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INDONESIA
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : -     EISSN : 25481576     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/ijcls
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
The Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies (IJCLS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that primarily focuses on comparative criminal law. The journal serves as a platform for scholarly discourse and critical analysis of criminal law systems across different jurisdictions.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 146 Documents
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Terrorism Financing Modus Operandi In Indonesia Ali Masyhar Mursyid; Muhammad Haidar Ghoni; Indah Sri Utari; Aprila Niravita; Muhammad Azzam
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v10i2.29593

Abstract

The dynamics of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia never cease. Even at the end of 2024, Densus 88 Antiterror arrested a number of perpetrators involved in various terrorist activities. This shows that radicalism and terrorism continue to develop through small cells that spread radical ideology. And, if we let our guard down, they will certainly carry out acts of terrorism using various schemes. To support these radical-terrorist activities, significant funding is required. There are at least two main channels: legal and illegal. Legal fund-raising by radical terrorist groups is carried out through certain disguised methods, such as donations, charity boxes, and some legal businesses. On the other hand, the illegal channel is known as "fai'," where they justify using methods such as robbery, theft, fraud, and others. Law Number 9 of 2013 on the Eradication and Prevention of Terrorism Financing Crimes serves as the legal basis for prosecuting terrorism financing activities. This study successfully uncovered various financing terrorism schemes. It was found in the field that radical groups still rely on legitimate businesses to fund their radical activities. In addition to conventional businesses, they utilise social media and virtual platforms to collect and transfer funds. They are more likely to use cryptocurrency, specifically Bitcoin, due to its anonymity and the difficulty in tracking it. Non-conventional methods such as cyber fraud in the form of investment scams, as well as cybercrimes like hacking websites and conducting other cyberattacks, can generate funds.
Rehabilitation through Reading: Evaluating Prisoners’ Right to Literacy as a Tool to Reduce Recidivism Ade Adhari; Fransisca Iriani Roesmala Dewi; Anis Widyawati; Darius Andana Haris; Dwiky Chandra
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v10i2.29687

Abstract

Fulfilling inmates’ right to reading materials is crucial for effective rehabilitation within Indonesia’s correctional system, despite robust legal guarantees—from the 1945 Constitution to specific laws and regulations—practical implementation faces significant hurdles. High recidivism rates in Indonesia underscore the urgent need for genuine rehabilitation beyond mere punitive measures. Using a doctrinal legal research method, the analysis draws on statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by case studies from Class IIB Pinrang, LPKA Pekanbaru, and Class IIA Kupang. Findings highlight there is a persistent gap between legal mandates and on-the-ground reality. A fundamental shift is needed to bridge this: reading must be seen not just as a formal right, but as a core educational and rehabilitative tool for intellectual and personal development. Strategic improvements require stronger cross-sector collaboration, enhanced officer training, and outcome-based evaluation to ensure reading genuinely transforms inmates and supports their successful reintegration into society.
Harmonization of Prisoners’ Rights in National Law in Accordance with Global Standards Richard Chandra Adam; Amad Sudiro; Luo Yuan Yuan
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v10i2.29702

Abstract

This study is grounded in the principle that human rights are inherent and cannot be separated from individuals under any circumstances, including those serving prison sentences. Although imprisonment restricts personal liberty, it does not eliminate basic rights; however, violations of prisoners’ rights remain widespread globally and within Indonesia, including overcrowded and degrading prison conditions, forced labor practices, and inadequate access to healthcare, education, and legal aid. The research examines how international legal instruments regulate the protection of prisoners’ rights and how these standards are implemented within Indonesia’s correctional system. Employing a normative legal research method with a statutory approach, the study draws upon primary legal sources, such as international conventions and national legislation, as well as secondary materials consisting of academic writings, journal articles, and official reports. The findings indicate that several international instruments establish universal standards for the treatment of prisoners, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the Convention against Torture (1984), the Nelson Mandela Rules, and the Bangkok Rules for women prisoners. Indonesia has ratified key conventions and possesses a comprehensive domestic legal framework, including the 1945 Constitution, Pancasila, and Law Number 22 of 2022 on Corrections. Nonetheless, practical implementation remains limited due to persistent prison overcrowding, insufficient health facilities, unmet gender-specific needs of women prisoners, and the absence of ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture (OPCAT). The study concludes that despite strong normative foundations, there remains a significant gap between legal standards and correctional realities, and recommends ratifying the OPCAT, increasing correctional resources, strengthening rehabilitation-based programs, and adopting gender-responsive prison policies to align national practice with international human rights norms.
Speedy Trial in Election Crimes in Indonesia: Between Judicial Efficiency and Evidentiary Integrity Riezka Eka Mayasari; La Ode Awal Sakti; Siti Hudzaifah Miftahul Jannah; Yahyanto; Eduardo Andres Cellis
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v10i2.29811

Abstract

Speedy trials in regional election criminal cases are essential for maintaining democratic integrity, but they raise concerns about balancing efficiency with substantive justice. This study examines the implications of implementing speedy trial principles on evidence quality, access to justice, human rights protection, and judicial system integrity through normative legal analysis of primary sources. The research reveals that accelerated judicial processes create tensions between procedural speed and thoroughness, potentially compromising the examination of evidence, disadvantaging resource-limited defendants, and risking due process violations. The findings demonstrate that expedited timelines may undermine comprehensive legal reasoning in judicial decisions. A balanced framework is essential to achieve both procedural efficiency and substantive justice in electoral criminal proceedings.
A Comparative Analysis of the Transformation of Corruption Practices in Indonesia and Malaysia Adithiya Diar; Tri Imam Munandar; Saidatul Nadia Abd Aziz
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v10i2.30206

Abstract

This study analyses the dynamics of corruption in Indonesia and Malaysia as developing countries, focusing on how corrupt practices have transformed from individual crimes into institutionalized systems legitimized socially and politically. socially and politically. The main research questions include: (1) how the forms and patterns of corruption evolve within the institutional context of developing states; and (2) how written law in Indonesia and Malaysia contributes to both the preservation and control of corruption. This research employs a socio-legal approach using a comparative normative-sociological analysis of anti-corruption regulations, law enforcement institutions, and political practices in both countries. The findings reveal that Indonesia and Malaysia face a paradox in their anti-corruption frameworks: strong normative structures yet weak implementation due to the dominance of political interests, bureaucratic patronage, and limited institutional independence. The transformation of corruption occurs through the institutionalization of patronage and socially accepted gratification practices, embedding corruption within the governance system itself. In conclusion, effective anti-corruption efforts in both countries require structural reforms that reinforce the independence of anti-corruption agencies, promote active participation by civil society, and establish an integrity-based private sector. The law must be liberated from political domination so that it functions not merely as a repressive instrument, but as a means of cultivating public ethics and achieving substantive justice.
Legal Recognition of Business Incubators: Ethics, Compliance, and Corruption Prevention in Strengthening MSMEs Lyna Latifah; Isti Hidayah; Fafurida; Budi Prasetiyo; Barokah Isdaryanti
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v10i2.31238

Abstract

This study examines the absence of explicit legal regulation for business incubators in Indonesia and its implications for their role in supporting MSMEs and startups. Business incubators play an important role in inclusive economic development through mentoring services, business networking, and financing facilitation.  Yet, they lack legal personhood and generally operate under parent institutions such as universities or government agencies, creating operational limitations and potential corruption risks. This research uses a normative and comparative juridical approach. Analysis is conducted on national laws and regulations and comparative studies on policies in other countries, such as South Korea, Singapore, and Malaysia. The key finding is that despite various policies supporting entrepreneurship, no regulation directly recognizes incubators as independent legal entities. Data were obtained through documentary and literature studies, then analyzed qualitatively through systematic, prescriptive, and comparative approaches. The results show that while several regulations support entrepreneurship development, none provide explicit legal recognition of incubators as independent legal subjects. Incubators generally operate under parent institutions such as universities or government agencies, which limits contractual flexibility and access to funding sources. This research, therefore, recommends the formulation of specific regulations or standardized governance mechanisms to ensure legal certainty, institutional accountability, and long-term sustainability. As a result, the operational effectiveness and sustainability of incubators are improved. Such reforms are expected to provide legal certainty, strengthen institutional accountability, and encourage the strengthening of the national innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem. Clear legal recognition would enable incubators to function more effectively as innovation and MSME growth catalysts.
Reconstructing the Legal Understanding of the Presumption of Innocence in Criminal Justice to Achieve Justice Heri Purwanto; Pujiyono; Irma Cahyaningtyas; Ridwan Arifin; Muhammad Azil Maskur
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v10i2.32033

Abstract

The presumption of innocence (APTB) is a well-known principle that guarantees human rights. This principle is also used in criminal law to protect suspected criminals. The problem is that law enforcement officials do not fully understand this principle in criminal proceedings, as they tend to believe that the presumption of guilt applies to suspected criminals. Law enforcement officials believe that the judicial process cannot proceed if the presumption of guilt principle is not applied. However, the APTB is not the opposite of the presumption of guilt principle; rather, it is a principle that can bring balance to the criminal justice process by prioritizing legal protection for those seeking justice to prevent them from facing arbitrary actions by law enforcement officials. This method employs normative research, prioritising the analysis of secondary data/literature supported by other literature and cases drawn from internet sources. The findings of this study explain that law enforcement officials' understanding of APTB is crucial in the criminal justice process as a form of legal protection for those seeking justice. Applying the principle must be supported by clearly incorporating APTB into the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) for the future. Currently, APTB is not regulated in the provisions of the KUHAP, so in the future, when the principle is regulated, law enforcement officials in the criminal justice process will have a strong basis for not disregarding the presumption of innocence principle.
Criminalizing the Guardians: Eco-Justice and Indigenous Struggles in Indonesia and Nigeria Septhian Eka Adiyatma; Ana Silviana; Dorcas Adesola Thanni
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 10 No. 2 (2025): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2025)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/ijcls.v10i2.33536

Abstract

This study examines the criminalization of Indigenous communities in Indonesia and Nigeria within the broader framework of ecological justice and natural resource governance. Using a normative legal research method combined with a comparative approach, the research explores how state–corporate alliances and positivist legal paradigms perpetuate structural injustice against Indigenous environmental defenders. Findings reveal that the law, instead of serving as an instrument of protection, often legitimizes ecological exploitation and marginalization through selective enforcement and the absence of robust safeguards for Indigenous land rights. The study introduces the eco-justice and ecocide frameworks as normative foundations for transforming criminal law toward a more equitable and ecocentric model. Eco-justice demands the integration of distributive, procedural, and recognition justice in environmental decision-making, while the concept of ecocide expands criminal liability to cover large-scale and systemic environmental destruction. Comparative insights from Sweden further illustrate that genuine ecological justice requires multi-layered protection combining legal recognition, participatory consultation, and judicial precedents that affirm Indigenous sovereignty over natural resources. This research argues that recognizing Indigenous communities as legitimate legal subjects and incorporating ecocide into national criminal law constitute essential steps toward restoring balance between human rights and the rights of nature.
PERAN KEPOLISIAN DALAM PEMBERANTASAN TINDAK PIDANA PERDAGANGAN ORANG (EKSPLOITASI SEKSUAL) MELALUI MEDIA ELEKTRONIK: The Role of the Police in Eradicating the Crime of Human Trafficking (Sexual Exploitation) Through Electronic Media Musa Ridho
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2016)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/zs550943

Abstract

Undang-Undang No. 21 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang merupakan landasan yuridis serta bukti nyata komitmen pemerintah memberantas tindak pidana tersebut. Dalam hal penyidikan tindak pidana perdagangan orang khususnya untuk tujuan eksploitasi seksual, masih banyak ditemukannya permasalahan untuk mengungkap kasus tersebut terlebih lagi jika dikaitkan dengan perkembangan teknologi masa kini.Tujuan dalam penulisan ini adalah mengidentifikasi faktor yang menjadi penyebab maraknya tindak pidana perdagangan orang, mengkaji realitas tindak pidana perdagangan orang khususnya eksploitasi seksual di Kota Semarang dan menganalisa peran pelaksanaan penyidikan dalam pemberantasan tindak pidana perdagangan orang khususnya eksploitasi seksual melalui media elektronik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menghasilkan data deskriptif. Lokasi dalam penelitian ini adalah di Polrestabes Semarang. Sumber data penelitian diperoleh dari: 1) Data primer (informan), 2) Data sekunder (dokumen). Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui: 1) wawancara, 2) dokumentasi, 3) observasi. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa faktor penyebab terjadinya perdagangan orang untuk tujuan ekspolitasi seksual yaitu faktor ekonomi, faktor ketidaksetaraan gender, dan faktor penegakan hukum. Adapun realitas tindak pidana perdagangan orang di Kota Semarang saling berkaitan satu sama lain yakni ada beberapa hal yaitu pelaku, proses, cara, dan tujuan. Sedangkan peran pelaksanaan penyidikan pada kasus ini masih belum maksimal sebab kurangnya tindakan penyelidikan secara utuh sehingga sulit terpenuhinya unsur pembuktiannya. Saran peneliti diantaranya Polrestabes Semarang kiranya dapat mengevaluasi kinerja aparatnya untuk peningkatan profesionalisme kinerja penyidik serta diperlukan adanya peningkatan sarana dan prasarana pada Polrestabes Semarang guna menunjang keperluan penyidikan. Law No. 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Crime of Human Trafficking is a legal basis and concrete evidence of the government's commitment to eradicating this crime. In terms of investigating the crime of human trafficking, especially for the purpose of sexual exploitation, there are still many problems found in uncovering these cases, especially when linked to current technological developments. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that cause the rise of the crime of human trafficking, examine the reality of the crime of human trafficking, especially sexual exploitation in Semarang City, and analyze the role of the implementation of investigations in eradicating the crime of human trafficking, especially sexual exploitation through electronic media. This study uses qualitative methods to produce descriptive data. The location in this study is at the Semarang Police Headquarters. The research data sources were obtained from: 1) Primary data (informants), 2) Secondary data (documents). Data collection methods were carried out through: 1) interviews, 2) documentation, 3) observation. The results of the study concluded that the factors causing the occurrence of human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation are economic factors, gender inequality factors, and law enforcement factors. The reality of human trafficking in Semarang City is interconnected, encompassing several factors: the perpetrator, the process, the method, and the objective. Meanwhile, the role of the investigation in this case has been suboptimal due to the lack of comprehensive investigative measures, making it difficult to fulfill the elements of evidence. The researcher's suggestions include evaluating the performance of its officers to improve the professionalism of investigators. Furthermore, the Semarang Police Department needs to improve its facilities and infrastructure to support investigations.
RELEVANSI YURIDIS MEDIASI PENAL DALAM PENYELESAIAN TINDAK PIDANA PADA MASYARAKAT SUKU SAMIN: The Legal Relevance of Penal Mediation in Resolving Criminal Acts in the Samin Tribe Community Winarsih Winarsih; Cahya Wulandari
Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies Vol. 1 No. 1 (2016): Indonesia J. Crim. L. Studies (November, 2016)
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/v9k2gm77

Abstract

Masyarakat Suku Samin merupakan masyarakat adat yang mempunyai perilaku menyimpang dari tradisi masyarakat lain di Indonesia, seperti membangkang dan tidak patuh terhadap pemerintah. Keyakinan orang Samin dalam menjalani kehidupannya yang masih berpegang teguh terhadap nilai dan budaya mengakibatkan Suku Samin mempunyai karateristik yang berbeda dengan yang lain, termasuk dalam tata cara penyelesaian tindak pidana yang tidak menggunakan jalur pengadilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan: Pertama, menggambarkan mediasi penal yang selama ini dijalankan oleh masyarakat Suku Samin. Kedua, mendeskripsikan relevansi yuridis mediasi penal yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Suku Samin. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis sosiologis dengan pendekatan kualitatif serta sumber data primer dan sekunder. Sedangkan dalam menganalisis data penulis menggunakan teknik triangulasi yang digunakan untuk membandingkan hasil wawancara dengan isi suatu dokumen yang berkaitan dengan penelitian. Hasil penelitian pertama, mediasi penal selama ini dijalankan oleh masyarakat Desa Klopoduwur terhadap semua jenis tindak pidana, baik tindak pidana yang terjadi di intern Suku Samin, maupun tindak pidana yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat pada umumnya dengan tata cara yang berbeda. Kedua, berdasar Pasal 42 ayat (2) dan ayat (3) RKUHAP (Rancangan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana) mediasi penal yang dilakukan dapat diakui akan tetapi hanya untuk beberapa tindak pidana seperti tercantum dalam Pasal 42 ayat (3) RKUHAP. Dalam RKUHP (Rancangan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana) mediasi penal yang dilakukan di Desa Klopoduwur dapat dikualifikasikan dalam Pasal 145 jo Pasal 146 RKUHP. Tribal community of Samin are an indigenous community who have deviant behavior of the tradition from the other communities in Indonesia, such as insubordination and disobeying toward the government. Samin belief in living life that still cling to the values and culture resulted in Samin tribe has different characteristics with the others, including the procedures for the settlement of criminal offenses that do not use the courts procedures. This research aims to: The first, to describe the penal mediation used in Samin tribe. The second, to describe the relevance of the juridical-penal mediation conducted by Samin tribe. The method used in this research is juridical sociological with a qualitative approach as well as primary and secondary data sources. Meanwhile the authors analyzed data using triangulation techniques which used to compare the results of interviews with the contents of a document relating to this research. The results from this reseach are: the first penal mediation has been used by the community of Klopoduwur for all types of crime, both offenses occurred in internal Samin tribe, as well as criminal acts committed by the society in a manner that is different. The second, under article 42 paragraph (2) and (3) RKUHAP (Draft of Criminal Court Procedure) penal mediation conducted can be recognized but only to some of criminal offenses as listed in article 42 paragraph (3) RKUHAP. In RKUHP (Draft of Criminal Code) penal mediation conducted can be qualified at article 145 in conjunction with article 146 RKUHP.

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