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Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal)
Published by Universitas Indonesia
ISSN : 19077505     EISSN : 24600601     DOI : https://doi.org/10.7454/kesmas
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Public Health
The focus of Kesmas is on public health as discipline and practices related to preventive and promotive measures to enhance the public health through a scientific approach applying a variety of technique. This focus includes areas and scopes such as Biostatistics, Environmental Public Health, Epidemiology, Health Policy, Health Services Research, Nutrition, Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, Public Health, Public Health Education and Promotion, Women Health.
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Epidemilogi
Articles 928 Documents
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Infestasi Kecacingan pada Anak SD di Kecamatan Sei Bingai Langkat, Sumut, 2005 Ginting, Limin
Kesmas Vol. 1, No. 1
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Indonesia masih menghadapi masalah kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan kondisi lingkungan yang jelek, seperti infestasi cacing usus yang ditularkan melalui tanah (Soil Transmitted Helminths). Infestasi cacing pada anak akan mengganggu pertumbuhan, menurunkan kemampuan fisik, produktifitas belajar dan intelektualitas. Hasil Pemeriksaan yang dilakukan di beberapa SD di Kecamatan Stabat dan Kecamatan Hinai menemukan prevalensi kecacingan berada pada kisaran 30-60%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai prevalensi infestasi kecacingan pada anak SD di Kecamatan Sei Bingai, Kabupaten Langkat serta mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian dengan disain studi kasus kontrol ini dilakukan di 4 SD Kecamatan Sei Bingai, Kabupaten Langkat, Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Populasi adalah anak SD klas III, IV dan V. Ukuran sampel ditentukan dengan formula disain kasus kontrol perbadingan 1:1 masing-masing adalah 100 untuk setiap kelompok. Metoda analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik ganda. Faktor yang ditemukan berhubungan dengan kecacingan adalah tingkat sosial ekonomi (OR = 2,0), sarana air bersih (OR=44,6), pengetahuan ibu (OR=13,9) dan perilaku anak (OR=20,9). Untuk itu, perlu dilakukan upaya-upaya memodifikasi lingkungan dan mengubah perilaku melaui upaya pendidikan kesehatan bagi anak dan orang tua mereka. Indonesia still face the problem of disease related to worse environmental condition such as intestine worm infestation which was often referred as “Soil Transmitted Helminthes”. Wormy infestation at student of elementary schoolchild will affect growth, degrading ability of physical, productivity and intellectuality. Base on data Wormy Eradication program in Sub-District of Stabat and Hinai, District of Langkat, province of North Sumatra, it was known that the prevalence of the disease is ranged 30-60%. The objective of this research is to obtain information about prevalence of infestation wormy among Elementary School student and to know factors effect on to height of prevalence wormy. Method of research is “Observational Study” using design study of case control which compared case group and control group. Comparison of case group and control is 1:1 with sample to the each group counted 100 children of elementary schoolchild. Result of analyze from multivariate logistics regression model that wormy infestation of elementary schoolchild proven closely related to social economics variable, water sanitation, knowledge of mother and behavior of child. Thereby require to be conducted counseling effort for child and mother to improve knowledge and change behavior of mother, and also repair of condition of sanitize environmental.
Hubungan Akreditasi dengan Mutu Lulusan Dumaria, Febrina
Kesmas Vol. 1, No. 1
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Era globalisasi menimbulkan persaingan yang menuntut ketersediaan SDM yang bermutu dan profesional. Salah satu penentu mutu pelayanan kesehatan adalah ketersediaan tenaga kesehatan yang cukup dan profesional, yang tidak bisa terlepas dari sistem pendidikan tenaga kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara nilai akreditasi sub-sub komponen Borang Akreditasi 2000 dengan Mutu Lulusan institusi Diknakes. Sumber data adalah data sekunder hasil akreditasi sampai Maret 2005 dan Laporan Sistim Informasi Pendidikan Tenaga Kesehatan dari Bidang Diknakes Khusus dan Akreditasi Pusat Pendidikan Tenaga Kesehatan Departemen Kesehatan. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang dan analisis data dengan regresi logistik berganda dan analisis faktor. Proporsi institusi yang mutu lulusan baik adalah 44.1%. Institusi dengan nilai perencanaan sangat baik pada kondisi nilai dosen tetap cukup, berpeluang 0.16 kali (95% CI 0.03–0.87), untuk menghasilkan mutu lulusan baik daripada institusi yang nilai perencanaannya cukup setelah dikontrol oleh variabel pelaksanaan program pengajaran, laporan periodik, evaluasi proses pengajaran, alat bantu pandang dengar dan prasarana. Dari hasil analisis faktor, diperoleh 5 faktor dengan total varians 60,28% yaitu faktor kurikulum, sarana, pendidik, laboratorium dan penunjang pendidikan. Faktor yang signifikan berhubungan dengan mutu lulusan baik adalah nilai akreditasi sub komponen dosen tetap yang berinteraksi dengan nilai akreditasi sub komponen perencanaan program pengajaran, dimana dosen tetap merupakan faktor yang paling dominan. Dari analisis faktor, sub komponen tenaga tata usaha dan perpustakaan membentuk faktor baru, begitu juga sub komponen laboratorium ternyata tidak berkorelasi dengan faktor lain dan membentuk faktor sendiri. Competitiveness in the globalization era has raised the needs for qualified and professional human resources. One of the key indicators of a high quality health service is the availability of professional medics, which obviously cannot be separated from the health education system. The objectives of this study is to investigate the correlation between the accreditation rates of Borang Akreditasi 2000’s sub-components and the quality of the health institution graduates. The data used is from the accreditation results to March 2005 and the report of Information System of Health Manpower Education from Specialist of Health Education and Accreditation Division, Centre of Health Manpower Education, Department of Public Health. The study design used this research is cross sectional. The data is analysed by using multiple logistic regression and factor analysis. Proportion of the institution with good quality graduates is 44.1%. Institutions with very good marks on education planning with an adequate on the full time lecturer’s state, possess 0.16 times risk (95% CI :0.03 – 0.87), to produce a good graduates compared to the institution with adequate marks on education planning after being controlled by the variables: application of teaching assistance program, periodic report, teaching evaluation, audio visual aids, and infrastructures. Based on the factor analysis, the author acquired 5 factors with a variance of 60.28%, they were curriculum, infrastructure, lecturer, Laboratorium and educational support. The research has shown that the most significant factors for highly qualified health education graduates are the accreditation rates for the full-time lecturer involvement sub-component and the planning of the teaching program sub-component. Between these two, the full-time lecturer involvement is a more dominant factor. From the factor analysis, the administration staff and librarians sub-component has raised a new factor. Also, the laboratory subcomponent does not correlate with other factors. In fact, it has emerged as an independent factor.
Persepsi Stakeholders tentang Kinerja Fungsi Sistem Penelitian Kesehatan Nasional Yulianti, Anni
Kesmas Vol. 1, No. 1
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Analisis kinerja fungsi sistem penelitian kesehatan nasional (SPKN) diperlukan untuk identifikasi penguatan dan peningkatan sistem yang mendukung pencapaian pemerataan kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur skor kinerja fungsi utama SPKN yang meliputi pengelola, pendanaan, mengumpulkan dan memelihara sumber, produksi dan penggunaan riset berdasarkan pendapat stakeholders (peneliti, pembuat kebijakan, dan pengguna). Sumber data yang digunakan adalah pilot study WHO di Jakarta dan Makassar WHO dengan ukuran sampel 278 responden. Analisis dilakukan terhadap skor rata-rata 6 dimensi pendapat meliputi lingkungan; pandangan sistem, pembuatan, penggunaan, akses literur ilmiah dan media. Metoda analsis meliputi analisis kuantitatif univariat dan cross tabulasi tanpa uji statistik dan analisis kualitatif terhadap pertanyaan terbuka. Hasil studi memperlihatkan distribusi responden meliputi peneliti (62.2%), pembuat kebijakan (21.6%) dan pengguna (16.2%). Secara keseluruhan, kinerja fungsi sistem litkes dinilai belum baik oleh 54,7% responden. Kinerja baik ditemukan pada fungsi pengelola dan penghasil riset. Sebaliknya kinerja tidak baik pada fungsi pengumpul dan pemelihara sumber daya, menggunakan riset, akses literatur ilmiah dan akses media. Analisis kualitatif memperlihatkan lima area yang berkontribusi penting pada penguatan lingkungan penelitian di indonesia meliputi pendanaan, fasilitas, gaji, kerjasama, dan komunikasi. Komponen yang dinyatakan penting pada penguatan sistem litkes adalah visi, sumber data manusia, pendanaan, etik litkes dan alokasi. Prioritas utama SPKN adalah masalah kesehatan masa depan dan masalah kesehatan yang persisten (bertahan lama). Disimpulkan bahwa SPKN belum berfungsi optimal. Peningkatan dapat dilakukan dengan revisi dan reorientasi prioritas SPKN antar stakeholders, peningkatan alokasi dana, optimalisasi peran dan fungsi jaringan litbangkes, serta peningkatan fungsi stewardship badan litbangkes dalam kapasitas kepemimpinan ilmiah yang baik. National health research system (NHRS) performance assessment will be very important to strengthen the capability of NHRS in order to improve the advancement of knowledge and health equity. The objective of this study is to measure the three functions performance of stewardship, creating and sustaining resources and producing and utilizing of health research based on the perceptions of NHRS stakeholders (researchers, policy makers and users). This study used secondary data WHO pilot study which was carried out in Jakarta and Makassar, in 2003-2004. The study design used is cross sectional with quantitative and qualitative data analysis for 278 respondents of NHRS individual survey. The respondents consist of NHRS stakeholders such as researchers (62.2%), policy makers (21.6%) and research users (16.2%). Overall performance of NHRS functions has been perceived as not well performed by 50.4% respondents. Good performances only on stewardship and producing research have been perceived by respondents. In the other hand, the performance of creating and sustaining resources, research utilization, access to scientific literatures and to media have been perceived unsatisfactorily by the respondents. Important contribution areas in improvement and strengthening the NHRS in Indonesia are: networking, facility, budget, collaboration and communication. While important contribution components in Indonesia are vision, human resources, ethics, budget and allocation. The main research priorities were identified as future health problem and persistent health problem in all respondent’s groups. In summary, NHRS were not yet in optimum well functions., to strengthen the system: pledged to increase budget allocation and improve budget accountability; activating the national and local net working of health research and development, improvement of stewardship function of NHRS in its capacity as ‘good scientific leadership.’
Epidemiologi Diskriptif Penyakit Avian Flu di Lima Provinsi di Indonesia, 2005-2006 Endarti, Ajeng Tias; Djuwita, Ratna
Kesmas Vol. 1, No. 1
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Jumlah kasus flu burung pada manusia meningkat sangat pesat. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran epidemiologi penyakit flu burung (Avian Influenza/AI) pada kejadian luar biasa di 5 provinsi Indonesia in 2005-2006. Studi ini mengunakan sumber data sekunder data surveilens, sub direktorat Surveilens, Depkes RI, pada periode Juli 2005-2006. Dari 28 kasus konfirmasi ditemukan banyak pada pria (57.1%). Sekitar 89.3% kasus memperlihatkan gejala demam tinggi (>38°C), batuk dan masalah pernapasan dan sekitar 80% diantaranya meninggal dunia. Gejala tersebut mengindikasikan kerusakan jaringan paru-paru pada tubuh penderita. Berdasarkan laporan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, terlihat bahwa 60.7% penderita mengalami penurunan kadar leukosit (leucopenia) dan 46.4% penurunan kadar trombosit (thrombocytopenia). Laju fatalitas kasus yang telah mendapat pengobatan Tamiflu mencapai 66.7%. Sekitar 53.6% mempunyai riwayat kontak dengan ayam dan bebek. Banyak kasus terjadi pada kelompok dewasa (> 18 years) dengan frekuensi 57.1%. Sebaliknya, laju respon untuk kasus, terlihat sekitar 64,3% mengalami pengobatan yg terlambat. Rata-rata semua kasus konfirmasi di Indonesia pada July 2005 - February 2006 adalah 3.5 kasus /bulan. Kasus-kasus tersebut terjadi dalam wilayah yang mengalami KLB pada binatang ternak. Sampai 28 Februari, 2006, KLB telah ditemukan di lima provinsi yang meliputi: Lampung (10.72%), DKI Jakarta (32.14), Jawa Barat (39.29%), Banten (14.28%) and Jawa Tengah (3.57%). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa kasus lebih sering ditemukan pada pria dewasa dan pada orang yang lebih terpapar dengan faktor risiko. Kasus-kasus tersebut menampilkan gejala demam tinggi, batuk, masalah-masalah pernapasan leukopenia and trombositopenia. Selain itu, angka dan keefektifan ditemukan rendah. Kasus-kasus tersebut terjadi terutama pada musim hujan dan pada wilayah yang sebelumnya mengalami KLB pada binatang seperti ayam dan bebek. The number of Human Avian Influenza in Indonesia increasing tremendously. The research is intended to identify the epidemiological description of Avian Influenza’s (AI outbreaks within five provinces in Indonesia in 2005-2006. The research conducted descriptively using AI surveillance data from July 2005 up until February 2006. The data gained from the Surveillance sub-directorate Ministry of Health of Indonesia. From 28 confirmed AI cases, many occurred to male (57.14%) since Approximately 89.29% of the cases showed symptom of high fever (>38° C), cough and respiratory problems and 80 % of such cases resulted to deceased for the victim. The symptoms indicated that severe destruction of tissue (pneumonia) occurred in the victim body. Based on laboratory’s report, it shows 60.71% of leucopenia and 46.43% of thrombocytopenia cases. The death rate for the cases that have Tamiflu treatment reached 66.67%. 53.57% of the case reveals the victims’ high interactions with chicken and duck as the risk factor (avian). Many cases occurred to adult (> 18 years) with a hit rate of 57.14%. On the other hand, the response rate for the cases shows that 64.29 show late treatment of the cases. The average of confirmed AI cases in Indonesia from July 2005 to February 2006 is 3.5 cases/months. The cases occurred within the area that has AI outbreak to the animal. Up until February 28, 2006, the AI outbreaks have been found within five provinces, they are: Lampung (10.72%), DKI Jakarta (32.14), West Java (39.29%), Banten (14.28%) and Central Java (3.57%). It can be concluded that the cases inflicted more to adult male and to those people who interact more with the risk factor. The cases reveal symptoms such as high fever, cough, respiratory problems, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. Furthermore the cases response rates and Tamiflu effectively were low. The cases occurred mainly in rainy seasons and to the areas those priories have AI outbreaks to the animals such as chickens or ducks.
Faktor-faktor Prognosis Kematian Tetanus Neonatorum di RS Kabupaten Indramayu dan Kabupaten Cirebon Tantijati, Lili; Bantas, Krisnawati
Kesmas Vol. 1, No. 2
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Angka Kematian Bayi (AKB) di Indonesia masih tetap tinggi. Berdasarkan Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS) pada tahun 1995 adalah 55/1.000 kelahiran hidup. Salah satu penyebab utama dari kematian bayi adalah penyakit tetanus neonatorum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan hubungan antara usia saat ditemukan adanya indikasi penyakit neonatarum pada bayi dengan timbulnya kematian yang disebabkan oleh tetanus neonatorum pada bayi-bayi tersebut di Kabupaten Indramayu pada tahun 1996-2001. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain studi epidemiologi kasus-kontrol dengan perbandingan kasus dan kontrol 1:1. Jumlah sampel, 160 penderita tetanus neonatorum. Populasi studi adalah penderita tetanus neonatorum yang dirawat di RSD kabupaten Cirebon dan kabupaten Indramayu tahun 1996-2001. Variabel-variabel yang diteliti adalah variabel kematian (sebagai variable terikat), dan variabel usia neonatus saat onset penyakit, status kekebalan neonatus, berat lahir neonatus, kecepatan pertolongan, jenis, dosis, dan cara pemberian antibiotika; jenis, dosis, dan cara pemberian obat anti kejang dan cara pemberian ATS (sebagai variabel bebas). Semua variabel yang diteliti diukur dengan skala kategorikal. Analisis yang dilakukan secara bertahap meliputi analisis univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Analisis multivariat menggunakan analisis regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor prognosis kematian tetanus neonatorum adalah: usia penderita tetanus neonatorum ≤7 hari (OR = 20.06; nilai p = 0.000), dosis obat antibiotik yang lebih rendah dari standard (OR = 4.34; nilai p = 0.018), kecepatan pertolongan oleh fasilitas kesehatan >2 hari (OR = 6.95; nilai p = 0.000). The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in Indonesia is still high. Based on Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) data, the IMR in 1995 was 55/1,000 live births. One of the main causes of infant death in Indonesia is tetanus neonatorum. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between neonates’ age of disease onset and the infant death caused by tetanus neonatorum in Indramayu and Cirebon Districts in 1996-2001. The study design was case control study with ratio of the number of cases and control of 1:1. The total number of sample was 160 neonates with tetanus neonatorum, consisted of 80-cases (death) and 80-control (live). The study population was neonates with tetanus neonatorum who were hospitalized in Cirebon and Indramayu District Hospital. All of the study variables were measured using categorical scale. Study was analyzed by multivariate analysis, using unconditional logistic regression method. The result of the study showed that the prognostic factors of tetanus neonatorum death risk were age(OR = 20.06; p value = 0.000), neonates with lower than standard dose of antibiotics (OR = 4.34; p value = 0.018); delay of help by health facilities >2 days (OR = 6.95; p value = 0.000).
Prevalensi dan Determinan Hipertensi di Pulau Jawa, Tahun 2004 Setiawan, Zamhir
Kesmas Vol. 1, No. 2
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Hipertensi merupakan faktor risiko utama kardiovaskuler yang merupakan penyebab utama kematian di seluruh dunia. Peningkatan umur harapan hidup dan perubahan gaya hidup meningkatkan faktor risiko hipertensi di berbagai negara. Tujuan penelitian ini (1) Mengetahui prevalensi hipertensi dan penyebarannya di Pulau Jawa tahun 2004. (2) Mengetahui faktor-faktor sosiodemografi yang berhubungan dengan kejadian hipertensi. (3) Mengetahui kontribusi dan dampak potensial masing masing faktor tersebut. Penelitian dengan rancangan studi Ekologi Multilevel ini menggabungkan variabel tingkat pengukuran individu dengan tingkat pengukuran ekologi dalam analisis bersama, dengan unit analisis individu. Analisis kontekstual dilakukan melalui kerangka konsep hipertensi, menggunakan metode analisis regresi logistik ganda, dengan status hipertensi sebagai variabel dependen. Data variabel dependen dan variabel perancu yang merupakan data pengukuran tingkat individu diambil dari data SKRT 2004. Data sosiodemografi tingkat pengukuran ekologi sebagai variabel independen utama, diperoleh dari Profil Kesehatan Indonesia, Statistik Indonesia, Statistik Kesehatan, Statistik Kesejahteraan Rakyat, dan Data Departemen Dalam Negeri, unit pengamatan provinsi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan prevalensi hipertensi di Pulau Jawa 41,9%, dengan kisaran di masing-masing provinsi 36,6-47,7%. Prevalensi di perkotaan 39,9% (37,0-45,8%) dan di perdesaan 44,1% (36,2-51,7%). Hypertension is a main risk factor of cardiovascular disease which is ranked as number one cause of death in the world. The increase of life expectancy and changes in life style have increased the prevalence of hypertension risk factor in both developed and developing countries. The objectives of this study are (1) To know the prevalence and distribution of hypertension in di Java island, in year 2004. (2) To know sosiodemographic factors related to hypertension. (3) To know the contribution of each sosiodemographic factor toward hypertension. The study used multilevel ecologic study design that integrated both individual and ecological level variables measurement. The analysis method used in this study was contextual analysis and multiple logistic regression with hypertension status as dependent variable. The individual level measurement of variables such as hypertension status and age, job, education and sex is taken from Household Health Survey (SKRT) 2004. The sosiodemographic data which was ecological measurement level served as the main independent variables were taken from Indonesian Health Profile, Indonesian Health Statistics, Public Welfare Statistics and data from Department of Internal Affair, particularly from Province Surveillance Unit. The study results showed that the prevalence of hypertension in Java Island was 41.9%, with range of prevalence in provincial level of 36.6-47.7%. The prevalence in urban areas was 39.9% (37.0-45.8%) and in rural areas was 44.1% (36.2-51.7%).
Studi Kasus : Evaluasi Sistem Penanggulangan Kebakaran PT. Indogravure Angela, Theresia Audrey
Kesmas Vol. 1, No. 2
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Kebakaran yang terjadi tak terduga akibat kelalaian manusia dan kondisi lingkungan dapat menyebabkan kerugian materi dan fisik serta rasa khawatiran yang menurunklan kondisi kerja. Kebakaran dapat terjadi akibat aliran listrik hubungan singkat, gesekan rol mesin dan gesekan mekanis mesin sehingga perlu diamati secara ketat. Oleh sebab itu, tiap bangunan dan tempat kerja perlu memiliki fasilitas dan tim penanggulangan kebakaran yang memadai. Sebagai perusahaan industri percetakan pembungkus produk, PT. Indogravure (PTI) mengolah bahan unsur kimia dan plastik yang mudah terbakar, antara lain adalah bahan cair (tinta, lem, solar dan bahan bakar) dan bahan padat (plastik, kertas dan besi). PTI memiliki sistem pengendalian kebakaran berupa alat pemadam api ringan (APAR), yang diletakkan di setiap area kerja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menilai kelayakan upaya-upaya yang dilakukan tersebut berdasarkan berbagai ketentuan yang berlaku bagi perusahaan industri yang beroperasi di Indonesia. Setiap bulan, pihak maintenance melakukan pemeriksaan rutin dan mengganti tabung APAR yang tidak layak terpaka dengan jenis yang sama. Namun, jumlah, tata letak dan jarak antar APAR belum sesuai aturan dari standar yang berlaku, karena hanya mengikuti saran perusahaan rekanan yang menyediakan APAR. Berdasarkan standar nasional (Per-04/MEN/1980) dan sebagian acuan standar internasional (NFPA-10), PTI direkomendasikan untuk melakukan perubahan sistem APAR, untuk menurunkan risiko kecelakaan kerja. The fire can occur at any time and can not be predicted. Usually the fire is caused by human factor such as neglect of duty and surrounding environmental conditions. The fire can cause huge effect in term of physical and asset loss as well as psychological impact that can reduce work performance. The fire can be caused by electricity short connection, the running of roll machine and mechanical frictions. Thus, the building and work place need to have fire protection system with adequate facilities and team for handling emergency condition. PT. Indogravure (PTI) is a printing packing material industrial company which processed flammable chemical and plastic materials including liquid (i.e. ink liquid, glue liquid, diesel and other fuels) and solid materials ( i.e. plastic material, paper, and iron). The objective of this study is to evaluate the appropriateness of the activities conducted by PTI based on the regulations implemented in Indonesia. It was found that PTI had fire protection system consisted of fire extinguisher located at each working area. PTI also had a routine maintenance activity to check the fire extinguisher, if there was any fire extinguisher which did not work , PTI would replace it by the new one with similar classification. However, PTI had not complied fully to the rules, particularly on the number, location, and distance between fire extinguisher, and simply follow the suggestion from the supplier of fire extinguisher. Based on national and international standards (Per-04/MEN/1980 and NFPA-10), it was recommended for PTI to make some revisions of its fire extinguisher system as to reduce the risk of work accident.
Kesesuaian Risiko Pencemaran Antara Inspeksi Sanitasi dan Pemeriksaan Bakteriologi pada Air Kolam Renang di DKI Jakarta, 2005 Darajat, Endang
Kesmas Vol. 1, No. 2
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Di Jakarta, setiap hari diperkirakan 8.000 orang melakukan aktifitas berenang yang membutuhkan air bersih dalam jumlah yang besar. Air bersih yang digunakan berasal dari air tanah dan Perusahaan Air Minum DKI Jakarta. Jumlah orang yang berenang sangat mempengaruhi kualitas air kolam renang yang harus terus dipertahankan agar terhindar dari risiko pencemaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kesesuaian hasil pengukuran risiko pencemaran dengan inspeksi sanitasi dan pemeriksaan bakteriologik pada air kolam renang di DKI Jakarta tahun 2005 Penelitian yang menggunakan disain studi cross sectional mengamati mengamati 30 kolam renang. Variabel yang didiamati adalah 13 variabel inspeksi sanitasi dengan menggunakan adalah univariat dan bivariat. Ditemukan bahwa 13 (44%) air kolam renang menunjukkan tingkat risiko pencemaran rendah dan 17 (56%) air kolam renang menunjukkan tingkat risiko pencemaran tinggi. Sedangkan untuk kualitas bakteriologik diketahui 11 (36,7%) air kolam renang berkualitas baik dan 19 (63,3%) air kolam renang berkualitas buruk. Kesesuaian yang diperoleh adalah 0,733 yang berarti nilai kesesuaian yang baik. Variabel isi air memiliki tingkat risiko pencemaran paling tinggi. Berdasarkan aspek inspeksi sanitasi didapat 8 aspek prediktif dan 5 aspek non–prediktif. Perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan air kolam renang secara berkala serta penyuluhan dan bimbingan pada pengelola kolam renang dan masyarakat tentang kualitas air kolam renang yang baik terhadap kesehatan. It was estimated in Jakarta, more then 8,000 people swim everyday, so it requires height volume of clean water that comes from ground water as well as DKI Jakarta Municipal Water Corporation. The quality of the swimming pool water will affect the people health. By conducting surveillance, we are able to know the quality of the water and recommending intervention when needed. The objective of this research is to obtain information about compatibility pollution risk level between measurement results of sanitary inspection and bacteriological assessment of the swimming pool water in Jakarta 2005. The research used a sectional cross design with total sample of 30 swimming pools. Variable used in this research are 13 sanitation inspection variables and analized using bivariate method of analyses. About 17 (56%) of swimming pool water shows the high risk level of pollutant. The study also shown that the quality of bacteriology is bed, (19; 63,3%) is in bad quality. The total compatibility of the swimming fool water is in a good value 73. Based on sanitation inspection aspect, there are 8 predictive aspects and 5 non predictive aspects. It is important to inspect the swimming pools water periodically, to explain and to guide the swimming pools organizers as well as the society about the importance of swimming pools water quality for health.
Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Program Kusta Berbasis Geografis di Kabupaten Cirebon Tahun 2005 Haeria, Haeria
Kesmas Vol. 1, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Kusta yang disebabkan oleh infeksi Mycobacterium leprae merupakan penyakit menular dengan masalah yang sangat kompleks. Tiga tahun terakhir, Kabupaten Cirebon yang melaporkan 1.207 penderita kusta (Prevalence 1,69/10.000 penduduk), belum mencapai tahap eliminasi sehinga penularan masuh berlansung. Tujuan penelitian mengembangan sistem informasi kusta berbasis geografis yang dapat dijadikan solusi percepatan eliminasi kusta di Kabupaten Cirebon. Metoda yang digunakan adalah System Development Life Cycle, yaitu planning, analysis, design, implementation, maintenance dan evaluation system. Hal tersebut dilakukan dengan memadukan konsep Data Base Management System dan data spasial. Hasil analisis sistem dapat mengidentifikasi masalah manajemen penanggulangan kusta serta alternatif solusi pada level input, proses dan output. Data dan informasi dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, dan telaah dokumen. Sistem ini didesain untuk kemudahan input data dan otomasi proses pengolahan menjadi informasi. Interpretasi epidemiologis kusta pada visual peta dapat mengetahui model difusi transmisi kasus dan jangkauan pelayanan kesehatan (Puskesmas) dalam penanggulangan kusta. Leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae is a contagious disease that generates complex problems. Over the last three years, the District of Cirebon reported 1,207 leprosy cases (prevalence rate 1.69/10,000 population) and had not yet reach leprosy elimination situation, thus the disease was keep spreading. The purpose of this system development was to develop an application of Leprosy System Information Program Based on geographical information system for leprosy elimination acceleration program in Cirebon. The method used in this study was System Development Life Cycle method (planning, analysis, design, implementation, maintenance, and evaluation), by combining Data Base Management System concept and spatial data. Data and information needed were collected by interview and document observation. The system was designed for facilitating data input and automation of its process mechanism to produce information. Output were in form of regular report, tabulation, graphic, and area endemic mapping information with urban smallest observation unit. Epidemiologic interpretation on leprosy case from visual map can identify case transmission diffusion model and health service (Puskesmas) range capacity in leprosy elimination.
Indeks Sosio-ekonomi Menggunakan Principal Component Analysis Ariawan, Iwan
Kesmas Vol. 1, No. 2
Publisher : UI Scholars Hub

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Pada penelitian survei, kita dapat mengukur tingkat status sosio-ekonomi rumah tangga melalui pemasukan, pengeluaran dan kepemilikan barang-barang berharga. Penggunaan variabel pemasukan dan pengeluaran di negara berkembang memiliki banyak kelemahan, sehingga banyak peneliti lebih suka menggunakan variabel kepemilikan barang berharga untuk mengukur status sosio-ekonomi. Namun, penggunaan variabel kepemilikan barang berharga menimbulkan masalah lain, yaitu banyaknya variabel untuk mengukur status sosio-ekonomi. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah menyederhanakan banyak variabel kepemilikan barang berharga menjadi 1 indeks sosio-ekonomi. Data yang digunakan adalah data Survei Demografi Kesehatan Indonesia 2002-2003 yang memiliki 7 variabel binomial tentang kepemilikan barang berharga dan 3 variabel ordinal tentang keadaan rumah untuk membuat indeks sosio-ekonomi. Indeks dibentuk dengan menggunakan principal component analysis (PCA), korelasi tetrakorik dan polikorik. Kami memperlihatkan bagaimana membuat indeks sosio-ekonomi dengan bantuan perangkat lunak Stata. Matriks korelasi tetrakorik dibentuk dengan perintah tetrachoric dan matriks korelasi polikorik dibentuk dengan perintah polychoric. Dua indeks sosio-ekonomi dibentuk, 1 indeks berdasarkan 7 variabel binomial kepemilikan barang berharga dan 1 indeks lagi berdasarkan ke 7 variabel binomial tersebut ditambah 3 variabel ordinal kondisi rumah. Kedua indeks dibentuk dengan prosedur PCA. Pada model 7 variabel binomial, indeks yang terbentuk dapat menjelaskan 57% varians kepemilikan barang berharga dan pada model 7 variabel binomial ditambah 3 variabel ordinal, indeks dapat menjelaskan 54% varians kepemilikan barang berharga dan kondisi rumah. Kami juga memperlihatkan penggunaan perintah xtile untuk membagi subyek penelitian menurut kuintil indeks sosio-ekonomi. PCA, korelasi tetrakorik dan polikorik dapat digunakan untuk membentuk indeks sosio-ekonomi berdasarakan informasi tentang kepemilikan barang berharga dan kondisi rumah. In household survey, we could measure socio-economic status through income, expenditure and ownership of valuable goods. Measuring income and expenditure in developing countries has many weaknesses, therefore many researchers prefer to use the ownership of valuable goods as proxy of socio-economic status. Using ownership of valuable goods as proxy indicator creates another problem of having many variables for the socio-economic proxy. To show how to simplify many variables of ownership of valuable goods into 1 socio-economic index. Using principal component analysis with Stata. Using Indonesia Demographic & Health Survey 2002-2003 data, 7 binomial variables of ownership of valuable goods and 3 ordinal variables of housing condition to construct socio-economic indices using principal component analysis (PCA), tetrachoric and polychoric correlation.We used Stata to construct the socio-economic index. Correlation matrices were derived using tetrachoric command for tetrachoric correlation and polychoric command for polychoric correlation. Two socio-economic indices were constructed, 1 index was based only on 7 binomial variables of ownership of valuable goods and 1 index was based on 7 binomial variables of ownership of valuable goods and 3 ordinal variables of housing conditions. PCA was used to construct those 2 indices. In 7 variables model, the socio-economic index could explain 57% variance and in 10 variables model, the socio-economic index could explain 54% variance. We also showed the use of xtile command to regroup the subjects based on quintile of socio-economic indices. PCA, tetrachoric and polychoric correlation could be used to construct socio-economic indices based on information of ownership of valuable goods and housing conditions.

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