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Academia Open
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27147444     DOI : 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.12985
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Academia Open is published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo published 2 (two) issues per year (June and December). This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal aims is to provide a place for academics and practitioners to publish original research and review articles. The articles basically contains any topics research or review. Academia Open is available in online version. Language used in this journal is Indonesia or English.
Arjuna Subject : Profesi Kesehatan - Profesi Kesehatan (Lain-Lain)
Articles 2,389 Documents
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An Exploratory Technique in Differentiating Melanoma and Basal Cell Carcinoma using Raman Spectroscopy Zeyad Al-Ibadi
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13814

Abstract

General Background: Accurate differentiation between melanoma and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is essential due to their distinct biological characteristics and clinical management. Specific Background: Raman spectroscopy enables label-free biochemical profiling of tissues by detecting molecular vibrations within the 600–1800 cm⁻¹ fingerprint region. Knowledge Gap: However, systematic discrimination between melanoma and BCC using fresh ex vivo Raman spectra remains limited. Aims: This exploratory study assessed the capability of Raman spectral fingerprints to distinguish melanoma from BCC using standardized preprocessing and statistical analysis. Results: Analysis of 40 spectra (20 melanoma, 20 BCC) acquired at 790 nm identified over 1000 statistically significant Raman shifts (FDR < 0.05), grouped into key biochemical bands related to aromatic amino acids, amide structures, and lipid vibrations. Major peaks at 748–755, 1000–1005, 1440–1455, and 1655–1665 cm⁻¹ showed large effect sizes. Principal component analysis demonstrated clear class separation, with PC1 explaining 61.5% of total variance. Novelty: The study defines distinct Raman spectral biomarkers differentiating melanoma and BCC through integrated statistical and multivariate approaches. Implications: These findings support Raman spectroscopy as a rapid molecular profiling tool for skin cancer subtyping and a basis for future clinical translation. Highlights:• Over 1000 Significant Raman Shifts Clustered Into Major Biochemical Bands Distinguishing Tumour Types.• Aromatic Amino Acids, Amide Structures, and Lipid Vibrations Exhibited Large Effect Sizes Between Groups.• Multivariate Modelling Showed Distinct Clustering With Dominant Variance Captured by the First Principal Component. Keywords: Raman Spectroscopy, Melanoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Skin Cancer Diagnostics, Spectral Biomarkers
Measuring and Analyzing the Relationship Between Global Warming and Economic Growth Using the Vector Autoregression (VAR) Model: Iraq as a Case Study for the Period (1990–2016) Alaa Nouri Hussein
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13816

Abstract

General Background: Global warming driven by carbon dioxide emissions has become a central challenge to economic systems, particularly in developing and oil-dependent countries. Specific Background: Iraq, as a rentier economy heavily reliant on oil production, faces rising CO₂ emissions alongside fluctuating gross domestic product growth, especially during the period 1980–2016 marked by wars, sanctions, and structural instability. Knowledge Gap: Despite increasing environmental deterioration, limited econometric evidence exists on the dynamic relationship between global warming and economic growth in Iraq. Aims: This study analyzes the short-run and long-run interactions between CO₂ emissions and GDP using annual World Bank data and the Vector Autoregression model. Results: Unit root tests confirm stationarity at first difference, while the Engle–Granger test indicates no long-term cointegration between the variables. VAR estimates reveal weak but positive short-run interactions, where economic growth slightly increases emissions and past emissions strongly determine current emission levels, with model explanatory power reaching 96% and 89% respectively. Novelty: The study provides a structured econometric assessment of environmental and economic dynamics in Iraq using VAR modeling for the full 1980–2016 period. Implications: Findings highlight the short-term mutual dynamics between oil-driven growth and emissions, underscoring the need for diversification strategies and climate-focused economic policies in Iraq. Highlights:• No Long-Run Equilibrium Detected Between Co₂ Emissions and GDP.• Short-Term Dynamics Show Weak Reciprocal Interactions.• Past Emission Levels Strongly Determine Current Emission Trends. Keywords: Global Warming, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Economic Growth, Vector Autoregression, Iraq
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION AS AN APPROACH TO ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY IN SOME COLLEGES OF THE HOLY UNIVERSITY IN KARBALA: TRANSFORMASI DIGITAL SEBAGAI PENDEKATAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEUNGGULAN KOMPETITIF BERKELANJUTAN DALAM KINERJA LEMBAGA PENDIDIKAN: STUDI ANALITIS DI BEBERAPA PERGURUAN TINGGI DI UNIVERSITAS SUCI DI KARBALA Abbas Jasim Mohammad
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13822

Abstract

General Background: Digital transformation has become a strategic approach for organizations seeking improved operational systems and competitive positioning through the integration of advanced technologies, digital strategies, and data-driven management. Specific Background: In higher education institutions, digital transformation involves technological infrastructure, data and analytics, digital strategy, security, and organizational culture to support institutional performance and competitive advantage dimensions such as quality, service excellence, and customer responsiveness. Knowledge Gap: Despite increasing global attention to digital transformation in universities, empirical studies examining its relationship with sustainable competitive advantage in educational institutions remain limited, particularly within the context of Iraqi higher education. Aims: This study aims to analyze the relationship between digital transformation dimensions and competitive advantage in the performance of educational institutions through a field study conducted in several colleges of the Holy University of Karbala. Results: The findings indicate a statistically significant relationship between digital transformation and competitive advantage dimensions. Digital strategy and data analytics show significant relationships with quality and service excellence, while data and analytics demonstrate a significant relationship with customer responsiveness. Overall results show high levels of digital transformation (mean = 4.00) and competitive advantage (mean = 4.17), with an overall mean of 4.09 indicating strong consensus regarding the role of digital technologies in institutional performance. Novelty: This study provides empirical evidence linking multiple digital transformation dimensions with competitive advantage indicators within university environments. Implications: The results highlight the importance of investing in digital infrastructure, adopting comprehensive digital strategies, and strengthening data-driven decision-making to support institutional performance and long-term competitiveness in higher education. Highlights: Strong institutional agreement regarding digital technology adoption in university operations Data analytics shows a significant relationship with responsiveness to user needs Strategic digital planning demonstrates statistical association with academic service quality Keywords: Digital Transformation; Competitive Advantage; Educational Institution Performance; Data And Analytics; Digital Strategy
Sophisticated Nickel-Based Nanocatalysts for Effective Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Preparation, Characteristics, and Electrocatalytic Activity Alaa N. Kurdi
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13823

Abstract

General Background: Hydrogen generated through electrochemical water splitting is a promising clean energy carrier due to its high energy density and carbon-free combustion. Specific Background: The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) requires efficient cathode catalysts, but platinum-group metals are limited by scarcity and cost, encouraging the exploration of nickel-based electrocatalysts. Knowledge Gap: The relationship between synthesis strategy, nanostructure formation, and HER electrocatalytic behavior of advanced nickel heterostructures and phosphosulfide systems remains insufficiently clarified. Aims: This study evaluates Ni/Ni(OH)₂ heterostructures and nickel phosphosulfide (Ni-P-S) nanocatalysts by examining their preparation, structural characteristics, and HER performance in alkaline media. Results: Structural analysis using XRD, XPS, and TEM confirmed successful nanostructure formation, including core–shell Ni/Ni(OH)₂ structures and porous nanosheet Ni-P-S networks. Electrochemical measurements showed that Ni-P-S required an overpotential of 78 mV at 10 mA cm⁻² and maintained stability for more than 50 hours in 1 M KOH, while Ni/Ni(OH)₂ exhibited higher overpotential values. Novelty: The study provides a comparative evaluation linking synthesis routes, nanostructure morphology, and HER electrocatalytic behavior of two nickel-based catalysts. Implications: These findings support the development of scalable non-precious metal catalysts for alkaline water electrolysis and sustainable hydrogen production technologies. Highlights:• Porous Nanosheet Architecture Provides High Electrochemically Active Surface Area.• Charge Transfer Resistance Decreases at the Catalyst and Electrolyte Interface.• Long-Term Operation Exceeding Fifty Hours Demonstrates Durability in Alkaline Medium. Keywords: Nickel Based Nanocatalysts, Hydrogen Evolution Reaction, Alkaline Water Splitting, Electrocatalysis, Nanostructured Catalysts
Self-Paced Moodle Learning Advances Teachers Digital Competence Levels: Pembelajaran Mandiri Moodle Meningkatkan Tingkat Kompetensi Digital Guru Hafizh Fajar Rajab; Edah Jubaedah; Hendrikus T. Gedeona; Hafid Aditya Pradesa Pradesa
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13825

Abstract

General Background: Digital competence has become a fundamental requirement for effective pedagogy in technology-integrated education systems. Specific Background: At SMAN 1 Nagreg, teachers’ use of digital tools remained limited, with most operating at the Newcomer and Explorer levels of the DigCompEdu framework and relying on conventional professional development approaches. Knowledge Gap: Empirical action research on self-paced e-learning models for secondary school teachers in resource-constrained settings remains limited, particularly regarding structured and iterative interventions. Aims: This study evaluates a Moodle-based self-paced e-learning program designed using the ADDIE framework within Classroom Action Research to improve teachers’ digital competencies across six DigCompEdu domains. Results: Findings indicate a transition from A1/A2 levels to the Integrator (B1) level, with notable progress in legal digital resource curation and interactive digital assessment practices. Teachers reported a 79.05% positive response rate, emphasizing flexibility as a key advantage, while time management remained a primary challenge. Novelty: The study demonstrates the integration of CAR and ADDIE within a self-paced Moodle environment as a structured intervention model for teacher professional development. Implications: Institutional support, including formal policy integration and protected learning time, is essential to sustain competency development and ensure broader adoption of self-paced digital training. Highlights• Transition from beginner to integrator competency stages across all DigCompEdu domains• Strong progression in ethical resource selection and data-driven evaluation practices• Flexible access model widely appreciated despite workload-related participation barriers KeywordsDigital Competency; DigCompEdu Framework; Moodle Learning Platform; Self-Paced Learning; Teacher Professional Development
Animated Video Learning Improves Elementary Students Electrical Circuit Understanding: Pembelajaran Video Animasi Meningkatkan Pemahaman Rangkaian Listrik Siswa SD Ergi Ryanda; Ahmad Khoiri
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13826

Abstract

General Background: Elementary education requires appropriate instructional media to support student understanding and engagement, particularly within integrated science learning (IPAS). Specific Background: Learning about simple electrical circuits is often challenging for elementary students due to its abstract and dynamic nature, while classroom practices remain dominated by limited and less interactive media. Knowledge Gap: Although animated video has been widely recognized in science education, there is limited empirical evidence focusing on its application in IPAS learning on simple electrical circuits for fifth-grade students and its role in addressing conceptual understanding and classroom engagement. Aims: This study aims to examine the use of animated video in improving student learning outcomes on simple electrical circuit concepts among fifth-grade students at SDN 1 Pinoh Utara. Results: Using a one-group pretest-posttest design with 20 students, the findings reveal a statistically significant increase in learning outcomes after the intervention (t_count = 30.241 > t_table = 1.734; p < 0.05), indicating measurable improvement in students’ cognitive achievement. Novelty: The study applies Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning principles within IPAS context to directly measure learning outcomes and conceptual understanding of abstract scientific processes in elementary education. Implications: Animated video learning provides a practical instructional approach that supports active participation, accommodates diverse learning styles, and facilitates clearer understanding of abstract concepts, offering valuable guidance for improving science teaching strategies in primary schools. Highlights• Significant gain in posttest scores demonstrates measurable learning progress• Multimedia-based instruction supports active classroom participation• Visual representation clarifies abstract scientific processes for young learners KeywordsAnimated Video; Learning Outcomes; Electrical Circuits; Elementary Education; Multimedia Learning
Souvenir Centers Driving MSME Income Growth in Pekanbaru: Pusat Oleh-Oleh Mendorong Pertumbuhan Pendapatan UMKM di Pekanbaru Azzahra Azzahra; Ellyan Sastra Ningsih
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13827

Abstract

General Background: Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are a key driver of economic development and local income generation, particularly through distribution channels that connect products with consumers. Specific Background: In Pekanbaru City, souvenir centers function not only as retail destinations for tourists but also as platforms for distributing local MSME products and promoting regional culture. Knowledge Gap: Previous studies largely focus on general MSME performance using quantitative approaches, with limited attention to the specific role of souvenir centers in local economic ecosystems. Aims: This study aims to analyze the role of souvenir centers in increasing MSME income and to identify obstacles affecting partnership performance. Results: Using a descriptive qualitative approach with in-depth interviews and NVivo analysis, the findings reveal that souvenir centers contribute to MSME income growth by 15–50%, expand market access, support digital promotion, strengthen production capacity, improve product quality and standardization, and provide distribution platforms without initial costs. However, challenges include cash flow constraints due to consignment systems, limited human resources, production capacity issues, incomplete product legality, and competitive pressures. Novelty: This study introduces an independent mapping of souvenir center ecosystems, including location, product diversity, and accessibility, which were previously undocumented. Implications: The findings suggest the need for improved payment systems, legal assistance, and capacity building to ensure sustainable MSME development and provide insights for policymakers and practitioners in strengthening local distribution networks. Highlights• Income gains reach 15–50% through structured retail distribution channels• Market expansion achieved via tourism-based consumer reach• Partnership barriers arise from consignment schemes and operational limitations KeywordsSouvenir Centers; MSMEs Income Growth; Local Distribution Channels; Market Access Expansion; Product Standardization
Recent Progress in the Characterization of the Atmosphere of Exoplanets: Observations, Models Imad Kamil Zayer
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13828

Abstract

General Background: Characterizing exoplanet atmospheres has become a major focus of modern astrophysics to understand the composition, structure, and evolution of planets beyond the Solar System. Specific Background: Advances in observational instruments, spectroscopy techniques, and atmospheric modeling especially with next-generation telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope have expanded the capability to study planetary atmospheres. Knowledge Gap: However, challenges remain in interpreting atmospheric spectra due to retrieval degeneracies, stellar contamination, and limitations in cloud and chemical modeling. Aims: This review summarizes recent developments in observational techniques and atmospheric analysis used in exoplanet research. Results: Recent observations have detected molecules such as H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, Na, K, and SO₂, while improved spectroscopic methods allow investigation of atmospheric circulation, thermal structure, disequilibrium chemistry, and atmospheric escape. Novelty: The study integrates recent observational and modeling progress that advances atmospheric characterization techniques. Implications: These developments support deeper understanding of planetary diversity and strengthen the search for habitable environments and biosignatures beyond Earth. Highlights:• Multi-method spectroscopic observations reveal molecular composition and atmospheric structure of distant planets.• Next-generation telescopes provide broader wavelength coverage enabling detection of trace gases.• Modern retrieval algorithms integrate machine learning and radiative transfer modeling for spectral interpretation. Keywords: Exoplanet Atmospheres, Atmospheric Spectroscopy, James Webb Space Telescope, Transmission Spectroscopy, Planetary Science
Effect of Foliar Application of Nano-Fertilizers ( Macro- and Micro) Nutrients on growth , Flowering and Bulbs Yield of Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus L.): Pengaruh Aplikasi Daun Pupuk Nano (Makro dan Mikro) terhadap Pertumbuhan, Pembungaan, dan Hasil Umbi Iris Kuning (Iris pseudacorus L.) Kefaia Ghazi Saeed Al-Saad; Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Alkarkookli
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13829

Abstract

General Background The integration of nanotechnology into agriculture has introduced new fertilization strategies aimed at improving nutrient availability and crop productivity. Specific Background Ornamental bulbous plants such as Iris pseudacorus L. require balanced macro- and micro-nutrient supply to support flowering performance and bulb development. Knowledge Gap Despite increasing attention to nanofertilizers in horticulture, limited experimental information is available regarding the response of yellow iris to foliar applications of macro- and micronutrient nano-fertilizers at different concentrations. Aims This study evaluated the response of yellow iris to foliar spraying of nano-fertilizer containing macro- and micro-nutrients at concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 g L⁻¹ under a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results The findings showed that nano-fertilizer treatments did not significantly change most vegetative growth traits. However, application at 4 g L⁻¹ accelerated flowering to 138 days and increased flower longevity to 15 days. The same treatment also produced higher bulb and bulblet formation with averages of 2.43 bulbs and 8.45 bulblets per plant, accompanied by increases in fresh bulb weight, bulblet weight, and bulb diameter. Novelty The study provides experimental evidence describing concentration-specific responses of yellow iris to foliar nano-fertilizer applications in relation to flowering behavior and bulb productivity. Implications These findings support the use of nano-fertilizer foliar spraying as a promising approach for improving reproductive performance and propagation capacity of ornamental iris cultivation. Keywords: Nano Fertilizer, Iris Pseudacorus, Foliar Application, Flowering Traits, Bulb Yield Key Findings Highlights Foliar nano-nutrient treatment accelerated flowering time in yellow iris plants Higher concentrations produced greater bulb and bulblet formation Flower longevity increased under optimized nano-fertilizer spraying
Data Dominance as Market Power: Implications within the Framework of Indonesian Competition Law: Dominasi Data Sebagai Market Power: Implikasi dalam Kerangka Hukum Persaingan Usaha di Indonesia Ari Andy Prastowo; Azzareza Noer Khalifah; Allysa Faras Nabila Rizadian
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13830

Abstract

General Background The digital economy has transformed traditional sources of market power from capital and market share toward data control as a strategic asset. Specific Background Consumer data has evolved into a central mechanism enabling digital enterprises to build competitive advantages, reinforce dominant positions, and create structural entry barriers through algorithm-driven feedback systems. Knowledge Gap Indonesian competition law, particularly Law No. 5 of 1999, does not explicitly regulate data dominance and remains rooted in a pre-digital paradigm focused on price and market share indicators. Aims This study analyzes how data dominance can be conceptualized as market power within Indonesian competition law and examines its legal implications for enforcement. Results The findings demonstrate that large-scale data control may generate anti-competitive practices, including barriers to entry, ecosystem dependency, and algorithm-based exclusivity, which are not adequately captured by conventional price-based analysis. Novelty This study provides a normative construction that interprets data dominance as a functional form of dominant position within existing legal frameworks without requiring immediate legislative amendment. Implications The study highlights the necessity of interpretative approaches and strengthened institutional capacity to ensure fair competition, while also emphasizing the need for adaptive enforcement mechanisms aligned with digital market structures. Highlights: Large-scale information control creates structural barriers that limit new entrants in digital markets. Algorithm-based feedback mechanisms reinforce ecosystem dependency and concentration of economic control. Existing legal provisions can be reinterpreted to address emerging competition issues without explicit regulatory reform. Keywords: Data Dominance, Market Power, Indonesian Competition Law.

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