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International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine
Published by Universitas Warmadewa
ISSN : 30477441     EISSN : 30477433     DOI : https://doi.org/10.22225/ijbstm
Core Subject : Health,
Medicine & Pharmacology Public Health
International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine is published twice (March and September) a year. The objective is to promote articles on biology and medicine. International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine publishes original research work related to biological and medicine. The journal publishes Original articles, Short Reports, Case Reports, and Review articles. All articles published in International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine (IJBSTM) are peer-reviewed and published online for immediate access and citation. International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine (IJBSTM) publishes the Original clinical and experimental research studies, Review articles, Case reports on topics but not limited to: Biocemistry, Genetics and molecular biology, Medicine, Environmental health, Tropical diseases, Diseases in tropics, Global health, Pharmacological sciences, Biomedical sciences, Public health, Infection, Epidemiology and clinical epidemiology, Molecular biology, Microbiology, Travel Medicine
Arjuna Subject : Kedokteran - Kedokteran (Lain-Lain)
Articles 28 Documents
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Factors Related to the Severity of Dengue Infection in Adult Patients Treated at Sanjiwani Regional General Hospital Ida Bagus Made Agastya Pranata; Saraswati Laksmi Dewi; Putu Aryagiri Prebawa; Komang Trisna Sumadewi
International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Publication Department, Universitas Warmadewa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/ijbstm.3.1.2026.1-6

Abstract

Dengue infection remains a major global health problem. This study aimed to determine factors associated with the severity of dengue infection among adult patients treated at Sanjiwani Gianyar Regional General Hospital in 2023. An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted using consecutive sampling. A total of 100 adult patients with confirmed dengue infection were included. Severity was classified as Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) based on WHO criteria. Chi-square analysis and crude odds ratio (OR) estimation were performed. Age >60 years was significantly associated with severe dengue (OR = 2.94; 95% CI: 1.25–6.92; p=0.014). Female gender was also associated with higher odds of severe dengue compared to males (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.05–5.15; p=0.039). Secondary infection status showed the strongest association with severity (OR = 5.40; 95% CI: 2.24–13.04; p=0.001). In conclusion, age, gender, and infection status were significantly associated with dengue severity. These findings may assist clinicians in identifying patients who require closer clinical monitoring.
Phytotherapy for Bacterial Vaginosis with Piper Betle: from Mechanism to Safety Satria Bintang Samudra; Prawesty Diah Utami; Grissabel Bethrin Jiantoro; Jessica Euodia Adidharma; Rayhan Ali Fadli
International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Publication Department, Universitas Warmadewa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/ijbstm.3.1.2026.7-16

Abstract

Background: Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a prevalent vaginal dysbiosis characterized by depletion of Lactobacillus and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, commonly including Gardnerella vaginalis. Clinical management is complicated by high recurrence rates, which are closely linked to polymicrobial biofilm persistence and the limited microbiome selectivity of conventional antimicrobials. This narrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on the phytotherapeutic potential of Piper betle in BV, focusing on antimicrobial and anti-biofilm mechanisms, modulation of vaginal microbiome ecology, and safety and standardization considerations relevant to translational development and recurrence prevention. Methods: An exploratory literature search (2015–2025) was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, complemented by manual reference screening, and last searched on 30 September 2025. Results: Findings across in vitro studies, observational reports, and mechanistic literature indicate that P. betle extracts and key phenolic constituents, particularly hydroxychavicol and eugenol, exhibit antibacterial activity against BV-associated taxa and anti-virulence effects consistent with biofilm weakening and interference with quorum-sensing–regulated behaviors. Importantly, several studies suggest comparatively limited inhibitory effects on Lactobacillus spp., supporting the plausibility of a microbiome-sparing profile that may facilitate restoration of vaginal eubiosis. Nevertheless, the evidence base is constrained by heterogeneous methodologies, predominance of preclinical models, and substantial variability in phytochemical composition across preparations. Conclusion: Overall, P. betle emerges as a biologically plausible adjunctive or preventive candidate for preventing BV recurrence, warranting standardized formulations, marker-based quality control, and rigorous clinical evaluation with recurrence-focused endpoints.
Anticholinergic Syndrome Following Datura metel Ingestion in an Adolescent: A Case Report Lucia Pudyastuti Retnaningtyas; Nur Flora Nita Taruli Basa Sinaga; Lili Soetjipto
International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Publication Department, Universitas Warmadewa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/ijbstm.3.1.2026.24-28

Abstract

Background: Datura metel, locally known as kecubung, contains tropane alkaloids that may induce anticholinergic toxicity. Adolescents may intentionally ingest the plant due to curiosity about its psychoactive effects. Case presentation: A 13-year-old boy presented with agitation, delirium, palpitations, and incoherent speech three hours after ingesting approximately one glass of a decoction made from Datura metel flowers. Examination revealed altered mental status (Glasgow Coma Scale E3V4M6), bilateral mydriasis with sluggish light reflex, and dry mucous membranes. Vital signs were stable. Laboratory investigations, including blood glucose and serum electrolytes, were within normal limits. Electrocardiography showed sinus arrhythmia. The patient received supportive management including oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, activated charcoal, and oral neostigmine. He was admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and showed clinical improvement within eight hours, with complete recovery after three days. At one-week follow-up, the patient remained asymptomatic. Conclusion: Early recognition of anticholinergic toxidrome based on clinical features and exposure history is essential. Supportive management can result in favorable outcomes even when specific antidotes are unavailable.
Impact of Increased Gadget Use on Kindergarten Children’s Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic Sarah Kirana Ridwan; Lucia Pudyastuti Retnaningtyas; Ervin Dyah Ayu Masita Dewi
International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Publication Department, Universitas Warmadewa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/ijbstm.3.1.2026.17-23

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused major disruptions in educational systems worldwide, including early childhood education. Kindergarten learning shifted from face-to-face instruction to online learning, increasing children’s exposure to digital devices. Increased screen exposure may influence children’s behavioural development, particularly emotional regulation, discipline, and social interaction. Objective: This study aimed to explore behavioural changes associated with increased gadget use among kindergarten children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This qualitative study employed an interpretative descriptive approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with six parents of kindergarten students and one teacher as a triangulation source at Dharma Wanita Persatuan Pepelegi Kindergarten, Waru, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. Interview recordings were transcribed verbatim and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Children’s gadget use increased during the pandemic due to online learning demands and environmental factors such as limited supervision and restricted outdoor activities. Although social interaction with peers remained relatively maintained in some contexts, increased gadget exposure was associated with emotional responses including irritability and frustration when use was restricted, as well as reduced behavioural discipline such as delaying tasks and decreased responsiveness to parental instructions. Conclusion: Increased gadget use during the pandemic was associated with behavioural changes among kindergarten children, particularly in emotional responses and discipline. Environmental conditions and parental supervision played important roles in moderating these effects. Structured guidance and balanced digital media use are therefore essential to support healthy behavioural development in early childhood.
Correlation Between Hematocrit Levels and Length of Stay among Dengue Infection Patients at Wangaya General Hospital Nyoman Adi Wirasatya Wibawa; Saraswati Laksmi Dewi; Putu Arya Giri Prebawa; Dewa Ayu Alit Suka Astini
International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Publication Department, Universitas Warmadewa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/ijbstm.3.1.2026.29-32

Abstract

Dengue infections, such as Dengue Fever (DF) and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), remain significant public health issues in Indonesia, including Bali Province. The high incidence and mortality rates due to DHF have substantial impacts, particularly concerning treatment costs and length of hospitalization. This study aims to analyze the correlation between hematocrit levels and hospital length of stay among DHF patients at RSUD Wangaya in 2023. The variable studied was hematocrit levels. This research employed an analytical observational method with a retrospective cross-sectional design, using medical record data from DHF patients at RSUD Wangaya from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation test to assess the relationship between hematocrit levels and hospital length of stay. The study results showed that the majority of patients were male (58.3%) and that most were under 50 years old (66.7%). The most common clinical manifestation was fever (98.1%), and most patients had platelet counts below 100,000/µL (77.8%). The average hematocrit was 40.6% in the group with levels <50% and 52.1% in the group with levels ?50%. Bivariate analysis using Spearman's correlation test showed no significant association between hematocrit levels and hospital length of stay among dengue patients (p = 0.835). This study concludes that although hematocrit levels are critical clinical indicators in DHF patients, no significant correlation was found between hematocrit levels and hospital length of stay.
Multitarget Effects of Spirulina Extract in a Drosophila Model of an Ulcerative Colitis-Like Phenotype ST. Nur Afivha Abdullah; Fadya Aura Islamia; Nihal Rahadatul Aisy S; Nadila Pratiwi Latada; Widya Hardiyanti; Asbah Asbah; Mukarram Mudjahid; Elly Wahyudin; Rosany Tayeb; Firzan Nainu
International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Publication Department, Universitas Warmadewa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/ijbstm.3.2.2026.33-42

Abstract

Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) involves intestinal barrier disruption, inflammation, oxidative stress, and altered autophagy. SDS-induced intestinal injury in Drosophila melanogaster reproduces selected UC-relevant features, including barrier disruption and stress responses. However, whether Spirulina extract affects the expression of sod1, sod2, atg8a, and totA in this model remains unclear. Thus, sod1 and sod2 were selected as antioxidant-response markers, atg8a for autophagy, and totA for JAK/STAT-associated stress responses. We expected Spirulina extract to alleviate SDS-induced injury by modulating these molecular responses. This study evaluated the effects of Spirulina extract on survival and the expression of these genes. Methods D. melanogaster was exposed to SDS to induce a UC-like phenotype, which was assessed using survival and Smurf assays. Spirulina extract at concentrations of 0.625 %, 1.25 %, and 2.5 % was evaluated for toxicity and protective effects. Gene expression of sod1, sod2, totA, and atg8a was analyzed using RT-qPCR. Results Spirulina extract at concentrations of 0.625–2.5 % showed to be tolerated during fly development and were used in subsequent experiments. SDS 0.25 % successfully induced a UC-like phenotype, characterized by reduced survival and increased Smurf phenotype. Spirulina extract, particularly at 0.625 %, improved survival. At the molecular level, Spirulina extract decreased totA and atg8a expression, and differentially modulated sod1 and sod2 expression. Conclusion Spirulina extract, particularly at 0.625 %, was associated with increased survival in SDS-exposed D. melanogaster and changes in the expression of sod1, sod2, atg8a, and totA. These findings indicate phenotypic and molecular responses to Spirulina treatment, although the observed gene expression changes do not establish the mechanisms underlying the survival response.
Clinical Outcomes Associated with Different Intrathecal Opioid Regimens for Cesarean Delivery: A Case Series Joshua Christian Suyanto
International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Publication Department, Universitas Warmadewa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/ijbstm.3.2.2026.43-47

Abstract

Background: Optimal postoperative pain management with minimal side effects is a crucial component of surgeries utilizing the Enhanced Recovery After Cesarean (ERAC) protocol. Neuraxial morphine is a major component of multimodal post-cesarean analgesia; however, high-dose administration increases the risk of specific adverse effects, including pruritus, nausea/vomiting, urinary retention, sedation, and respiratory depression. The addition of intrathecal fentanyl combined with a low dose of intrathecal morphine has been observed to be associated with favorable clinical outcomes. Case Series: This case series reports three female patients who underwent elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. The first and third cases received a combination of 10 mg bupivacaine, 25 mcg fentanyl, and 50 mcg morphine, whereas the second case received 10 mg bupivacaine and 100 mcg morphine. Postoperative evaluations for Cases 1 and 3 utilizing Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (WBFS) ranging from 1 to 3 during the first 48 hours. Both patients were capable of sitting at the 6th hour and achieving independent mobilization by the 12th hour. Conversely, although the patient in Case 2 reported a WBFS of 1 to 2 within the first 48 hours, she experienced Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV), which was associated with delayed mobilization (sitting at the 12th hour and mobilizing at the 18th hour). Conclusion: The addition of 25 mcg fentanyl combined with 50 mcg morphine was associated with a quality of postoperative analgesia that is not substantially different from 100 mcg of morphine in this case series. Furthermore, this regimen was observed to be associated with lower incidences of PONV and pruritus, as well as earlier mobilization of post-cesarean delivery patients.
Role of Corticosteroid in The Management of Covid-19 I Putu Bhujangga Pratama Kusuma Artana; I Gusti Agung Istri Mahaiswari; Gusti Agung Ksatrya; Ni Ketut Ayu Pramesti Ari; Saraswati Laksmi Dewi; Putu Aryagiri Prabawa
International Journal of Biomedical Science and Travel Medicine Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Publication Department, Universitas Warmadewa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22225/ijbstm.3.2.2026.48-53

Abstract

Systemic corticosteroids are an important immunomodulatory therapy for severe and critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Their anti-inflammatory effects may reduce excessive immune activation and pulmonary injury, although immunosuppression may impair antiviral responses and delay viral clearance. This review summarizes the role of corticosteroids in the management of COVID-19, focusing on mechanisms, clinical efficacy, indications, dosing, safety, and their use with other immunomodulatory therapies. Evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses demonstrates that corticosteroids, particularly dexamethasone, reduce mortality in patients requiring supplemental oxygen or advanced respiratory support, whereas routine use in patients without oxygen requirements is not recommended. Dexamethasone 6 mg once daily for up to 10 days or until discharge remains the best-established regimen. Higher doses do not necessarily provide additional benefit and may increase mortality and adverse events. Dexamethasone has the strongest direct evidence, while hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone have also demonstrated potential benefits, although comparative evidence remains heterogeneous. Corticosteroids may be combined with additional immunomodulatory agents, such as tocilizumab or baricitinib, in patients with persistent inflammation and clinical deterioration despite corticosteroid therapy. Overall, corticosteroid therapy should be individualized according to disease severity, oxygen requirement, dose, and treatment duration to balance suppression of pathological inflammation against preservation of antiviral immunity.

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