of char was also considered using batch and fixed-bed column tests. The characteristics of the obtained char were evaluated through Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and Field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Enhanced functioning and adsorption of pollutants were seen in the resulting material when the blend mixture was 25% WT + 75% CC. From the Sips isotherm, which exhibited high R2 values (0.9957, 0.9953) as compared to the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms, the maximum adsorption capacities of nitrate and phosphate were 59.19 and 77.23 mg/g, respectively. Two models, one for pseudo-second order and one for pseudo-first order, were used to examine the kinetic data, showing a strong adherence to the former model for the studied pollutants. Also, two popular fixed-bed adsorption models, the Yoon-Nelson and Thomas models, were utilized to match the adsorption data. Under varying circumstances, the findings agreed with the Yoon-Nelson and Thomas models, as measured by the correlation coefficient R2 values (0.8853-0.9946) for phosphate, (0.9463-0.9913) for nitrate, and (0.9658-0.9965) for phosphate, (0.8848-0.9966) for nitrate, respectively.
Enhancing bio-char calorific value through catalytic pyrolysis: The role of magnesium oxide-zeolite based catalysts Bianasari, Alien Abi; Bakar, Saifullah Abu; Khaled, Md Sarowar; Saepurahman, Saepurahman; Mansur, Dieni; Azad, Abul Kalam
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61234

Abstract

The current research aims to improve the generation of bio-char with elevated higher heating values (HHVs) by utilizing magnesium oxide-zeolite-based catalysts across various temperature conditions. The exploration of biomass catalytic pyrolysis has intensified in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions. Catalytic pyrolysis offers a technique to convert abundant and renewable biomass resources into valuable biofuels and bio-char, thereby improving energy security and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The use of suitable catalysts in biomass catalytic pyrolysis is crucial for enhancing the yield of bio-char with higher calorific value. This investigation explores the impact of magnesium oxide-zeolite-based catalysts on the higher heating values of bio-char generated from coconut shells. The initial findings indicate a notable enhancement in the calorific value of bio-char. The HHV increased from 12.03 MJ/kg for untreated coconut shells to 20.06 MJ/kg with ZSM-5, ultimately reaching an impressive 38.11 MJ/kg with the MgO/ZSM-5 catalyst. The results demonstrate that the addition of magnesium oxide significantly improves the energy content of bio-char. Various combinations of magnesium oxide, such as MgO/ZSM-5, MgO/Y2O3/ZSM-5, and MgO/Mn3O4/ZSM-5, are evaluated for their effects on the pyrolysis process. The results demonstrate that the impregnation of metal oxides into zeolite catalysts enhances catalytic performance and facilitates the efficient conversion of coconut shells into high-energy bio-char. The findings highlight the promise of metal oxide-zeolite catalysts in improving bio-char quality and promoting the development of sustainable energy technologies.
Facile one-step hydrothermal carbonization of coffee husks into activated hydrochar for efficient methylene blue adsorption: Isotherm and kinetic studies Tran, Thi Hien
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61885

Abstract

Recycling agricultural waste into high-performance adsorbent materials represents a sustainable approach for environmentally friendly wastewater treatment, reflecting an important strategy for resource valorization. This study presents an accelerated and simplified route for synthesizing activated hydrochar (AHC) from coffee husks, an abundant lignocellulosic residue. The synthesis employs a one-step hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) under mild conditions (130 °C, 2 h) using 1 mol/L KOH as the activating reagent, followed by pyrolysis. By integrating carbonization and chemical activation into a single HTC stage, the process eliminates the conventional preliminary hydrochar-forming step. It thereby achieves substantial reductions in reaction time and energy input compared with conventional two-stage HTC methods. The resulting AHC exhibits a highly developed microporous architecture, with a BET surface area of 1022.34 m²/g and a surface functionality density of 1.803 mmol/g, both of which contribute to enhanced adsorption performance. Methylene blue adsorption experiments reveal a maximum experimental capacity of 477.43 mg/g, in agreement with the Langmuir monolayer model (Qm = 499.48 mg/g). Kinetic evaluation demonstrates excellent conformity with the pseudo-second-order rate law (R² = 0.9999), indicating rapid and surface-controlled adsorption. The material also retains stable adsorption efficiency over five consecutive regeneration cycles, confirming its robustness and reusability. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that coffee husks constitute a promising precursor for developing efficient adsorbents through a simple, accessible, and energy-efficient one-step HTC strategy. This work provides a practical and sustainable pathway for the valorization of agricultural residues while addressing critical challenges associated with the scalable remediation of dye-contaminated aqueous systems.
Valorization of olive pruning biomass into high-efficiency activated carbon: CCD optimization and material characterization Nagim, Ismaeel Ahmed; Bohli, Thouraya; Ouederni, Abdelmottaleb
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61589

Abstract

This study focuses on the valorization of olive pruning stems (OPS) biomaterial into a high-efficiency adsorbent. The selected preparation method involved chemical activation using phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄) at a concentration of 50%. The effects of four process parameters: impregnation ratio, impregnation time, carbonization temperature and carbonization time, were studied using Central Composite Design (CCD) to optimize the iodine index, methylene blue index and phenol number of the produced AC. These indexes reflect the development of the AC porosity and its adsorption performances. Obtained results indicate that optimal activated carbon can be prepared under the following conditions: an impregnation ratio of 5.5 g/g, an impregnation time of 7 h, a carbonization temperature of 400°C, and a carbonization time of 1.5 h. Obtained activated carbon in these optimum conditions showed an iodine value of   947 mg/g, methylene blue index exceeding 267 mg/g and phenol number of approximately 35.637 mg/g. Based on the N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherm measurements, the optimized sample exhibited a BET surface area of 1604.8 m²/g, a total pore volume of 1.124 cm³/g, and an average pore size diameter of 20.8 nm. These results highlight the suitability of olive pruning rods as a high-quality precursor for producing effective activated carbon, which can be used for wastewater treatment and other applications.
Enhancing solid fuel potential of water hyacinth: A study on chemical modification through composting and demineralization Mustagfirin, Mustagfirin; Hermawan, Dede; Nawawi, Deded Sarip; Kusumah, Sukma Surya; Ismayati, Maya; Sutiawan, Jajang; Ningrum, Riska Surya; Wikantyoso, Bramantyo
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61468

Abstract

Rapid growth makes water hyacinth (WH) an exceptional biomass resource, but its low calorific value and elevated ash content hinder its application as a sustainable green energy source. This study aims to enhance the quality of water hyacinth as a solid fuel by increasing lignin content through composting and decreasing ash content by demineralization. The composting period for water hyacinth was modified to 4, 7, 11, and 15 days, followed by a demineralization process employing two solvents: water and 5% nitric acid (HNO₃). Proximate, ultimate, and chemical studies were conducted on water hyacinth before and following treatment to ascertain its specific alterations. This study indicates that after 15 days of composting, the lignin fraction increased from 10.01% to 15.14%. Demineralization employing a combination of water and nitric acid can substantially reduce ash content (19.4%). The demineralization of raw materials during composting is more efficacious in diminishing ash content than the demineralization of raw materials before composting. The most significant reduction was 46.17%, observed in the 11-day WH composting, where the ash content decreased from 22% to 11.84%. According to the results, modified WH is a viable raw material for solid fuel due to its enhanced lignin content and reduced ash level.
Orchestrating green ports: An integrated BWM–Fuzzy DEMATEL–ANP–TOPSIS framework for techno-economic prioritization Do, Hoang Dat; Le, Do Duc Anh; Le, Thi Thai; Nguyen, Thi Kim Tin; Le, Thanh Tam; Truong, Thi Hoang Oanh
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61886

Abstract

This study introduces a comprehensive multi-criteria decision-making framework that integrates the Best–Worst Method (BWM), fuzzy DEMATEL, the Analytic Network Process (ANP), and TOPSIS to prioritize green port electrification and operational enhancements. The model reflects complex trade-offs that shape decarbonization plans by asking experts about 20 important techno-economic, environmental, and organizational factors. The most important results show that emission abatement, fuel savings, and pollution reduction had the highest BWM weights. This shows that environmental goals are the most important. Fuzzy DEMATEL research showed that lifecycle replacement risk and labor preparedness were the main factors that affected tariff exposure, operational dependability, and digital integration results. ANP adjusted the weights of the criteria to take into consideration interdependencies, making economic risk and human capital the most important factors in decision-making. The TOPSIS rating found that a hybrid phased deployment option was the best choice for meeting goals for cost, emissions reduction, and operational readiness. It did better than both electric and traditional methods. These results show that the framework may combine expert knowledge, causal structure, and network feedback to make green port techniques more important. The concept goes beyond linear weighing by using cause-and-effect maps and feedback loops. This gives decision-makers a better understanding and more confidence when it comes to allocating resources. The results encourage a balanced growth of capital investments, environmental protection, and the ability of the workforce. This flexible strategy is helpful in  gradually combining the renewables, tariff dynamics, and operational data to create strong, low-carbon marine logistics centers.
Model free control of hybrid fuel-cell and supercapacitor powered electric vehicle Dhanagare, Tejas Narsing; He, Qiaohui; Srinivas, Vedantham Lakshmi; Alzhrani, Abdoalateef; Vardhan, A. S.; Singh, Madhu; Saket, R. K.; Zhao, Xiaowei
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61435/ijred.2026.61095

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel model-free control (MFC) strategy for hybrid electric vehicles (EVs) powered by a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and a supercapacitor (SC). Unlike conventional model-based approaches that depend on accurate system identification and parameter tuning, the proposed framework employs ultra-local models to adapt dynamically to system variations without explicit modeling. The hybrid architecture is implemented using an interleaved boost converter for the PEMFC and a bidirectional buck–boost converter for the SC, coordinated to supply propulsion power and enable regenerative braking. Comprehensive MATLAB/Simulink simulations demonstrate that the proposed MFC achieves <3% current tracking error for both PEMFC and SC, ~750 ms settling time for PMSM speed variations, and <120 ms response for power transitions, while the DC bus voltage remains tightly regulated under dynamic load disturbances. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) validation on an OPAL-RT 5600 platform further confirms the method’s feasibility, showing a 20% reduction in execution time and enhanced robustness against parameter uncertainties compared to classical PI control. Experimental results also verify stable current sharing in interleaved converters, accurate voltage regulation in the SC branch, and smooth torque generation in the PMSM drive. Overall, the proposed control strategy provides a computationally efficient, fault-tolerant, and plug-and-play solution for next-generation EVs by reducing calibration effort and ensuring reliable operation under nonlinear and uncertain conditions, while demonstrating clear potential for real-time automotive applications.

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