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The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research

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Published by International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd.

ISSN : 30481376 EISSN : 30481368 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health,

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The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research, published by International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd. is dedicated to providing physicians with the best research and important information in the world of medical research and science and to present the information in a format that is understandable and clinically useful. Committed to publishing multidisciplinary research that spans the entire spectrum of healthcare and medicine access, The American Journal of Medical Science and Health Research aims at an international audience of pharmacists, clinicians, medical ethicists, regulators, and researchers, providing an online forum for the rapid dissemination of recent research and perspectives in this area.

Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Review dan Referensi, Kedokteran

Articles 529 Documents

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The Relationship of Malnutrition and Skin Disease : A Comprehensive Systematic Review Meli Tri Suciwulandari; Aditya Muhammad Gumay
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/v7vqy321

Introduction: The skin's integrity is closely linked to nutritional status, with malnutrition—encompassing both under- and overnutrition—having the potential to precipitate or worsen a wide range of dermatological diseases. This systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate and synthesize the existing literature on the relationship between malnutrition and various skin conditions, as well as the efficacy of nutritional interventions. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across five databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. The review included primary research and systematic reviews published since 2015 that examined the link between measured nutritional status and specific skin diseases in human subjects. From an initial 298 records, 23 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for data synthesis. Results: The synthesized evidence revealed a consistent and significant association between malnutrition and adverse skin outcomes. Meta-analyses showed that malnutrition substantially increases the risk of pressure injuries (Odds Ratio = 3.66) and surgical site infections (Odds Ratio = 1.81). Overnutrition was linked to a higher risk of atopic dermatitis (Hazard Ratio = 1.15), while specific deficiencies in vitamin D, protein, and zinc were associated with conditions like systemic sclerosis, vitiligo, and pruritus. All twelve studies evaluating nutritional interventions, such as specialized diets, supplementation, and protocol-based support, reported significant improvements in both skin health and nutritional status. Discussion: The findings confirm that nutritional status is a fundamental modulator of dermatological health, impacting inflammatory processes, immune function, and wound healing. The success of targeted nutritional support across various conditions underscores its value as a powerful therapeutic tool in dermatological care. Conclusion: This systematic review confirms that a strong and multifaceted relationship exists between nutritional status and skin health. The evidence synthesized from 23 studies demonstrates that malnutrition, whether characterized by undernutrition, overnutrition, or specific micronutrient deficiencies, consistently correlates with an increased risk and severity of a wide range of dermatological conditions. These include pressure injuries, impaired wound healing, inflammatory disorders like atopic dermatitis, and autoimmune diseases such as systemic sclerosis. The findings highlight that the impact of nutrition on the skin is profound, affecting its structural integrity, immune function, and regenerative capacity across diverse patient populations, from children to the elderly.

Comparing Different Delivery Routes for Stem Cell Therapy in Urology : A Systematic Review Jody Fajar Hibatullah; Teuku Zulbahraini; Debby Sofiana
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/nyd7xs79

Introduction: Stem cell therapy shows significant promise for various urological diseases, including erectile dysfunction, stress urinary incontinence, and chronic kidney disease. However, the optimal delivery route—a critical factor for therapeutic success and safety—remains poorly defined due to a lack of direct comparative evidence. This systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate and compare the different administration routes for stem cell therapy in urological conditions. Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines , a systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Semantic Scholar, Springer, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online Library. Inclusion criteria targeted clinical studies on human subjects that evaluated stem cell therapy for urological conditions and compared at least two delivery routes or provided clear methodological details. After screening 533 records, 17 studies were included in the final analysis. Results: Localized delivery routes, such as intracavernous or transurethral injections, demonstrated significant functional improvements for erectile dysfunction and stress urinary incontinence, respectively, with no serious adverse events reported. Systemic administration via intravenous or intra-arterial routes led to statistically significant improvements in renal function for patients with chronic kidney disease, also with a favorable safety profile. Intrathecal delivery for neuro-urological conditions showed mixed efficacy and was associated with transient, non-serious side effects like headache and fever. A major limitation was the frequent omission of delivery route details in many of the analyzed studies. Conclusion: Stem cell therapy is a promising and generally safe treatment modality for a range of urological diseases. The evidence suggests that the ideal delivery route should be tailored to the specific pathology: direct local injections appear optimal for focal conditions, while systemic routes are suited for diffuse diseases. However, the field is critically hampered by a lack of head-to-head comparative trials and inconsistent methodological reporting. Rigorous, standardized comparative research is urgently needed to establish optimal delivery strategies and advance clinical practice.

What is the effectiveness of structured lifestyle interventions (diet, exercise, sleep hygiene) in preventing relapse among adults with recurrent major depressive disorder ? : A Systematic Review Ratu Qurroh' Ain; Melsha Syarahhandi; Melati Rosa Sitorus; Yudi Dwi Atmanto
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/e9d77371

Introduction: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a recurrent condition where preventing subsequent episodes is a primary clinical goal. While various non-pharmacological strategies exist, the evidence for structured lifestyle interventions in preventing MDD relapse is notably heterogeneous. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of structured diet, exercise, and sleep hygiene interventions in preventing relapse among adults with recurrent MDD. Methods: This systematic review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Semantic Scholar, Springer, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online Library for studies published since 2015. We included randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and prospective cohort studies that assessed non-pharmacological lifestyle interventions in adults with a history of at least two MDD episodes, with relapse/recurrence as a primary outcome. A total of 22 studies were included in the final synthesis. Results: The evidence base was varied. Psychological interventions demonstrated the strongest and most consistent evidence for reducing relapse risk, with meta-analyses reporting hazard ratios around 0.60. Dietary interventions, primarily the Mediterranean diet, improved depressive symptoms but did not consistently show a significant reduction in relapse rates. Combined lifestyle and exercise interventions were promising, particularly when patient adherence was high, with one multi-component study showing a relapse rate of 7.4% versus 25.3% in the control group. Conclusion: Based on the comprehensive analysis, the most significant finding is the clear distinction in efficacy among non-pharmacological interventions for preventing Major Depressive Disorder relapse. Psychological interventions, particularly those grounded in mindfulness and cognitive therapy, stand out with the most robust and consistent evidence, establishing them as a reliable strategy for reducing relapse risk. In contrast, while specific lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise are significant for improving symptoms, their direct impact on relapse prevention is less definitive and highly conditional upon sustained patient adherence.

The Relationship between Obesity and The Incidence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Puput S; Syamsu Rijal; Nur Aulia Amir
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/nc66cm88

Background: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is an upper gastrointestinal disorder frequently associated with obesity. The prevalence of both GERD and obesity continues to rise in Indonesia, highlighting the importance of understanding their epidemiological relationship to support prevention and management strategies. Methods: This study is a narrative literature review that identifies and analyzes scientific publications from 2020–2025 regarding the relationship between obesity and the incidence of GERD in Indonesia. Literature was searched through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Garuda Ristek-BRIN using relevant keywords. Empirical and relevant articles were selected and analyzed qualitatively. Results: The majority of studies found a significant association between increased Body Mass Index (BMI) and the risk of GERD. The main mechanisms include increased intra-abdominal pressure due to visceral fat accumulation and dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which facilitates gastric acid reflux. Some studies reported an odds ratio for GERD risk in obese individuals reaching up to 9.44 times compared to those with normal weight. Additionally, high-calorie and high-fat diets were shown to exacerbate GERD symptoms. Although some studies reported less significant findings, the general consensus supports obesity as a major risk factor for GERD. Conclusion: Obesity significantly increases the risk of GERD through physiological and hormonal mechanisms. Therefore, weight management through lifestyle modification and nutritional intervention is a crucial strategy for the prevention and treatment of GERD in the adult population in Indonesia.

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Syphilis with HIV Co-Infection at Mangusada General Hospital Badung, Bali Ni Putu Eka Kristi Permatasari; Tjokorda Istri Amrita Rosvanti; Anak Agung Ari Agung Kayika Silayukti; Anak Agung Istri Saraswati Dewi; Made Hemina Laksmi
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 15 No. 3 (2025): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/ghfs1432

Background: Syphilis and HIV are diseases transmitted through sexual contact, which makes co-infection of these two diseases highly probable. Research in several countries reports that syphilis infection can increase 3-5 times the risk of HIV transmission. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of syphilis patients with HIV co-infection. Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study based on the medical records of new syphilis patients with HIV co-infection who presented to the Dermatology and Venereology Outpatient Clinic in Mangusada Hospital, Badung, Bali from May 2022 to May 2025. The data collected included the number of patients, time of visit, gender, patient's age at first diagnosis of syphilis, marital status, education, occupation, ethnicity, sexual orientation, clinical symptoms, physical examination of skin or genital lesions, stage, CD4 count, and serological/VDRL testing. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 24. Results: Based on 26 subjects in this study, the majority were male 21 (80.8%). Fifteen of these had a homosexual orientation (MSM). The highest age group was the 20-29 year range, with 11 individuals (42.4%), predominantly with an unmarried or divorced status at 61.5%. The highest level of education was high school, accounting for 57.7%, with a predominance of private sector employees at 46.2%. The Balinese ethnicity showed the highest number at 57.7%, and the stage of syphilis was dominated by late latent syphilis at 50%. The largest proportion of subjects had a CD4 count of <200 cells/mm³ (65.4%), and the most common VDRL result was 1:128 (30.8%). Conclusion: Syphilis and HIV infections are interconnected. The results of this study show a predominance of male subjects with a homosexual orientation who are in the late latent stage of syphilis.

The Effectiveness of Multimodal Treatment Strategies (Antibiotics, Anti-inflammatory Drugs, and Lifestyle Modifications) in Reducing Prostatitis Symptoms: A Systematic Review Ilham Saptia Nugraha; John M. Sangkai
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 15 No. 4 (2025): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/20y83c13

Introduction: Prostatitis, particularly Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS), is a prevalent and debilitating condition with a profound negative impact on patients' quality of life. Its complex, multifactorial pathophysiology, involving infection, inflammation, and neuromuscular dysfunction, renders traditional monotherapy largely ineffective. This systematic review synthesizes the evidence on the effectiveness of multimodal treatment strategies to establish an evidence-based standard of care. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of PubMed, Semantic Scholar, Springer, Google Scholar, and Wiley Online Library was conducted. The review included randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies evaluating multimodal therapies (combinations of antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and/or lifestyle modifications) in adult men with prostatitis. The primary outcome was the mean change in the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) score. Results: The analysis of six selected studies demonstrated that multimodal therapies lead to statistically and clinically significant reductions in prostatitis symptoms. Pharmacological combinations of alpha-blockers, anti-inflammatories, and antibiotics resulted in substantial decreases in NIH-CPSI scores. The integration of structured lifestyle modifications, such as diet and aerobic exercise, further enhanced symptom control. Phenotype-directed therapy using the UPOINT system, which tailors treatment to individual symptom domains, proved most effective, with over 75% of patients achieving a clinically significant response. Discussion: The superiority of a multimodal approach stems from its synergistic ability to simultaneously target the distinct pathophysiological domains of prostatitis. The UPOINT framework signifies a paradigm shift towards personalized medicine, enabling clinicians to move beyond a "one-size-fits-all" strategy to a tailored, effective treatment plan. These findings strongly align with and provide a quantitative evidence base for current AUA and EAU clinical practice guidelines that advocate for multimodal management. Conclusion: This review consolidates robust evidence that multimodal treatment, particularly when guided by clinical phenotyping like the UPOINT system, is unequivocally superior to monotherapy. It represents the gold-standard, evidence-based paradigm for managing prostatitis, offering patients the greatest potential for meaningful symptom improvement.

Case Report: Recurrent Keloid Excision with Tension Reduction Suture and Adjuvant Closed Incision Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Ananda Rahmadanti Perdanakusuma; David Sontani Perdanakusuma
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 15 No. 4 (2025): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/nvgwkb29

Background: Keloid management presents significant clinical challenges due to the very high recurrence rate after single surgical excision, reported to reach 50-100%. This failure is primarily caused by mechanical tension on the post-closure wound, which reactivates the fibroproliferative cascade. Closed Incision Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (ciNPWT) emerges as a promising adjuvant therapy because it directly targets this mechanical tension. This case report aims to present the effectiveness of a combination of excision, tension reduction sutures, and ciNPWT in high-risk recurrent keloids. Methods: A 16-year-old male patient with a recurrent keloid on the right upper arm underwent a wide excision procedure and tension reduction suture technique. After wound closure, a ciNPWT dressing was applied over the incision line and connected to a portable device. Continuous negative pressure therapy of −125 mmHg was maintained for 7 days post-operation. Results: The surgical procedure and post-operative care proceeded smoothly without complications such as infection or wound dehiscence. After 7 days, the surgical wound appeared clean and tightly closed with minimal edema. At the 3-month follow-up, the scar appeared calm, flat, and aesthetic, with no clinical signs of keloid recurrence. The patient reported high satisfaction and resolution of itching complaints. Discussion: The success of managing this case strongly validates the fundamental theory that mechanical tension is the primary trigger for keloid recurrence. The applied approach—through surgical excision followed by a tension reduction suture technique—directly targets this crucial factor. Furthermore, the application of ciNPWT as an adjuvant therapy functions as an effective external "mechanical splint." Its role is to neutralize residual tension on the wound and actively disrupt the profibrotic mechanotransduction cascade that triggers fibrosis. This mechanomodulatory strategy fundamentally addresses the root cause of keloid pathology, offering significant advantages over other adjuvant therapies that do not directly and specifically target the tension factor. Conclusion: The combination of surgical excision, tension reduction suture technique, and adjuvant ciNPWT application proved to be a highly effective and rational management strategy for recurrent keloids. This multimodal approach successfully addresses the tension factor—identified as the primary etiology—thus precisely breaking the recurrence cycle. By fundamentally targeting its root cause, this strategy can be a superior therapeutic option for cases with a high risk of recurrence.

A Case using Wire Fixation for Mandible Fractures: A Simple and Cost-Effective Technique Ni Nyoman Sintya Agniswari Anasta Putri; Agus Roy Rusly Hariantana Hamid
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 15 No. 4 (2025): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/x84qcb89

Background: Mandibular fractures are among the most common facial injuries, often caused by traffic accidents, physical violence, or sports-related trauma. These fractures frequently involve the symphysis and condylar process of the mandible, structures essential for masticatory function and jaw articulation. Immediate and appropriate management is crucial to prevent long-term functional impairment. Case: A 43-year-old female presented to emergency department following a traffic accident with complaints of severe jaw pain, particularly when moving or opening the mouth. CT scan confirmed a mandibular symphysis fracture and bilateral dislocated mandibular condylar process fractures. Intervention and Management: Intervention included wire fixation of the mandibular symphysis, arch bar placement on both the maxilla and mandible, And rubber arch bar for additional stabilization. Discussion: This Intervention and management have demonstrated efficacy in ensuring jaw stability. Wire fixation is often chosen as a simple and cost-effective alternative. However, complications such as infection, TMJ dysfunction, and malocclusion may arise if postoperative recovery is suboptimal. Conclusion: Wire fixation remains a viable treatment modality for mandibular fractures, particularly in settings with technological or financial constraints. Appropriate technique selection and postoperative care are critical to achieving optimal functional outcomes.

The Impact of Chronic Pain on Epilepsy: A Systematic Review Yaffie Noor Rochim; Raras Windaswara; Kuswanto; Frida puspitasari; Yaffie Mohammad Rizaq
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 15 No. 5 (2025): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/8m669990

Introduction: Epilepsy and chronic pain represent two of the most burdensome neurological conditions globally, each contributing significantly to disability and reduced quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests a clinical and pathophysiological overlap that is far greater than coincidental, pointing toward a synergistic negative impact when they co-occur. This systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate the multifaceted impact of chronic pain on the clinical course, psychosocial well-being, and overall burden of epilepsy. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify relevant literature, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and observational cohort studies. Search terms encompassed epilepsy, seizure disorders, chronic pain, neuropathic pain, migraine, and fibromyalgia. Studies were selected based on predefined eligibility criteria, and data were extracted and synthesized across key outcome domains, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, seizure control, quality of life, neuropsychiatric status, cognitive function, and socioeconomic burden. Results: The epidemiological data reveal a stark disparity: 40.2% of adults with active epilepsy report chronic pain, a rate double that of the general population (20.0%). This comorbidity is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including the potential for increased seizure frequency, mediated by pain-induced chronic stress. The impact on patient well-being is profound, with comorbid pain compounding the already significant reduction in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) seen in epilepsy. The neuropsychiatric burden is dramatically amplified; notably, the presence of chronic pain is associated with a nearly four-fold increased risk of suicidal ideation in individuals with epilepsy (OR=3.86). This dyad also exacerbates cognitive deficits, sleep disturbances, and challenges in treatment adherence due to polypharmacy and increased side-effect burden. Consequently, the socioeconomic costs, both direct and indirect, are substantially magnified. Discussion: The findings underscore a complex, bidirectional relationship between chronic pain and epilepsy, likely driven by shared neurobiological mechanisms including neuronal hyperexcitability, central sensitization, and dysfunction of inhibitory GABAergic pathways. The therapeutic overlap of certain antiepileptic drugs further supports this mechanistic link. The clinical implications are significant, highlighting the inadequacy of treating epilepsy in isolation when chronic pain is present. The synergistic negative effects on mental health, QoL, and even suicide risk necessitate a paradigm shift in clinical practice. Conclusion: Chronic pain is not merely a passive comorbidity but a critical, disease-modifying factor that actively worsens the clinical trajectory and overall burden of epilepsy. Its presence undermines treatment efficacy and dramatically increases patient suffering and mortality risk. These findings advocate for the universal screening of pain and associated psychiatric conditions in epilepsy care and the implementation of integrated, multidisciplinary management strategies to improve patient outcomes.

A Systematic Review of Diagnostic Approaches for Pediatric Epilepsy: An Evidence-Based Framework from Clinical Assessment to Precision Medicine Raras Windaswara; Yaffie Noor Rochim
The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research Vol. 15 No. 5 (2025): The International Journal of Medical Science and Health Research
Publisher : International Medical Journal Corp. Ltd

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70070/sdv3f613

Introduction: Pediatric epilepsy is a common and heterogeneous neurological disorder, and an accurate, timely diagnosis is paramount for guiding treatment, determining prognosis, and improving long-term outcomes. The diagnostic paradigm has evolved from a descriptive, seizure-based classification to a comprehensive, multi-axial framework focused on establishing an underlying etiology. This systematic review synthesizes the current evidence on the diagnostic approaches for pediatric epilepsy, from foundational clinical evaluation to advanced molecular and neuroimaging techniques. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify systematic reviews, meta-analyses, cohort studies, and clinical guidelines published on the diagnosis of epilepsy in children (age ≤ 18 years). Studies were selected based on their evaluation of the utility, diagnostic yield, predictive value, and clinical impact of various diagnostic modalities. Data were extracted and synthesized according to a tiered diagnostic pathway. Results: The diagnostic process begins with a meticulous clinical history and neurological examination, which remain the cornerstone for differentiating epileptic seizures from paroxysmal non-epileptic events (PNEEs). Misdiagnosis remains a significant challenge, with up to 39% of children referred to tertiary centers for refractory epilepsy ultimately found not to have the condition. Electroencephalography (EEG) is the principal ancillary test, with an initial diagnostic yield of approximately 52%; this can be enhanced by provocation techniques and sleep deprivation. Long-term video-EEG monitoring (VEM) is the gold standard for resolving diagnostic uncertainty, achieving a definitive diagnosis in over 75% of complex cases. However, EEG interpretation is subject to significant inter-observer variability. Structural neuroimaging with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) identifies an epileptogenic lesion in 33-44% of children, a yield that is substantially increased by advanced post-processing techniques in MRI-negative cases. Functional neuroimaging (PET, SPECT, MEG) and genetic testing represent the frontier of etiological diagnosis. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) can localize epileptogenic foci in MRI-negative patients with high accuracy, guiding successful surgical intervention. Genetic testing, particularly exome and genome sequencing, provides the highest diagnostic yield, identifying a causative variant in 25-48% of cases, especially in infants with early-onset and severe epilepsies. A genetic diagnosis directly impacts clinical management in up to 85% of diagnosed children. Economic analyses demonstrate that early, comprehensive genetic testing is more cost-effective than traditional, protracted sequential investigations. Discussion: The evidence supports a paradigm shift away from a rigid, sequential diagnostic model toward a flexible, phenotype-driven approach. For severe, early-onset epilepsies, rapid exome or genome sequencing should be considered a first- or second-line investigation rather than a last resort. The integration of multimodal data—clinical, electrophysiological, imaging, and genomic—is essential for accurate diagnosis, particularly in drug-resistant and MRI-negative epilepsy. Conclusion: The modern diagnostic evaluation of pediatric epilepsy is a multi-faceted process that leverages a synergistic combination of clinical acumen and advanced technology. An accurate and timely etiological diagnosis is not merely an academic exercise but a critical intervention that directly informs precision therapy, improves seizure control, and fundamentally alters the life course for children with epilepsy and their families.

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Contact Name
Indra Hadi

Contact Email
profesionaljournalmedicine@gmail.com

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Journal Mail Official
pt.internationalmedicaljournal@gmail.com

Editorial Address
Equity Tower. 49th Floor. Sudirman Street. Special Region of Jakarta, Indonesia

Location
Kota adm. jakarta selatan,

Dki jakarta

INDONESIA