International Journal of Oil Palm
International Journal of Oil Palm (IJOP) is an online and print mode, a peer-reviewed research journal published by Indonesian Oil Palm Society (Masyarakat PerkelapaSawitan Indonesia, MAKSI), it provides a global publication platform for researcher, scholars, academicians, professionals and students engaged in research in oil palm industries. The main aim of IJOP is to become the world’s leading journal in oil palm that is preferred and trusted by the community through publishing authentic, peer-reviewed and scientifically developed research articles of international caliber. The journal is published three times in a year, 6-10 papers per publication, and the language of the journal is English. JOURNAL SCOPE IJOP publishes research papers in the felds of soil and crop fertilizer application, seedling preparation, cover crop management, leaf pruning, weed control, control of pest and diseases, insect pollinators management, water management, intercropping, cattle oil palm integration, environmental studies, harvesting technology, IT remote sensing GPS application, mechanization, sustainability standards, policy studies, social and economic studies, smallholders empowerment, palm oil mill improvement, biomass utilization, carbon footprint, water footprint, market studies, refinery, food and nutrition technology (oleofood, food safety, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical) and also management of soil preparation, inorganic and organic safety, oleochemicals, downstream industry development, supply chain, and market studies. The published articles can be in the form of research articles, review paper or short communications which have not been published previously in other journals (except in the form of an abstract or academic thesis/dissertation or presented in seminar/conference).
Articles
67 Documents
<![CDATA[A Rapid Inoculation Method for Infection of Ganoderma in Oil Palm ]]>
<![CDATA[Maria Indah Purnamasari]]>;
<![CDATA[Delia Agustina]]>;
<![CDATA[Cahya Prihatna]]>;
<![CDATA[Antonius Suwanto]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 1 No. 1 (2018): January 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI) ]]>
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DOI: 10.35876/ijop.v1i1.1
<![CDATA[Basal stem rot (BSR) is a major disease of oil palm plantation caused by pathogenic fungus Ganoderma boninense. To overcome the disease, development of resistant or tolerantoil palms is crucial for susta inable production of palm oil. Thus a reliable and rapid method to assess resistance of oil palm to BSR is important. Here we report an inoculation technique designated as mycelium inoculation technique. This method is faster and simpler compared to the traditional technique using rubber wood block. The technique that we developed results in consistency of infection and disease can be evaluated as early as two weeks after inoculation with G. boninense. Furthermore, this method is also able to di?erentially assess resistant and susceptible palm seedlings to BSR. The results show that this new inoculation technique can be used as a routine method to infect oil palm seedlings and can be utilised for development of resistant cultivar of oil palm to G. boninense.]]>
<![CDATA[Effect of Azobacter sp. and N Fertilizer on the Growth of Oil Palm Seedling Inoculated with Ganoderma sp ]]>
<![CDATA[Happy Widiastuti]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 1 No. 1 (2018): January 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI) ]]>
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DOI: 10.35876/ijop.v1i1.2
<![CDATA[Excess application of nitrogen fertilizer causes soil nutrient imbalances and reduce the number and soil microbial diversity. This condition could induce soil born dieseses such basal stem rot caused by Ganoderma sp. A study was conducted to enhance the plant tolerance to Ganoderma sp. through introduction of microbial community especially non-symbiotic N fxing bacteria, Azotobacter sp. Plant materials used were 4 months old of germinated oil palms, while Ganoderma sp. was isolated from Bekri, Lampung. There are seven treatments tested i e Azotobacter sp. + Ganoderma sp. (+A+G), Azotobacter sp. + 30% N fertilizer of recommended dosage + Ganoderma sp. (+A+30N+G), Azotobacter sp. + 60% N fertilizer of recommended dosage + Ganoderma sp. (+A+60N+G), Azotobacter sp. + 100% N fertilizer of recommended dosage + Ganoderma sp. (+A+100N+G), 100% N fertilizer of recommended dosage + Ganoderma sp. (+100N+G), Ganoderma sp. inoculation (positive control, +G), and non-inoculated Ganoderma sp. (negative control, -G). The result showed that Azotobacter sp.enhanced the height of plant inoculated with Ganoderma sp. when accompanied with N fertilizer of 30 to 100% of recommended dose. Moreover, +A+100N+G seedling had signifcantly higher fresh and dry weight of shoot compared to those of +G seedling or +100N+G seedling]]>
<![CDATA[Prospecting of Mannan Degrading Bacteria on Treating Palm Kernel Meal ]]>
<![CDATA[Ludovika Jessica Virginia]]>;
<![CDATA[Yepy Hardi Rustam]]>;
<![CDATA[Griselda Herman Natadiputri]]>;
<![CDATA[Antonius Suwanto]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 1 No. 1 (2018): January 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI) ]]>
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DOI: 10.35876/ijop.v1i1.3
<![CDATA[Palm kernel meal (PKM) is one of the most abundant by-products from oil palm industries. Although PKM can be used as ruminant feed but unfortunately it can not be applied directly as chicken feed due to its complex structure and lack of mannan degrading enzyme in chicken. Manan is a complex molecule composed of linear mannan, glucomannan, galactomannan, and galactoglucomannan and most nutrition contained in PKM was trapped in mannan structure. To increase the economic value of PKM, utilization of mannan degrading enzyme in pretreatment process of PKM before applying as chicken feed is required. We report here that isolation of potential mannanase as well as its prospective toward application in PKM was successfully conducted in this study. Mannanase producing bacteria (CK7) harboring wild type ?-mannanase activity at 48.03 U mL-1 was obtained and identifed as Bacillus subtilis isolate qd386 (accession number EF473134) with 96.7% pairwise identity through 16s amplifcation. Over expression in Pichia pastoris system by pPICZ?A as vector and KM71 as host (P-CK7) improved its activity into 4207.56 U mL-1 and 5000 U mL-1 within fed batch fermentation at 7.5 L and 500 L, respectively. Recombinant manCK7 generated from P-CK7 was reported as the major expressed extracellular protein through SDS-PAGE in this study, thus make it more benefcial and attractive for further application study due to reduction of cell breaking process. Preliminary study on manCK7 application to PKM showed a promising result with a signifcant sugar released observed between PKM which treated with bu?er, commercial enzyme, and manCK7 for 89 µmole, 460.6 µmole, and 518.2 µmole, respectively.]]>
<![CDATA[Bird Diversity in Smallholders Oil Palm Plantation in Riau Province ]]>
<![CDATA[Yanto Santosa]]>;
<![CDATA[Anxious Yoga Perdana]]>;
<![CDATA[Sandi Sopiyandi]]>;
<![CDATA[Yohanna Yohanna]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 1 No. 1 (2018): January 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI) ]]>
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DOI: 10.35876/ijop.v1i1.4
<![CDATA[Within the last few decades, oil palm (Elaeis guine) has become one of the most rapid crop plantations being widely cultivated in Indonesia. Land clearing for stallholder plantation is made by people, either individually or in group. Forest clearing for planting activities may cause changes to the composition of the ecosystem. Birds have a signifcant role in the ecosystem, such as pollinators, seed spreader and pest control. It was claimed that bird richness decreases at least 60% due to changes in land cover into plantations. This claim needs to be further verifed. The objective of this study is to identify bird diversity and determine thesimilarity of the bird community in some smallholder oil palm plantations in Kuantan Singingi, Pelalawan and Siak District in Riau Province. Data collection had been conducted using transect method with length of 1 km and width of 50 m. Observations were done at 8 smallholder oil palm plantations in the morning from 6:00 to 8:30 pm and in the afternoon from 15:30 to 18:00 pm with 3 times repetition. Data in the study were analyzed by Margalef Index (Dmg), evenness (E) and community similarity (IS). This research showed that there are 22 species of birds from 15 families. The highest value of diversity and richness was in the plantation 1 while the highest evenness was in the plantation 5. The lowest diversity was in SH5 (H '= 1.79), the lowest richness was plantation 6 (Dmg = 2.50) and the lowest evenness value was in the plantation 4 (E = 0.90). The highest value of community similarity recorded between plantation 1-plantation 4 (IS = 0.92) while the lowest was seen between plantation 5-plantation 7 (IS =0.44). Similar habitat conditions a?ect the value of the bird community similarity.]]>
<![CDATA[Gene Expression Analysis of Somatic Embryogenesis in Oil Palm ]]>
<![CDATA[Nuryanti Syariyanto]]>;
<![CDATA[Utut Widyastuti]]>;
<![CDATA[Nurita Toruan Mathius]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 1 No. 1 (2018): January 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI) ]]>
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DOI: 10.35876/ijop.v1i1.5
<![CDATA[Multiplication of oil palm through somatic embryogenesis is hampered by low callogenesis and embryogenesis rates. Molecular marker based on RNA (transcriptomes analysis) is considered as one of the most e?ective techniques for detection and di?erentiation of embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus. A previous research using microarray technique had shown some potential candidate genes related to oil palm somatic embryogenesis, such as: IAA-amino acid hydrolase ILR1-like1 (ilr1), late embryogenesis abundant (lea2), 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13 homolog B (26sp), and alpha trehalose phosphate synthase [UDP-forming] 6-like (tps6). The objective of this study was to analyze the transcription level of ilr1, lea2, 26sp, and tps6 using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). Non-embryogenic nodular callus and somatic embryo (coleoptile stage) of Elaeis guineensis var. Tenera (Deli Dura x AVROS Pisifera) leaf explants were collected from three palms for RNA extraction. The frst strand cDNA was synthesized from RNA and used for gene expression analysis. The expressions of four embryogenesis-related genes were analyzed using Relative Quantifcation Standart Curve method. RQ value was analyzed with One-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s test using Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) 20.0 for windows. In RT-qPCR analysis, non-embryogenic nodular callus was used as calibrator sample and 40S ribosomal protein S27-2 (40s) was used as reference gene. The result shows that ilr1 and lea2 genes were signifcantly transcribed higher on coleoptile stage of the somatic embryo compared to callus, in other hand 26sp, and tps6 shows no expression di?erence on both samples.ilr1 genes gave the highest expression in somatic embryo compared to callus in most tested palms. Thus, it indicated that ilr1 may potentially involve in oil palm somatic embryogenesis and can be used as a candidate to develop the marker for embryogenesis in oil palm.]]>
<![CDATA[Characteristics of Palm Oil Biodiesel Produced with a Static Mixing Reactor ]]>
<![CDATA[Inge Scorpi Tulliza]]>;
<![CDATA[Edy Hartulistiyoso]]>;
<![CDATA[Dadan Kusdiana]]>;
<![CDATA[Armansyah Halomoan Tambunan]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 1 No. 2 (2018): May 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI) ]]>
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<![CDATA[Current industrial production of biodiesel uses the batch system with a mechanical stirrer to overcome the immiscibility nature of triglycerides and methanol with the help of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst. Utilization of a static mixer gives a more rigorous stirring process and could be expected to reduce the catalyst requirement. The objective of this experiment is to investigate the performance of a static mixing reactor for continuous biodiesel production from palm oil feedstock, and to characterize its main properties, such as density and viscosity, as required for fuel grade. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory scale continuous static mixing reactor using palm olein as feedstock. The oil to methanol molar ratio was 1:6 and KOH with concentration 0.3% and 0.5% as catalyst. The reaction temperature was 53 °C and 63 °C. The reaction products were analyzed using the Gas Chromatograph (GC) and the composition of 41.15% methyl oleate, 36.55% methyl palmitate, 9.45% methyl linoleate, and 4.05% methyl stearate as the main products were found. The viscosity and density of the mixed fatty acid methyl ester at the outlet of the static mixing reactor was found to be 4.99 mm2 s-1 and 851.66 kg m3 -1, respectively. The study showed that the number of modules used in the static mixing reactor can enhance the mixing rigorousness and reduce the requirement of a catalyst. The increase in the module numbers can be expected to increase the reaction conversion to the necessary level.]]>
<![CDATA[Valorization of the Wastes of Bioethanol Production from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch: A Biorefinery Approach ]]>
<![CDATA[Dian Burhani]]>;
<![CDATA[Muryanto Muryanto]]>;
<![CDATA[Feni Amriani]]>;
<![CDATA[Ajeng Arum Sari]]>;
<![CDATA[Yanni Sudiyani]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 1 No. 2 (2018): May 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI) ]]>
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<![CDATA[The high production cost of second generation bioethanol from oil palm empty fruit bunches as a substitution for fossil fuel is a major obstacle for its development. Therefore, in this study, an integrated process of valorization of the wastes from bioethanol production has been conducted to overcome the problem, including the development of activated carbon as an adsorbent from black liquor and glutathione as an antioxidant from the waste fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The performance of bioethanol black liquor sludge-based carbonaceous adsorbent was tested using methylene blue solution. The results showed that bioethanol black liquor sludge-based carbonaceous adsorbent could decolorize 100 mg L-1 methylene blue solution by 98% in 30 minutes. The glutathione extraction was conducted by maceration assisted by a sonication process. The characterization was carried out using the alloxan method with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and 1.32 g L-1 glutathione was obtained.]]>
<![CDATA[Modeling and Simulation of Oil Palm Plantation Productivity Based on Land Quality and Climate Using Artificial Neural Network ]]>
<![CDATA[Hermantoro Hermantoro]]>;
<![CDATA[Rudyanto Rudyanto]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 1 No. 2 (2018): May 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI) ]]>
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<![CDATA[Crop growth and production on particular land and climate is strongly influenced by the interaction between plants, climate, soil, and management. Land quality and climate which greatly affect the expected production of oil palm are soil type, soil depth, altitude, soil pH, rainfall year-1, average temperature, water deficit in mm year-1, air humidity, and solar radiation. Oil palm production as a function of land quality and climate can be predicted using various methods, one of them is artificial neural network (ANN). This study used the algorithm backpropagation ANN method. The aim of this research was to develop a prediction model of oil palm plantation productivity based on land quality and climate and simulate the effect of climate change on oil palm productivity. The result showed that water deficit and average temperature had negative correlation to the productivity of oil palm plantations, while sun shine duration, relative humidity and annual rainfall had positive correlation with the productivity of oil palm plantations. Through the optimization procedure obtained the best ANN architecture is 12 neurons in input layer, 3 neurons in the hidden layer and 1 neuron in the output layer, the best model obtained at 30 000 iterations on training step with a value of determination coefficient (R2): 0.98 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE): 0.49, while on the test step obtained the value of R2: 0.94 and RMSE: 1.63. The results of simulation showed that the simultaneous influence of climate changes i.e. decreasing the rainfall quantity of 100 mm year-1, 1 °C temperature rise, and increasing water deficit 50 mm year-1 reduced the productivity of oil palm plantations by 2 tons ha-1 year-1. It can be concluded that ANN can be used to predict the production of palm oil based on land quality and local climate with very good results and we can predict the effect of climate change on the yield of oil palm.]]>
<![CDATA[EgMLP1 Gene Expression in Oil Palm Ramet Infected with Ganoderma boninense ]]>
<![CDATA[Yasinta Ratna Esti Wulandari]]>;
<![CDATA[Felicia Felicia]]>;
<![CDATA[Arild Ranlym Arifin]]>;
<![CDATA[Antonius Suwanto]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 1 No. 2 (2018): May 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI) ]]>
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<![CDATA[Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is an important crop commodity in Indonesia. However, the effort to increase its production is hindered by basal stem rot (BSR), a devastating disease caused by Ganoderma boninense. The early symptoms of G. boninense infection cannot be observed with naked eyes. It can only be observed at the later stage of the infection. By the time the symptoms appear, the palm is beyond recovery. Hence an early detection technique is essential for effective management of BSR in oil palm. The aim of this research is to analyze and compare the gene expression profile of a defense-related gene encoding early methionine-labeled polypeptide (EgEMLP1) by using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR between the leaves of untreated and treated oil palm cultures with G. boninense. First, G. boninense was isolated and inoculation on oil palm cultures, then RNA isolation was conducted on both oil palm cultures from 3 to 7 weeks post infection (wpi) and purified RNA was used for cDNA synthesis. Finally, EgEMLP1 gene expression was measured using qRT-PCR. The result showed that the expression of EgEMLP1 gene had increased 5.65, 15.66 and 17.96 fold at 3, 5 and 7 wpi compared to those of controls. Furthermore, the result also showed that direct infection method on in vitro oil palm cultures shorten the time needed to infect G. boninense to oil palm compared to rubber wood block method. With less process, direct inoculation method can be an alternative in gene expression in oil palm ramets infected with G. boninense research and up-regulated EgEMLP1 gene expressed has the potential to be developed as a biomarker for early detection of G. boninense infection.]]>
<![CDATA[Oil Palm Roots Architecture in Response to Soil Humidity ]]>
<![CDATA[Yazid Ismi Intara]]>;
<![CDATA[Abimanyu Dipo Nusantara]]>;
<![CDATA[Supanjani Supanjani]]>;
<![CDATA[Zulbahrum Caniago]]>;
<![CDATA[Riska Ekawita]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Oil Palm Vol. 1 No. 2 (2018): May 2018 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Indonesian Oil Palm Society /IOPS (Masyarakat Perkelapa-sawitan Indonesia /MAKSI) ]]>
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<![CDATA[Oil palm (Elaeis guenesis) is one of the most important estate crop commodities in Indonesia. The root is one of the plant organs which plays a vital role in plant growth and palm oil production. The objective of this research was to determine the architecture of oil palm roots in response to soil humidity in the root zone in its initial water footprint system. Destructive and non-destructive methods were used to determine the roots’ parameters, i.e. root depth, root length and root density of oil palm age of mature plants. The result showed that depending on the type of the plant material and the soil, oil palm roots could grow horizontally reaching more than 6 m and vertically about 1.5–5 m. Dead primary roots were soon replaced by new ones. Primary roots predominantly served to structurally support the plant so that this root may grow into deeper layers of the soil. Secondary roots generally spread evenly and act as an anchor of the plant body to the ground which in turn strengthen the plant stand. Active horizontal root nets are always renewed with new roots arising from the stem-ends of the palm. The horizontal root nets were located on a radius of 0–1.5 m of a depth of 0–0.4 m, which were very solid for primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary roots as well as the nets. This condition actively changed the dead roots with new roots. The root mat is very unique, forming a nest mat that can capture and control water availability in the environment of the soil surface around the growing space of oil palm. The architecture of oil palm roots has naturally adapted to form a root system that can conduct a mechanism to maintain soil water balance. The water footprint system was only active at the surface zone (0–0.8 m), while deeper than 0.8 m it was more affected by local aquifer condition.]]>
