Indonesian Mining Journal
This Journal is published periodically two times annually : April and October, containing papers of research and development for mineral and coal, including exploration, exploitation, processing, utilization, environment, economics and policy. The editors only accept relevant papers with the substance of this publication.
Articles
277 Documents
ALTERING FERROUS SULPHATE TO SYNTHETIC GOETHITE
Dessy Amalia;
Yuhelda Dahlan;
Suganal Suganal
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 2 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 2 June 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA
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DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No2.2009.563
Catalyst is required in any reaction. Coal liquefaction is one of the processes to have need of it. The most common catalyst used in the process is ferrous based catalyst. It is very influenced by pyrhotite, which may be occurred from goethite while goethite can be composed of any iron sources. The research had the use of ferrous sulphate as the main iron source, which was reacted with caustic soda. Parameters on molar ratio of the FeSO4.7H2O/NaOH were 0.2 and 0.33, reaction time applied were 3.5; 6.5 and 17.15 hours, oxygen flow rates of 100; 200; 300; 400 and 500 cc/minute were also observed. The best result was achieved at 0.2 molar ratio of the FeSO4.7H2O/NaOH within 6.5 hours by oxidation process that was containing pure goethite, while 100 cc/minute of oxygen rate was enough for the process to be happened.
STUDY ON UPGRADED LOW RANK COALS PROPERTIES
Datin Fatia Umar;
Bukin Daulay
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 2 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 2 June 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA
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DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No2.2009.564
Upgraded brown coal (UBC) process has been discussed elsewhere. This process has been developed to produce an upgraded low rank coal with quality similar to a bituminous coal which is acceptable commer- cially and has low moisture content. Three Indonesian low rank coals, Berau, Tabang and Samaranggau coals were upgraded by upgraded brown coal (UBC) process to study the influence of the process on the properties of the upgraded low rank coals by conducting chemical and physical analyses such as proxi- mate, ultimate including calorific value and equilibrium moisture, functional group of C-H and C=O, coal petrography, specific surface area and briquettability. The result of proximate analysis indicated that the inherent moisture of the upgraded low rank coals de- creased significantly compared with that of the raw coals. Hence, the calorific value of the upgraded coals increased. The ash content of the upgraded coals was not change obviously due to that the UBC process was conducted at low temperature. However, the volatile matter content increased slightly due to the kero- sene or residue that left and pluged over coal pores to prevent the reabsorbtion of moisture. From ultimate analyses, carbon content of the upgraded coals increased, whereas the hydrogen and oxygen contents decreased. The UBC process hardly affected the sulfur and nitrogen contents. The result of equilibrium moisture measurement showed that the moisture content of all upgraded coals were less than 9%. The functional groups of C-H and C=O of the upgraded coals were slightly less than those of the raw coals. The aromaticity of the upgraded coals were increased. The petrography of both the raw and the upgraded coals indicated that the mean vitrinite reflectance was slightly higher in the upgraded coal compared to the raw coal. There was no significant quantity and textural differences of maceral in both coals. The specific surface area of the upgraded coals was lower than that of the raw coal due to the plugging of pore structure and shrinkage by residual oil addition. The upgraded low rank coals briquette according to drop shutter and compressive strength tests indicated good characteristics of briquette. Based on these results, UBC process only reduces the moisture content, so that the calorific value of the coal increases. Whereas the other parameters are not significantly change. UBC process does not increase the rank of the coal, therefore, it could only be applied to improve the calorific value of low rank coal which has low ash and sulfur contents.
GEOLOGIC FACTORS CONTROLLING MINERAL CONTENT IN SELECTED TERTIARY COALS - SOUTHERN KALIMANTAN
Binarko Santoso
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 2 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 2 June 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA
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DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No2.2009.565
Geologic aspects, particularly geologic history and depositional environment, have a main role in the distri- bution of mineral matter in association with maceral composition in coal. The Asem-Asem coals include Miocene and Eocene coals, which are associated with clay minerals, quartz, pyrite and carbonate. The average mean mineral content of the Miocene coals (3.9%) is lower than that of the Eocene coals (6.7%). This indicates that the lower content reflects the balance of the subsidence rate and the peat accumulation rate during the Miocene was absolutely different from those during the Eocene. Consequently, this influ- enced the mineral input to the respective peats. The lower mineral content of the Miocene coals is associated with the bright lithotypes or the vitrinite-rich coals. Otherwise, the higher one of the Eocene coals is associ- ated with dull lithotypes or the vitrinite-poor coals. Methods applied in this study include optical microscopy (reflected-white light and fluorescence mode), X- ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Clay minerals dominated by kaolinite were deposited in a fresh water environment during peat formation. Most of the minerals are syngenetic in origin. However, some of them are considered to be epigenetic (these clays are in fissures). Quartz is mostly syngenetic, although epigenetic quartz is present. Pyrite takes place as grains and a replacement mineral in organic matter. Calcite is mostly epigenetic occurring in fractures and fissures.
THE LAND REHABILITATION OF MINE OUT AREA OF SAND QUARRY IN CIKALAHANG VILLAGE, DUKUH PUNTANG DISTRICT, CIREBON REGENCY
Siti R. Untung
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 2 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 2 June 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA
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DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No2.2009.566
The sand quarry activities in Cikalahang Village, District of Dukuhpuntang, Cirebon Regency had been illegally mined by hundreds of people. The land properties are owned by the Cikalahang Village. Those mine areas are close to the Telaga Remis (Remis Lake) , which is administratively included in the Kuningan Regency. The existence of illegal mining has disturbed both of local government and people community. In the regional government point of view, the illegal mining will not significantly contribute to generate regional income, whilst for many people their mining activities will produce a destruction to the environment. These can be seen from the objection of the people that request the government to stop all of mine activities because of disturbance to environmental condition of the Telaga Remis (Remis Lake) as one of the water resources for the Cirebon Regency. Based on the intensity of the people requirements, the government of Cirebon Regency had decided to close all of activities of the illegal mining in those area in 2006. According to the decision of Cirebon Regent and the Office of Environment, Forestry and Mining Cirebon Regency, it had prepared planning for rehabilitation and restoration to recover the natural and environmen- tal capability in the mined out areas with respect to the regional spatial planning, land utilization and community demand. The intention of study is to analyse the currently condition of environment in those area including people perception and then making further evaluation to obtain the properly environmental pic- tures for determining the real and strategic action. Data resources to support the study were collected through primary and secondary data. The primary data of physical-chemical component can be obtained by taking instantaneous samples of soil and surface water in the area of study. To identify the people perception, some questioners have been spreaded out to the various strata of people in order to obtain their perception and also direct interview will be applied in this study. The secondary data required for this study such as regional spatial planning, regional landuse and regional regulations will be taken from some institutions in Cirebon Regency. Result analyses showed that the soil characteristics in mined out area were poor because of lack of nutrient and high porousity and the water of Telaga Remis and mine out area could be used as fishing cultivation and household water. The final study shows that the mined out area can potentially be developed as tourism resort in accordance with people request. The other consideration this area is adjacent to Telaga Remis with the background of the beautiful panorama of Mount Ciremai.
PRODUCTION OF OXALIC ACID BY ASPERGILLUS NIGER
Sri Handayani;
Suratman Suratman
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 2 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 2 June 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA
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DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No2.2009.567
Oxalic acid has been suggested to be essential in the metal leaching processes by Aspergillus niger. The ability of Aspergillus niger strain to produce a high amount of oxalic acid on glucose and sucrose media was investigated. The experimental results show that glucose is favorable for oxalic acid biosynthesis which can produce 14.47 g/L oxalic acid compared to 7.09 g/L oxalic acid on sucrose medium. The production pattern, however, were identical on both substrates. The main drawback of this fermentation was the low yield attained (75.47 % from theoretical yield) probably because some of glucose was oxidized to gluconic acid at the beginning of fermentation, and due to some limitation of growing the A. niger in shake flask condition because pH of the culture cannot be fully controlled in shake flask system. Therefore, batch culture in fully controlled fermentor can be carried out as further steps of experiment after shake flask.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ARTISANAL GOLD MINING AT CIKANGEAN RIVER IN MULYAJAYA VILLAGE, GARUT, WEST JAVA
Retno Damayanti;
M. Lutfie Lutfie
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 1 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA
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DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No1.2009.571
The artisanal and small scale gold mining usually utilize mercury for its gold recovery. Mercury is used as the best alternative by many miners due to its effectiveness, simple and cheap process for gold recovery. The increasing mercury utilization motivates tekMIRA to prevent more pollution caused by uncontrolled or incorrect mercury utilization. For this purpose, the artisanal gold mining located in Mulyajaya Village, Garut was chosen for monitoring mining activities. Grab sampling method was used to evaluate environmental monitoring on terrestrial water and its sediment, soil and tailing surrounding the artisanal gold mining. The monitoring results show that mercury was found in all waters and sediment surrounding the artisanal gold mine. The mercury concentration in river sediment was around 0.08 – 0.15 ppm and this was higher than its concentration in the river water (0.0002 ppm). The same concentration occurred at the upstream and downstream (0.0002 ppm). The mercury concentration in the sediment coming from sedimentation pond were 2.27 – 7.60 ppm. Eventhough the mercury was still in low concentration either in the water or in the sediment, a guidance should be delivered to the miners about the danger of mercury substances used in the mining activities.
GEOLOGIC AND PETROGRAPHIC ASPECTS FOR COAL EXPLORATION IN SANGATTA-EAST KALIMANTAN
BINARKO SANTOSO;
BUKIN DAULAY
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 1 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA
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DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No1.2009.572
The Miocene Sangatta coals indicate similarities and differences in type and rank characteristics. The phenomena express the geological setting that includes the stratigraphic aspect and the pres- ence of intrusive body. The stratigraphic aspect relates to geologic age and cover thickness; the lower coal seam having a thicker cover has a higher rank than the upper coal seam. The intrusive body changes the rank of the coal up to semi-anthracite. The coals that are not affected by the intrusion have rank of brown coal to subbituminous. The rank of the coals increases from east to west toward the Meratus Range due to the cover thickness, where the western part has a thicker cover than the eastern part. These geological phenomena could be an exploratory target for the prospective coals.
OCCURRENCE OF PHILLIPSITE MINERAL IN SUB- SEAFLOOR OF ROO RISE-INDIAN OCEAN : A TECTONIC EROSION SYNTHESIS
Dida Kusnida
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 1 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA
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DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No1.2009.573
A single deep-sea core (MD982156) of 30.30 meters long which is obtained during the MD III-IMAGES IV Expedition from Roo Rise - Indian Ocean in 1998 was studied. Down to 30 meters of the core length, the sediment consists of abundance planktonic foraminiferas. Below 30 meters, it is mostly composed of phillipsite mineral-rich sediment that is associated with nannoplanktons.The Paleocene authigenic phillipsite minerals associated with nannoplanktons is separated from Late Miocene to Holocene planktonic foraminiferas rich-sediments by hiatus. This hiatus or non deposi- tional in Roo Rise suggest be triggered by long Cenozoic tectonic erosion.
DEVELOPMENT OF CYCLONE COAL BURNER FOR FUEL OIL BURNER SUBSTITUTION IN INDUSTRIES
Sumaryono SUMARYONO
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 1 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA
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DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No1.2009.574
The high fuel oil price forces the industries to seek cheaper alternative energy. Coal is the most promising alternative energy in Indonesia. To face this situation, R & D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology (tekMIRA) has developed a cyclone burner. This burner has the combustion characteris- tics nearly the same as the fuel oil burner that this burner may alter the fuel oil burner in various industrial facilities, such as steam boiler, oil heater, rotary dryer, metal smelter and heat exchanger. The cyclone burner combusting coal powder of -30 mesh may match the energy output of the former altered fuel oil burner. The burning of coal emits long flame and the combustion rate may be con- trolled by a variable feeder. It may be shut of and then put on instantaneously as it is practiced in oil burner. Fine adjustment of the coal and air supply were performed and this burner was set up in vertical and horizontal position. In this substitution 1 litre fuel oil was substituted by 1.5 up to 1.8 kg of coal of 5700 kcal/kg.
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ON DEVELOPMENT OF COAL LIQUEFACTION PLANT IN INDONESIA USING BROWN COAL LIQUEFACTION (BCL) TECHNOLOGY
MIFTAHUL HUDA;
Granit Agustina;
NINING S. Ningrum;
BUKIN DAULAY
Indonesian Mining Journal Vol 12 No 1 (2009): INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 12 No. 1 February 2009
Publisher : Balai Besar Pengujian Mineral dan Batubara tekMIRA
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DOI: 10.30556/imj.Vol12.No1.2009.575
Financial analysis of Mulia coal liquefaction plant has been conducted in the year 2002 and up dated in the year 2007. However, the increase of coal price, currently, has promoted coal companies to export their coal rather than to allocate it as raw material for coal liquefaction. To maintain the stability of coal supply in a liquefaction plant, the use of stranded mining coal as raw material for the plant should be studied. This study was aimed to conduct financial analysis of stranded coal from South Sumatera (Pendopo Coal) and to update the financial analysis of Mulia coal liquefaction. Discounted cash flow was used as the method for the analysis. The result indicates that with the oil price higher than US$ 70/bbl and coal price below US$ 25/ton, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of Pendopo coal liquefaction plant achieved value higher than 10%. Reducing corporate tax from 30% to 15% in- creased IRR value of approximately 1%. Meanwhile, by enlarging the plant scale from 3,000t/d to 12,000 t/d will increase the IRR value as much as 5%. On the other hand, the IRR of Mulia coal liquefaction plant was less than 9% when the oil price was lower than US$ 70/bbl and coal price was above US$ 55/ton.