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Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering
Published by Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo
ISSN : 30309867     EISSN : 30465850     DOI : 10.62299
Core Subject :
Menerima artikel hasil penelitian dan review. Jurnal ini menjadi wadah untuk menuangkan gagasan baru serta sarana presentasi di bidang sains yang mendukung pemahaman lebih baik mengenai permasalahan dan isu-isu dalam sains dan teknologi terapan, khususnya terkait: energi baru dan terbarukan (emisi dan pembakaran, bahan bakar dan pelumas, perpindahan massa dan panas, mesin pompa kalor, teknik termal dan fluida, komputasi energi, teknik pembangkit listrik, energi skala nano dan piko, material energi, serta topik lain seputar teknik konversi energi); teknologi pengelasan dan pengecoran, material suhu tinggi, material komposit, nanomaterial, komputasi material, teknologi korosi, teknologi pengujian tanpa merusak (NDT), material cerdas, serta topik lain seputar material dan metalurgi; manajemen teknik, teknologi perkakas dan pemesinan, material perkakas, CNC dan komputasi manufaktur, sistem manufaktur, teknologi pemrosesan material terkini, mikropemesinan, metrologi, serta topik lain seputar manufaktur dan ilmu mekanika lainnya.
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Articles 31 Documents
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Pengembangan Sistem Aerasi Hemat Energi pada Tambak Pesisir untuk Menurunkan Beban Nutrien dan Mencegah Eutrofikasi Perairan Laut: Kajian Literatur Naratif Terintegrasi Teknik Mesin dan Teknik Lingkungan pada Konteks Pesisir–Mangrove Romi Djafar; Yunita Djamalu
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 2 No. 1 (2024): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Desember)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v2i1.31

Abstract

Mechanical aeration is essential in intensive coastal aquaculture (particularly shrimp ponds) to maintain dissolved oxygen (DO) and sustain high stocking densities, yet it frequently dominates farm electricity consumption. Concurrently, feed-derived nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulate in pond water and sediments and may be exported through water exchange and harvesting effluents, potentially intensifying coastal eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and hypoxia. This narrative literature review integrates mechanical engineering viewpoints (aerator typologies, oxygen transfer performance metrics such as SOTR/SAE, mixing/circulation behavior, and energy demand) with environmental engineering outcomes (nutrient transformations, water-quality variables, and effluent nutrient loads) and extends the discussion to receiving ecosystems at the coast–mangrove interface. Energy-focused assessments highlight large variability in aeration energy intensity and identify avoidable over-aeration as a major inefficiency source. Beyond demand reduction, renewable/off-grid supply becomes relevant in remote coastal settings; techno-economic optimization of floating PV/battery systems indicates feasible and reliable aeration power under day- and night-aeration scenarios. Environmental evidence links pond effluents to elevated nutrients and chlorophyll-a in adjacent coastal waters, motivating designs that evaluate effluent loads alongside DO control. Mangrove studies further indicate complex ecological consequences of nutrient enrichment and redox-driven nitrogen fate (denitrification vs DNRA) that determines whether nitrogen is removed as N₂ or retained as bioavailable NH₄⁺. The review proposes an integrated “mechanical performance–water quality–effluent load–receiving ecosystem” framework and recommends a practical minimum set of reporting metrics to align aeration innovations with energy efficiency and eutrophication risk reduction.
Produksi Syngas Bersih dari Gasifikasi Biomassa dan Limbah (2023–2026): Intensifikasi Reaktor, Pengendalian Tar/Partikulat, Kondisioning Impuritas, dan Integrasi ke Hidrogen serta Sustainable Aviation Fuel Romi Djafar; Yunita Djamalu
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v1i2.32

Abstract

Biomass and waste gasification is positioned as a pillar of the energy transition because it can convert renewable carbonaceous materials into syngas that can be directed toward electricity and heat generation, hydrogen production, synthetic fuels, and high-value chemicals. The main challenge of industrialization is no longer merely producing syngas, but producing clean syngas that meets downstream catalyst thresholds: tar, particulates, alkali species, Cl/S/N compounds (e.g., NH₃), and variability in the H₂/CO composition often become bottlenecks in terms of cost and reliability. This review synthesizes literature from the Plain Text and RIS corpus up to 2026 to construct an updated taxonomy: (i) reactor intensification through in-situ cleaning concepts (SiC membranes combined with biochar or structured catalysts), (ii) in-situ versus ex-situ catalytic strategies for tar conversion, (iii) conditioning of trace impurities (e.g., NH₃) and their implications for downstream catalysts, (iv) sorption-enhanced gasification (SEG) and integrated carbon capture concepts, (v) system modeling, techno-economic assessment, and scale-up strategies for fuel pathways (SAF, drop-in diesel, e-fuels), and (vi) the role of digital technologies (AI/ML/IoT/digital twins) in value-chain optimization. The synthesis reveals a strong 2024–2026 trend toward integrated intensification, namely reactors that combine particulate separation and tar cracking at high temperatures (≈800 °C) to avoid cooling stages that trigger tar condensation and corrosion, accompanied by strategies to mitigate catalyst deactivation. Downstream, the gasification–FTS pathway remains dominant for aviation fuel production; however, alternative configurations are emerging (gasification → olefins → oligomerization) along with partial electrification to improve carbon efficienc.   The proposed top-tier research agenda includes the design of coking-resistant reactor–catalyst systems, syngas quality metrics based on catalyst thresholds, and hybrid physics–ML optimization frameworks that can be applied operationally.
PEMANFAATAN ABU TERBANG CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED (CFBFA) SEBAGAI PENGIKAT RENDAH KARBON: SINTESIS, MEKANISME HIDRASI–GEOPOLIMERISASI, STABILITAS VOLUME, DURABILITAS, DAN APLIKASI KONSTRUKSI (LITERATURE REVIEW) Romi Djafar; Yunita Djamalu
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v1i2.33

Abstract

Fly ash from circulating fluidized bed boilers (CFBFA) is increasingly emerging as a potential low-carbon binder feedstock in response to the growing need for decarbonization in the cement industry and improved management of solid waste from power plants. However, the large-scale utilization of CFBFA is still constrained by its unstable composition (e.g., free CaO and SO₃), heterogeneity of mineral phases, and the risk of expansion and durability degradation when system design fails to control gypsum/ettringite formation and pore evolution. This review develops a comprehensive synthesis of recent literature from 2022–2026 derived from the extracted corpus (DATA and REF RS files), mapping: (i) the characteristics of CFBFA (phases, reactivity, morphology, and their implications for water demand and admixture compatibility); (ii) the main utilization pathways—blended/low-clinker cement, multi-waste binders (red mud–carbide slag–slag–gypsum), geopolymers (low-Ca vs. high-Ca), aerated/autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), and value-added products such as sintered/non-fired ceramsite, foamed fillers, and grouts; (iii) performance mechanisms—hydration product transitions (AFt, C-(A)-S-H, N-A-S-H), microstructural densification, and porosity control; and (iv) durability (sulfate resistance, freeze–thaw, carbonation) and environmental issues (heavy-metal leaching and environmental footprint/LCA).    Key findings indicate that the success of CFBFA-based systems depends strongly on calcium–sulfate chemical engineering and pore engineering (e.g., foam/void management), as well as co-binder synergy that balances early reactivity with long-term stability. The review concludes with a research agenda focused on standardization, element/gel-ratio-based design, and long-term validation under field conditions.
Digitalisasi dan Intensifikasi Proses Termokimia Biomassa dan Limbah menuju Syngas Bersih, Hidrogen, dan Bahan Bakar Cair Rendah Karbon: Tentang Pemodelan Multiskala, Pengendalian Emisi, Katalis, Membran, dan Optimasi Sistem (Literature Review): Digitalisasi dan Intensifikasi Proses Termokimia Biomassa dan Limbah menuju Syngas Bersih, Hidrogen, dan Bahan Bakar Cair Rendah Karbon: Tentang Pemodelan Multiskala, Pengendalian Emisi, Katalis, Membran, dan Optimasi Sistem (Literature Review) Romi Djafar; Yunita Djamalu
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 1 No. 2 (2024): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v1i2.34

Abstract

Energy transition and the strengthening of the circular economy are accelerating the utilization of biomass and waste as energy sources and feedstocks for low-carbon liquid fuels. However, the implementation of thermochemical conversion processes (combustion, pyrolysis, gasification) remains constrained by feedstock heterogeneity, the complexity of bed and freeboard phenomena, tar and particulate formation in syngas, ash–slagging–corrosion issues, and uncertainties in catalyst performance during downstream processes. This review presents a critical synthesis of literature from 2020–2026 provided in two data packages (a collection of recent abstracts and a structured reference database), focusing on the integration of multiscale modeling, process intensification, and digitalization to produce clean syngas, hydrogen, and liquid fuels (including SAF and e-fuels). First, we map advances in devolatilization/pyrolysis modeling, fixed-bed/grate CFD, DEM–CFD approaches, and data-driven operational optimization to reduce NOx emissions and improve efficiency in boilers, furnaces, and MSW incinerators. Second, we discuss syngas cleaning technologies and tar upgrading (in-situ, ex-situ, plasma-catalysis), membrane-reactor-based intensification strategies (SiC/ceramic) that integrate tar reforming and particulate retention, as well as the development of Fe–K biochar catalysts for tar and NH₃ reduction. Third, we review syngas conversion pathways to liquid fuels (Fischer–Tropsch, olefin-to-oligomerization, bio-aromatics) and e-fuels (SOEC, Power-to-X), including gas purity requirements, catalyst deactivation mechanisms (water, NH₃, phosphorus), and techno-economic implications. Finally, we propose a research agenda toward end-to-end digital twin systems and fouling-/poisoning-resistant process intensification, accompanied by recommendations for performance metrics that link feedstock quality, reactor operation, gas conditioning, product output, cost, and environmental impacts.
ANALISIS INTEGRASI PROSES, PENGUATAN ANTARMUKA, PEMESINAN PRESISI, PEMODELAN KERUSAKAN, DAN MANUFAKTUR BERKELANJUTAN PADA FIBER METAL LAMINATES ELya Heryana
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v3i2.36

Abstract

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) are emerging hybrid materials that combine thin metal sheets with fiber-reinforced polymers to produce lightweight, high-strength, and damage-tolerant structures for advanced transportation applications. This review synthesizes the literature provided in the scientific databases and open reference sources, focusing on 2024-2026 developments in laminate design, forming, interface strengthening, machining, impact response, numerical modeling, and sustainability. The review shows that FML performance is not governed by a single variable, but by the co-design of metal type, fiber orientation, stacking sequence, interfacial quality, curing or forming route, and final cutting strategy. Recent studies indicate a shift from isolated test-based optimization toward integrated approaches linking processing, damage evolution, and end-use function. Nanofillers, surface treatments, active hydroforming, laser forming, helical milling, abrasive waterjet cutting, and finite element modeling are increasingly used to expand performance limits and reduce defects such as delamination, burrs, voids, springback, and tool wear. At the same time, ecodesign and debonding-on-demand studies demonstrate that sustainability must be considered from the design stage rather than only at end of life. This paper proposes future research directions including standardized reporting, open datasets, multiscale validation, machine learning integration, recyclable interface design, and multi-objective optimization to accelerate the adoption of FMLs in next-generation lightweight structures.
STRATEGI OPERASIONAL PEMBAKARAN RENDAH TEMPERATUR BERBASIS HIDROGEN, BIOFUEL, ADITIF NANO, DAN KONTROL CERDAS UNTUK PENURUNAN EMISI MESIN PEMBAKARAN DALAM Budi Purwanto Antameng
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v3i2.37

Abstract

The energy transition places internal combustion engines in a paradoxical position: they remain dominant in heavy-duty transport, marine propulsion, mobile power generation, and industrial applications, yet they are major sources of NOx, particulate matter, hydrocarbons, CO, and greenhouse gases. This article reviews Scopus-indexed literature from 2022 to 2026 available in the author's extraction dataset to synthesize recent progress in low-temperature combustion, low-carbon fuels, injection strategies, EGR, turbocharging, after-treatment, nano-additives, and artificial intelligence for emission prediction and optimization. A narrative-systematic approach was applied by clustering the literature into advanced combustion modes, fuel formulation, air-injection control, residual pollutant mitigation, and sensing-prediction-control models. The synthesis shows that HCCI, PCCI/PPCI, GCI, RCCI, CAI, and dual-mode dual-fuel concepts expand opportunities for high efficiency and soot/PM reduction, but they remain constrained by combustion phasing control, narrow operating range, pressure rise, knocking, and CO/HC/NOx trade-offs. Hydrogen, biohydrogen, ammonia, oxygenated biofuels, HVO, water-diesel emulsions, H2O2, and CeO2 offer strong emission-reduction potential, but their benefits depend on blend ratio, injection timing, EGR, and combustion chamber design. This review concludes that the most promising research direction is an integrated fuel-combustion-control-after-treatment-intelligence framework for adaptive and measurable low-emission engines aligned with net-zero targets.
DARI LIMBAH HETEROGEN MENUJU BIOREFINERY TERINTEGRASI: KONVERGENSI JALUR TERMOKIMIA–BIOLOGIS, PRODUK BERNILAI TAMBAH, DAN KELAYAKAN BERKELANJUTAN Hariadi Hariadi; Romi Djafar
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v3i2.38

Abstract

Transisi dari pengelolaan limbah menuju biorefinery menuntut kerangka yang mampu menghubungkan keragaman bahan baku, pilihan teknologi, mutu produk, dan kelayakan sistem. Tinjauan ini mensintesis 51 publikasi tahun 2022–2026 mengenai biomassa lignoselulosa, alga, lumpur, residu perikanan, limbah pangan, dan campuran biomassa–plastik. Analisis difokuskan pada pencernaan anaerobik dan fermentasi, pirolisis, torrefaksi, gasifikasi, pencairan hidrotermal, koproses, produksi hidrogen, biochar, serta pemulihan produk bernilai tambah. Sintesis menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada jalur konversi tunggal yang unggul untuk semua bahan baku. Kadar air tinggi mendukung proses hidrotermal dan biologis, sedangkan biomassa kering lebih sesuai untuk pirolisis, gasifikasi, dan densifikasi. Pretreatment, katalisis, gelombang mikro, ko-konversi, serta penggabungan aliran produk dapat memperbaiki hasil dan mutu, tetapi manfaat tersebut sering dibayar dengan kebutuhan energi, bahan kimia, hidrogen, atau pemurnian yang lebih besar. Bukti terbaru menggeser ukuran keberhasilan dari rendemen bahan bakar semata menuju portofolio produk, sirkularitas nutrien, penurunan toksisitas, efisiensi eksergi, jejak karbon, dan ketahanan ekonomi. Sistem paling menjanjikan menggunakan desain bertingkat: fraksinasi atau ekstraksi produk bernilai tinggi di bagian hulu, konversi energi pada residu, pemanfaatan char atau digestate, dan daur ulang panas, air, serta nutrien. Tinjauan ini mengusulkan matriks keputusan berbasis karakter bahan baku dan hierarki nilai untuk menyelaraskan pemilihan teknologi dengan indikator teknis, ekonomi, lingkungan, dan kesiapan skala. Agenda riset prioritas meliputi standarisasi data, uji jangka panjang, analisis ketidakpastian, integrasi penilaian daur hidup–tekno ekonomi, dan demonstrasi sistem modular pada konteks regional. Kerangka tersebut membantu peneliti dan pengembang menghindari optimasi parsial, membandingkan opsi secara transparan, serta memilih konfigurasi yang sesuai dengan sumber daya dan pasar setempat secara lebih konsisten.
EFEKTIVITAS MODIFIER PEMBAKARAN, COFIRING BIOMASSA, DAN SLURRY BERBASIS LIMBAH TERHADAP EFISIENSI ENERGI, EMISI, DAN RISIKO OPERASIONAL PLTU RomiDJ Djafar
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v2i2.39

Abstract

The decarbonization of coal-fired power generation cannot always be achieved through the immediate retirement of existing assets. Transition strategies are therefore required to reduce fuel consumption, emissions, and ash-related problems without compromising reliability. This review synthesizes recent developments in combustion modifiers, biomass cofiring, oxygen-carrier materials, ash utilization, and waste-derived slurry fuels. The review corpus comprises 59 bibliographic records published between 2015 and 2026, of which 53 directly relevant studies were analyzed according to their mechanisms, experimental scales, energy and environmental indicators, and operational risks. Evidence indicates that compounds containing Fe, Cu, Mn, Ti, Ca, and Mg, along with aluminosilicates, bioliquids, solid biomass, and reactive ash, act through redox catalysis, enhanced oxygen transfer, modified devolatilization, sulfur capture, sodium control, and ash-mineral engineering. Their effects are strongly dependent on chemical speciation, dispersion, dosage, temperature, particle size, combustion atmosphere, and system configuration. Several interventions have lowered ignition temperatures, improved boiler efficiency, and reduced NOx, SO₂, particulate matter, or PAH emissions. However, these benefits may be accompanied by increased NOx emissions, HCl formation, agglomeration, corrosion, greater water demand, or metal-leaching risks. Coal–water slurries incorporating biomass and organic waste expand opportunities for waste valorization through microexplosions, secondary atomization, and reduced activation energy, whereas biomass cofiring provides a relatively practical retrofit pathway. This review proposes a staged selection framework based on fuel and ash characterization, thermokinetic testing, pilot-scale validation, energy-specific emissions monitoring, and multicriteria assessment. The findings indicate that technological success depends on matching materials to fuel characteristics and conducting phased, long-term validation under actual power-plant operating conditions. Priority research areas include multifunctional nanocomposite catalysts, locally sourced residue-based additives, predictive atomization–ash models, and multiobjective optimization integrating efficiency, emissions, corrosion, and material circularity.
REKAYASA BIOCHAR LIMBAH BIOMASSA BERBASIS STRUKTUR–FUNGSI UNTUK REMEDIASI, KATALISIS, DAN SISTEM ENERGI BERKELANJUTAN: RomiDJ Djafar; Yunita Djamalu; Syaiful Umela
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v3i2.40

Abstract

Biochar and porous carbons derived from biomass waste have evolved from simple carbon materials into multifunctional engineering platforms for environmental remediation, catalysis, energy storage, and low-carbon fuel production. This review synthesizes 50 publications from 2021–2026, emphasizing recent evidence on relationships among feedstock, conversion pathways, pore architecture, surface chemistry, mass transfer, and application performance. Pyrolysis temperature cannot be treated as a single determinant of quality; performance emerges from interactions among hierarchical structure, active groups, mineral phases, heteroatoms, and mechanical stability. Three-dimensional micro-computed tomography extends conventional analysis by visualizing pore evolution and adsorption dynamics in space and time. For Cu(II) adsorption, mesopores govern access and intraparticle diffusion, while surface chemistry determines final capacity. Biological modification, magnetization, sulfidation, and bimetal loading improve selectivity or activity but introduce leaching, passivation, and production burdens. In energy systems, biomass carbon serves as solid fuel, electrode, catalyst, and anaerobic-digestion additive, with benefits governed by densification, conductivity, dosage, and process integration. A hierarchical feedstock–process–structure–mechanism–performance–sustainability framework is proposed. Priorities include operando characterization, real-matrix and continuous-flow testing, standardized stability metrics, integrated life-cycle and techno-economic assessment, and explainable artificial-intelligence modeling. This framework supports a transition from empirical optimization toward predictable, safe, and scalable material design.
REKAYASA RANTAI NILAI BIOCHAR DARI LIMBAH BIOMASSA: INTEGRASI PIROLISIS TERDISTRIBUSI, DENSIFIKASI, COFIRING, DAN PEMANFAATAN INDUSTRI UNTUK DEKARBONISASI SIRKULAR: REKAYASA RANTAI NILAI BIOCHAR DARI LIMBAH BIOMASSA: INTEGRASI PIROLISIS TERDISTRIBUSI, DENSIFIKASI, COFIRING, DAN PEMANFAATAN INDUSTRI UNTUK DEKARBONISASI SIRKULAR RomiDJ Djafar; Yunita Djamalu
Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): Journal of Energy and Mechanical Engineering (Juni)
Publisher : Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi - Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Gorontalo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62299/jeme.v2i2.41

Abstract

The conversion of biomass waste into biochar and densified solid fuels has become increasingly important because it links residue management, fossil fuel substitution, and industrial decarbonization. This review examines 57 unique publications from 2020–2026 identified through two bibliographic extractions and prioritizes 49 studies that remained relevant after deduplication and thematic screening. The analysis is organized according to the value chain: feedstock characteristics; pyrolysis and torrefaction; densification and binder selection; combustion and cofiring; biological–thermochemical process integration; and non-energy applications. The synthesis shows that conversion temperature is the primary parameter controlling biochar yield, fixed-carbon content, calorific value, porosity, thermal stability, and reactivity. Densification improves bulk density, mechanical strength, storage, and feeding performance. However, binder type and dosage create trade-offs among calorific value, ash content, emissions, water resistance, and cost. Recent evidence has expanded the role of biochar beyond household fuel to include power-plant cofiring, blast-furnace injection, use as a reducing agent and foaming material in the DRI–EAF route, graphitized carbon materials, and distributed pyrolysis systems incorporating bio-tar and heat recovery. Nevertheless, climate benefits are not automatically achieved because they depend on biomass sources, process energy requirements, avoided open burning, particulate emissions, PAHs, NOx, heavy-metal transfer, and end-use choices. This review proposes a decision-making framework based on feedstock–process–product compatibility, performance normalization per unit of energy, quality verification against applicable standards, and multiobjective optimization. Priority research areas include machine-learning-based predictive models, low-ash binders, dust-safety management, long-term industrial validation, and techno-economic and life-cycle assessments comparing energy, material, and carbon-sequestration pathways. Biochar should therefore be regarded not as a single product but as a circular carbon platform that must be designed according to the local application context.

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