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Journal of Civil Criminal Law
Published by International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers
ISSN : 30896886     EISSN : 30896878     DOI : 10.70062
Core Subject : Social,
Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice
International Journal of Civil Criminal Law, This journal is intended for the publication of scientific articles published by the International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers. This journal presents in-depth research and analysis of international civil and criminal law. Its main focus is to explore developments in theory and practice in civil and criminal law from various countries around the world. Articles in the journal cover a wide range of topics such as judicial proceedings, protection of individual rights, contract law, criminal liability, and relevant legal policies. By providing a platform for contributors from diverse backgrounds, the journal not only supports the continued development of legal theory, but also promotes a better understanding of cultural differences and legal systems in different parts of the world. This journal is published 1 year 3 times (April, August, and December).
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 12 Documents
 1   2 
Strengthening Victim Protection and Restorative Justice in Transnational Crime Cases: Legal Harmonization between Civil Remedies and Criminal Prosecution Linda Ikawati; Yasmirah Mandasari Saragih; Lidya Devega Br. Sinaga
Journal of Civil Criminal Law Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025): December : International Journal of Civil Criminal Law
Publisher : International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70062/jccl.v1i3.144

Abstract

Background: Transnational crime has become increasingly complex and has wide-ranging impacts on victims, while existing legal systems still demonstrate fragmentation between criminal and civil law and remain inadequate in providing effective victim protection and recovery. Research objective: This study aims to analyze and strengthen victim protection in transnational crime through a restorative justice approach, with a particular emphasis on harmonizing criminal and civil legal mechanisms. Method: This study employs a socio-legal approach that integrates normative legal analysis with empirical methods, including case studies, comparative analysis across jurisdictions, and interviews with legal practitioners and non-governmental organizations. Results: The findings indicate that victim protection is hindered by weak restitution enforcement, complex compensation procedures, limited institutional coordination, and cross-border legal barriers. In addition, the implementation of restorative justice in the context of transnational crime remains limited due to the lack of integration within formal legal systems. Therefore, an integrative approach combining criminal law, civil law, and restorative justice is necessary to establish a more comprehensive, effective, and victim-oriented system of protection.
The Evolution of Contractual Liability in Smart Agreements: Legal Challenges of Blockchain-Based Transactions within Civil and Criminal Law Perspectives H Muhamad Rezky Pahlawan MP; Baharuddin Riqiey
Journal of Civil Criminal Law Vol. 1 No. 3 (2025): December : International Journal of Civil Criminal Law
Publisher : International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70062/jccl.v1i3.145

Abstract

Background: The rapid development of blockchain technology and smart contracts has fundamentally transformed contractual relationships by shifting the role of human interpretation and enforcement toward automated, code-based, and decentralized systems. This transformation generates complex legal implications, particularly regarding the evolution of contractual liability, which is increasingly distributed and no longer centered on a single legal subject. Objective: This study aims to analyze the evolution of contractual liability in smart agreements and examine how such transformation affects the fundamental principles of traditional contract law within modern legal systems. Methods: This research employs a normative and conceptual legal approach, supported by an analysis of blockchain regulations across multiple jurisdictions, case studies of smart contract implementation, and a comparative legal analysis between civil law and common law systems, complemented by a multidisciplinary literature review. Results: The findings indicate that contractual liability in smart agreements has evolved from a centralized fault-based liability model to an algorithmic, distributed, and code-dependent liability structure within blockchain ecosystems. This evolution creates new legal challenges concerning the attribution of liability, legal certainty, and the limitation of judicial intervention in automated contractual arrangements. Furthermore, the study identifies a tension between technological efficiency and substantive legal justice, highlighting the need for adaptive legal frameworks capable of accommodating decentralized technologies while ensuring the protection of legal rights and accountability of involved parties.

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