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Academia Open
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27147444     DOI : 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.12985
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
Academia Open is published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo published 2 (two) issues per year (June and December). This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. This journal aims is to provide a place for academics and practitioners to publish original research and review articles. The articles basically contains any topics research or review. Academia Open is available in online version. Language used in this journal is Indonesia or English.
Arjuna Subject : Profesi Kesehatan - Profesi Kesehatan (Lain-Lain)
Articles 2,384 Documents
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Antibacterial Activity of Natural Mouthwash Against Bacteria Isolated from the Oral Cavity: Aktivitas Antibakteri Obat Kumur Alami Terhadap Bakteri yang Diisolasi dari Rongga Mulut Mohammad M. Salih; Saja A. Abdulkareem; Nabaa A. Khalil
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13849

Abstract

General Background: Oral hygiene is essential for preventing oral diseases, and interest in herbal formulations has increased due to concerns regarding side effects of chemical mouthwashes. Specific Background: Plant-derived ingredients such as pomegranate peel, clove, peppermint oil, rose water, and rock salt contain antimicrobial compounds that may support oral health. Knowledge Gap: However, limited studies have evaluated combined natural formulations against bacteria isolated from the oral cavity. Aims: This study aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of a natural mouthwash formulation against oral bacteria and compare it with a synthetic mouthwash. Results: Six concentrations of the formulation were tested against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterococcus faecalis. The results showed that K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis were sensitive to all concentrations, with inhibition zones reaching 26 mm and 28 mm respectively, while E. faecalis showed resistance to several concentrations. Novelty: The study presents a combined formulation of pomegranate peel and clove extracts as a natural mouthwash with antibacterial activity against multiple oral bacteria. Implications: These findings indicate that herbal mouthwash formulations may provide a natural alternative for oral hygiene applications. Highlights: • Certain natural formulations produced bacterial inhibition zones up to 28 mm• Gram-negative isolates showed broader susceptibility than Enterococcus faecalis• Combined plant extracts and mineral components demonstrated measurable antimicrobial activity Keywords: Natural Mouthwash; Antibacterial Activity; Oral Cavity Bacteria; Pomegranate Peel Extract; Clove Extract
Surgical Management of Acute Intersphincteric Paraproctitis Agzamova Mahmuda Nabiyevna; Raximova Azizabonu Akmalovna; Akramova Iroda Abroljanovna
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13863

Abstract

General Background: Acute paraproctitis is a common inflammatory disease of the pararectal tissue in coloproctology. Specific Background: The intersphincteric variant is a severe form characterized by rapid infection spread within the intersphincteric space and risk of fistula formation. Knowledge Gap: Diagnosis remains challenging because patients often present with severe pain but minimal external perianal signs, leading to frequent misdiagnosis. Aims: This study examines the clinical features, diagnostic difficulties, and surgical management of acute intersphincteric paraproctitis based on literature review and clinical observations. Results: Patients commonly presented with severe anorectal pain and sphincter spasm, while body temperature often remained below 38 °C and external changes were minimal; several cases were initially misdiagnosed as hemorrhoids or anal fissure. Surgical treatment included abscess incision and drainage, excision of the internal opening, sphincter-preserving procedures, and minimally invasive methods such as LIFT and video-assisted techniques, with postoperative recovery and rare fistula formation during follow-up. Novelty: The study emphasizes distinctive clinical characteristics associated with diagnostic difficulty. Implications: Early recognition and standardized surgical approaches may reduce diagnostic errors and prevent chronic fistula development. Highlights: • Severe Anorectal Pain With Pronounced Sphincter Spasm Occurred Despite Minimal External Perianal Signs.• Diagnostic Errors Frequently Involved Misinterpretation as Hemorrhoids or Anal Fissure Before Specialized Examination.• Radical Surgical Intervention With Adequate Drainage Demonstrated Rare Fistula Formation During Follow-Up. Keywords: Acute Intersphincteric Paraproctitis, Surgical Management, Coloproctology, Anal Fistula Formation, Pararectal Inflammation.
Phenotypic and Molecular Profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Under Thermal Stress Conditions: Profil Fenotipik dan Molekuler Pseudomonas aeruginosa Dalam Kondisi Stres Termal Wameedh Sabah Shukur
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13865

Abstract

General Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a versatile opportunistic pathogen frequently associated with hospital-acquired infections and notable for its ability to survive under diverse environmental conditions, including elevated temperatures encountered during fever and clinical disinfection procedures. Specific Background: Temperature variation represents a biologically relevant stressor that can alter bacterial physiology, virulence traits, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in clinical isolates. Knowledge Gap: Despite its clinical importance, the phenotypic and molecular responses of P. aeruginosa to thermal stress, particularly the integration of phenotypic assays with transcriptomic analysis, remain insufficiently characterized. Aims: This study investigated phenotypic alterations, antibiotic susceptibility modulation, and transcriptomic responses of clinical P. aeruginosa isolates exposed to thermal stress conditions. Results: Exposure to elevated temperatures produced measurable phenotypic changes, including modified growth rates, colony morphology, motility behavior, and biofilm dynamics, accompanied by shifts in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and transcriptional reprogramming involving heat-shock proteins, stress-response regulators, virulence factors, and resistance-associated pathways. Novelty: The integration of phenotypic characterization with RNA sequencing provides a comprehensive molecular framework for understanding temperature-dependent adaptation in P. aeruginosa. Implications: These findings highlight temperature variation as a critical environmental signal shaping bacterial survival, virulence potential, and antimicrobial response, providing insights relevant to infection control strategies and clinical management of P. aeruginosa infections. Highlights: • Thermal exposure modifies bacterial growth patterns, colony structure, and biofilm dynamics.• Elevated temperature conditions coincide with antimicrobial susceptibility modulation and stress-response activation.• Integrated phenotypic assays and transcriptomic profiling reveal coordinated adaptive mechanisms. Keywords: Pseudomonas Aeruginosa; Thermal Stress; Phenotypic Adaptation; Antibiotic Susceptibility; RNA Sequencing
Features of the Development of the Navoi Tourism Circle in the Diversification of the Tourism Market of the Central Tourism Region Abdukhamidov Sarvar Adhamovich
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13867

Abstract

General Background: Tourism development and diversification play an important role in supporting regional economic stability, employment creation, and cultural exchange within modern tourism systems. Specific Background: The Navoi region of Uzbekistan possesses significant tourism potential due to its historical monuments, natural landscapes, pilgrimage sites, and favorable transport and logistics infrastructure, which create opportunities for expanding tourism activities. Knowledge Gap: Despite this potential, the structural development and functional role of the Navoi Tourism Ring in supporting diversification of the regional tourism market have not been sufficiently examined in academic studies. Aims: This study aims to analyze the development characteristics of the Navoi Tourism Ring and to examine its role in expanding tourist routes and tourism infrastructure in the Central Tourism Region. Results: The findings show that in 2024 the region experienced a sharp increase in tourist arrivals, reaching 420.2 thousand foreign visitors and 2.485 million domestic tourists, while tourism exports reached 105 million USD. The implementation of the tourism ring concept led to the creation of 14 tourist routes covering 60 tourism facilities across several districts, along with infrastructure expansion including new hotels, increased accommodation capacity, and tourism clusters offering desert experiences and cultural activities. Novelty: The study highlights the structural organization of tourism routes and infrastructure development within the Navoi Tourism Ring as a regional diversification mechanism. Implications: The development of integrated tourist routes, infrastructure expansion, marketing strategies, and professional training contributes to strengthening the tourism sector, promoting cultural heritage, and supporting sustainable regional tourism development. Highlights:• Rapid Growth of Visitor Numbers and Tourism Export Value Recorded in 2024.• Fourteen Integrated Routes Connecting Sixty Attractions Across Multiple Districts.• Tourism Clusters Provide Desert Experiences, Cultural Heritage Visits, and Accommodation Services. Keywords: Tourism Diversification, Navoi Tourism Ring, Regional Tourism Development,Tourist Routes, Tourism Infrastructure.
Role of Media Laws in the Growth of Private Media in Afghanistan: 2001-2021 Enayatullah Farhadi
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13869

Abstract

General Background: The development of the media sector is often associated with legal frameworks that regulate freedom of expression, institutional oversight, and participation of private actors in communication industries. Specific Background: In Afghanistan, the media landscape experienced significant quantitative growth after 2001 following political and legal reforms that permitted private ownership and cooperation with international organizations. Knowledge Gap: Although this expansion has been widely acknowledged, limited scholarly analysis has systematically examined how specific legal instruments contributed to the emergence and growth of privately operated media outlets during the post-2001 period. Aims: This study investigates the role of media laws in the growth of private media in Afghanistan between 2001 and 2021. Results: Using qualitative analysis of legal documents and statistical data on media development, the study identifies the Constitution of Afghanistan, the Mass Media Law, and the Right to Access to Information Law, together with the establishment of regulatory institutions, as central elements supporting the establishment of private media organizations. During two decades, the sector expanded to more than 1,327 print outlets, 349 radio stations, and 203 private television channels. Novelty: The research provides an integrated examination of legal frameworks and sectoral expansion by combining legal analysis with statistical evidence on media proliferation. Implications: The findings suggest that coherent media legislation, supportive governance, and independent regulatory bodies are important policy considerations for sustaining pluralistic media systems and maintaining the development of privately operated media institutions in Afghanistan. Highlights:• Legal Reforms After 2001 Permitted Privately Operated Broadcasting and Publishing Activities.• Registration Data Indicate Rapid Proliferation of Print Outlets, Radio Stations, and Television Channels.• Constitutional Provisions and Information Access Legislation Structured the Regulatory Environment. Keywords: Afghanistan Media Law, Private Media Development, Mass Media Regulation, Access To Information Law, Media Sector Growth.
Local Wisdom Molaulita Integrates Character Education Management: Kearifan Lokal Molaulita dalam Manajemen Pendidikan Karakter Nurhayati Oktavia Ananya; Yusdin Bin. M. Gagaramusu; Dyah Rahmawati; Rizal Rizal; Ammar Abdullah Joni Guci
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13870

Abstract

This study examines the implementation of local wisdom-based character education management through the “Molaulita” culture at an elementary school. General Background: Character education is essential for developing intellectually capable, morally grounded, and culturally rooted students. Specific Background: Integrating local wisdom into school activities offers a contextual approach to strengthen character formation and cultural identity. Knowledge Gap: Previous practices often lack systematic management and fail to consistently integrate local wisdom into structured educational programs. Aims: This study aims to describe the “Molaulita” culture and analyze its management in supporting character education at SD GKST Peura. Results: Findings show that “Molaulita,” implemented through weekly co-curricular storytelling in the Poso (Pamona) language, functions as both cultural preservation and a medium for character development, fostering communicative skills, responsibility, patriotism, and curiosity. The program is managed through planning, organizing, actuating, controlling, and evaluating, involving school leaders, teachers, and students. Novelty: The study provides an empirical model of character education management grounded in local culture through structured co-curricular activities. Implications: The findings highlight the potential of integrating local wisdom into educational management to support sustainable character development and cultural preservation in elementary education. Highlights:• Weekly storytelling activities embed cultural language use in classroom practice• Management functions structure co-curricular programs for character formation• Student traits develop through routine participation and guided reflection Keywords: Education Management; Character Education; Local Wisdom; Molaulita; Elementary School
General Ledger Financial Reporting Administration Evaluation in Village-Owned Enterprises: Evaluasi Administrasi Pelaporan Keuangan Buku Besar pada Perusahaan Milik Desa Akhmad Mulyadi; Syamsudduha Syahrorini
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13872

Abstract

General Background: Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) function as strategic institutions supporting rural economic independence through accountable business management, where reliable financial administration is essential for transparency and decision-making. Specific Background: Within accounting systems, the general ledger serves as the central record of financial transactions prior to the preparation of formal financial statements, making it a critical component of financial reporting administration. Knowledge Gap: Despite its widespread adoption, the implementation of general ledger–based financial reporting systems in BUMDes contexts still presents operational challenges and has not been sufficiently examined through qualitative evaluation at the institutional level. Aims: This study evaluates the general ledger–based financial reporting administration system implemented at BUMDes Arjuna Lestari in Jatiarjo Village, Prigen District, Pasuruan Regency. Results: Using a descriptive qualitative approach with interviews, observation, and documentation studies, the findings indicate that the system supports structured recording of financial transactions and improves traceability of financial data. However, several constraints remain, including limited human resources, continued reliance on manual recording practices, and standard operating procedures that are not yet fully optimized. Novelty: The study provides an in-depth qualitative examination of operational practices and constraints within a village-level financial administration system utilizing a general ledger framework. Implications: The findings suggest the need for capacity development among BUMDes managers, standardized accounting procedures, and the adoption of simple digital financial applications to strengthen the quality and reliability of financial reporting. Highlights: Structured transaction documentation and improved data traceability were observed in organizational accounting practices. Operational constraints include limited managerial capacity, manual bookkeeping practices, and incomplete procedural standards. Strengthening managerial skills and adopting simple digital accounting tools are recommended for better reporting quality. Keywords: BUMDes, Financial Administration System, Financial Reporting, General Ledger, Descriptive Qualitative
The Role of Heat in Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: A Review: Peran Panas dalam Reaksi Oksidasi-Reduksi: Sebuah Tinjauan Mohammed Mahdi Mohammed; Asam Hussein Ali
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13873

Abstract

General Background: Oxidation–reduction reactions are fundamental processes in chemistry and play essential roles in energy systems, biological processes, environmental chemistry, and metallurgical operations. Specific Background: Thermal energy is a critical factor that governs both thermodynamic feasibility and kinetic behavior in redox reactions, affecting reaction rates, equilibrium conditions, and electron transfer pathways. Knowledge Gap: Although the influence of temperature on chemical reactions has been widely recognized, a unified explanation connecting thermodynamic principles, kinetic theories, and practical redox applications across multiple scientific fields remains limited. Aims: This review summarizes how heat governs oxidation–reduction reactions by examining its effects on reaction thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, mechanistic pathways, and overall process performance. Results: The analysis of classical theories and published studies shows that temperature alters equilibrium constants, modifies activation energies, accelerates reaction rates, and affects electron transfer mechanisms. These thermal effects play significant roles in chemical systems including metallurgy, biological redox processes, environmental reactions, and emerging energy technologies. Novelty: The article synthesizes theoretical and applied perspectives to present an integrated view of thermal control in oxidation–reduction chemistry. Implications: Understanding the role of heat in redox reactions provides a conceptual foundation for improving chemical process design, optimizing reaction conditions, and guiding future research in electrochemistry, materials science, and energy conversion technologies. Keywords: Oxidation Reduction Reactions, Reaction Kinetics, Electron Transfer, Thermodynamic Equilibrium, Thermal Energy Key Findings Highlights Temperature modifies equilibrium behavior and activation barriers in redox systems Thermal conditions regulate electron exchange pathways during chemical transformations Multiple scientific fields apply temperature-controlled redox chemistry principles
The Components of the Iraqi Countryside and its Impact on the Development of Rural Tourism: Komponen Pedesaan Irak dan Dampaknya terhadap Pengembangan Pariwisata Pedesaan Zainab Ibrahim Kazem; Ass. Prof. Dr. Zainab Sadiq Mustafa
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13874

Abstract

General Background: Rural regions in Iraq play an essential role in national livelihoods, agriculture, and community sustainability, yet they face multiple environmental and socioeconomic challenges. Specific Background: Persistent water scarcity, limited infrastructure, and unequal access to public services continue to affect the living conditions of rural populations. These issues are further intensified by climate change, desertification, and governance constraints. Knowledge Gap: Although several international reports and studies address individual aspects of rural development in Iraq, a comprehensive perspective that integrates environmental pressures, social inequalities, and development limitations remains limited. Aims: This study examines the structural challenges affecting rural communities in Iraq, focusing on water resources, infrastructure, rural livelihoods, and access to services. Results: The analysis shows that water scarcity, weak rural infrastructure, and socioeconomic disparities significantly shape rural living conditions and limit development opportunities. These factors interact with environmental changes and institutional constraints, creating persistent barriers to sustainable rural development. Novelty: The article synthesizes diverse sources to present an integrated overview of environmental and social challenges affecting rural areas in Iraq. Implications: Understanding these interconnected challenges can support policymakers and development institutions in designing more comprehensive strategies to improve rural livelihoods and resource management. Keywords: Rural Development, Water Scarcity, Rural Livelihoods, Climate Change, Iraq Key Findings Highlights Rural communities face interconnected environmental and socioeconomic challenges Water scarcity and infrastructure limitations shape rural living conditions Institutional and environmental pressures constrain sustainable development
The Administrative Impact of Empowerment and Flexibility in Achieving Organizational Commitment: Dampak Administratif Pemberdayaan dan Fleksibilitas dalam Mencapai Komitmen Organisasi Qutaiba Theyab Ahmed
Academia Open Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026): June
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/acopen.11.2026.13875

Abstract

General Background: Organizational commitment is a key factor that influences employee performance and institutional stability in modern organizations. Specific Background: Many institutions increasingly adopt administrative empowerment and job flexibility as managerial practices intended to strengthen employee participation, autonomy, and organizational attachment. Knowledge Gap: Despite growing attention to empowerment practices, limited empirical studies have examined their combined role with job flexibility in shaping organizational commitment within academic institutions. Aims: This study investigates the administrative impact of empowerment and job flexibility in achieving organizational commitment at the University of Samarra. Results: Using a descriptive-analytical method and questionnaire data collected from 40 administrative employees, statistical analysis indicates that empowerment dimensions, including delegation of authority, training, participation, and information sharing, together with job flexibility, are significantly associated with higher levels of organizational commitment. The findings also reveal that limitations in the work environment and reduced participation in decision-making may weaken these managerial practices. Novelty: The study provides an integrated examination of empowerment and flexibility as managerial mechanisms influencing organizational commitment within a university context. Implications: The findings highlight the importance of creating supportive organizational environments, improving communication systems, and expanding employee participation to strengthen commitment and institutional performance. Keywords: Administrative Empowerment, Job Flexibility, Organizational Commitment, Organizational Behavior, University Management Key Findings Highlights Empowerment dimensions relate to stronger employee attachment within institutions Flexible work practices support participation and managerial autonomy Organizational environment conditions shape commitment outcomes

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