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Contact Name
Baskoro Suryo Banindro
Contact Email
banindro@gmail.com
Phone
+6285641432978
Journal Mail Official
paramita@mail.unnes.ac.id
Editorial Address
Sekaran Campus, first floor in C5 building, Gunungpati, Kota Semarang,
Location
Kota semarang,
Jawa tengah
INDONESIA
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
Core Subject : Humanities,
The journal publishes writings on (1) historiography, (2) philosophy of history, (3) history of education, and (4) history educaiton. Historiography means the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. Historiography studies cover chronologically various themes, such as local history, social history, cultural history, economic history, political history, military history, intellectual history, environmental history, and other historical studies. Philosophy of history, the study either of the historical process and its development or of the methods used by historians to understand their material. History of education is a study of the past that focuses on educational issues. These include education systems, institutions, theories, themes and other related phenomena in the past. History education includes studies of how history teaches in school or society, curriculum, educational values in events, figures, and historical heritage, media and sources of historical learning, history teachers, and studies of textbooks.
Articles 30 Documents
Search results for , issue "Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA" : 30 Documents clear
RICE IN COLONIAL AND POST COLONIAL SOUTHEAST ASIA: A FOOD REGIME ANALYSIS Pradadimara, Dias
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3418

Abstract

This paper traces the ways in which rice, as a global commodity, has been produced and sold in various regions in Southeast Asia from the colonial era to the present days. This paper employs a food regime analysis first introduced by Harriet Friedmann (1982) and later developed together with Philip McMichael (1989) to look at the global political economy of rice. In this paper, it will be shown how various colonial and post colonial states in Southeast Asia (including Thailand who was never formally colonized) through their policies have practically divided the region where Burma (now Myanmar), Thailand and Vietnam in the mainland have become major rice producer and exporter, while Indonesia, Malaya (now Malaysia), and the Philippines in the archipelagic Southeast Asia have become major rice importers although at the same time producers and exporters of other agro-commodities (coffee, sugar, rubber).Keywords: rice history, food regime, Southeast Asia Artikel ini menelusuri cara di mana padi sebagai komoditas dunia diproduksi dan dijual di beberapa daerah di Asia Tenggara mulai zaman kolonial sampai sekarang. Artikel ini menggunakan analisis “food regime” yang pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Harrier Friedman (1982) dan kemudian dikembangkan bersama oleh Philip (1989) untuk mengetahui politik ekonomi global dari padi. Dalam artikel ini, akan dilihat mengenai bagaimana negara kolonial dan pasca-kolonial yanb berbeda di Asia Tenggara (termasuk Thailand yang tidak pernah dijajah sebelumnya) melalui kebiakannya, yang hampir membagi wilayahnya, di mana Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, dan Vietnam telah menjadi produsen dan eksportir utama terbesar, sedangkan Indonesia dan Malaya (Malaysia) dan Filipina di Asia Tenggara telah menjadi produsen dan eksportir komoditas pertanian lain (kopi, gula, karet) dalam waktu yang bersamaan.Kata kunci: sejarah beras, food regime, Asia Tenggara. 
SEJARAH LISAN INTEGRASI PAPUA KE INDONESIA: PENGALAMAN ORANG KAIMANA PADA MASA TRIKORA DAN PEPERA Pamungkas, Cahyo
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3423

Abstract

This article is addressed to describe the political development in Kaimana, West Papua, at the integration period between 1961 and 1969. The method of research employed by this study is oral history, which emphasize on interviews to several informants in Kaimana. However, the result of interviews were supported by archival studies to find accurate findings and analysis. Based on several historical narration, it is founded that the history of Kaimana in the Indonesian context is the history of struggle against Dutch colonialism. The history has built the Indonesian representation in Papua which always deal with Papua political identity constructed by nationalist Papua. From oral history, we reveal that Dutch officials and some groups of Papua implanted Papuans political identity based on racial differences. Another finding is the story about Let col. Untung Syamsuri, former Cakrabirawa commander, who were suspected involved in the Indonesian Communist Part coup in 1965. From several interviews, native people of Kaimana admired and respected a lot to this officer due to he has represented Indonesia in more humanize.Keywords: integration, Pepera, KaimanaArtikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan proses politik di Kaminana, Papua Barat, pada saat periode integrasi di tahun 1961 dan 1969. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan strategi sejarah lisan dan menekankan pada wawancara terhadap beberapa informan di Kaimana. Kemudian, hasil dari wawancara didukung pula dengan kajian arsip untuk menemukan keakuratan temuan dan analisis. Berdasarkan beberapa cerita sejarah, sejarah Kaimana dalam konteks Indonesia adalah sejarah tentang perlawanan rakyat dengan kolonialisme Belanda. Sejarah dibangunan dari representasi Indonesia, di mana selalu terkait dengan politik identitas masyarakat Papua. Berdasarkan sejarah lisan, terungkap bahwa Belanda dan beberapa orang Papua menanamkan bahwa identitas politik papua harus berdasar pada perbedaan ras. Selain itu, temuan lain adalah terkait cerita dari Letnan Kolonel Untung Syamsuri, mantan komandan Cakrabirawa, yang terlibat dalam “kudeta” Partai Komunis Indonesia di tahun 1965. Dari beberapa wawancara, orang asli Kaimana lebih mengagumi dan menghormati petugas Indonesia karena lebih humanis.Kata kunci: integrasi, Pepera, Kaimana 
TINJAUAN HISTORIS BENTENG VOC DI JEPARA Supriyono, Agustinus
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3419

Abstract

Article entitled “Tinjauan Historis Benteng VOC Di Jepara”  (Historical review of the VOC Fortress at Jepara”) discussed issues about background and purpose the building of the fortress. Furthermore should be showed the historical evidences which  potraied about the VOC Fortress at Jepara. As its  result could be conclude that the building of VOC Forttress at Japara has economical, political and military  purposes.Keywoords: Jepara, Forttress, VOC, history Artikel yang berjudul “Tinjauan Historis Benteng VOC Di Jepara”  membahas permasalahan mengenai latar belakang dan tujuan pembangunan benteng tersebut. Di samping itu akan disajikan bukti-bukti historis yang memberikan gambaran mengenai benteng VOC di Jepara. Dari hasil analisis sumber-sumber yang sejauh ini bisa ditemukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa pembangunan benteng VOC di Jepara mempunyai tujuan yang bersifat ekonomi, politik dan militer.Kata kunci: Jepara, benteng, VOC, sejarah 
REPRESENTASI SEJARAH DAN TRADISI KUNO BANYUMAS: ANTARA PERAN PEREMPUAN DAN PELESTARIAN ADAT OLEH NEGARA Marwah, Sofa; Widyastuti, Tri Rini
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3424

Abstract

This research-based paper aims at assessing the existence of female indigenous preservers in the preservation program of custom and culture by the state, and formulating the alternative model of preserving the custom and culture in Banyumas through strengthening the womens participation. This is necessary because the reality in the society shows that both women and men are equal to have the important role. In this case, the existence of women in Pekuncen, Kalisalak, Cikakak, Pasir Wetan and Gerduren is a representation of the synthesis between history, customs and Islamic values that colors the life of the local people. When the state enters the domain of the society and implements the program of preserving traditional villages, the existence of women is marginalized on account of being not directly involved. In fact, the actors of the traditional ceremonies such as unggah-unggahan, jaro rojab, gubrak lesung, rengkong and lengger, as well as the actors of the traditional cloth-making which is so-called lawon, are partly women.Keywords:  women, preserving the custom, BanyumasPenelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengkaji eksistensi kaum perempuan pelaku adat di tengah program pelestarian adat istiadat dan budaya oleh negara, serta merumuskan alternatif model pelestarian adat istiadat dan budaya di Banyumas melalui penguatan partisipasi kaum perempuan. Hal ini diperlukan karena realitas di masyarakat menunjukkan bahwa perempuan dan laki-laki adalah pelaku adat yang sama-sama memegang peranan penting. Dalam hal ini, keberadaan kaum perempuan di Pekuncen, Kalisalak, Cikakak, Pasir Wetan dan Gerduren adalah representasi sintesa antara perjalanan sejarah, adat istiadat dan nilai-nilai Islam yang mewarnai sendi-sendi kehidupan masyarakat setempat. Ketika negara masuk dan melakukan program pelestarian desa adat, eksistensi kaum perempuan justru tergeser karena perempuan tidak dilibatkan secara langsung. Padahal pelaku upacara unggah-unggahan, jaro rojab, gubrak lesung, rengkong, lengger, pembuatan kain tradisional lawon, sebagiannya adalah perempuan.Kata kunci: perempuan, pelestarian adat, Banyumas 
AKTIVITAS PERDAGANGAN DI KERESIDENAN JEPARA 1843-1891 Alamsyah, Alamsyah
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3420

Abstract

When the role of Jepara as a trading city deteriorated from the beginning 19th century, the life of Jepara Residency community shifted from maritime sector with a trading base to agrarian sector. The shift to agrarian sector which based on agriculture and plantation, and supported by the sea outputs made this residency attractive for traders. Both local traders, neighboring traders around Jepara, foreign eastern traders and interinsuler, as well as European traders. The traded products were exported to the surrounding areas of the residency, outer islands of Java, Singapore, and Europe. The export activities were carried out to other places through Semarang and Surabaya ports. In addition, the import activities also took place because this residency was a potential section in marketing imported products. It shows that in 19th century, especially around 1843 to 1891 the trading activities in Jepara Residency was still in existence.Keywords : Activity, Trading, Residency, Jepara Residency, Export, ImportMeredupnya Jepara sebagai kota dagang sejak awal abad ke-19 membuat kehidupan masyarakat Keresidenan Jepara beralih dari sektor maritim yang berbasis perdagangan ke sektor agraris. Beralihnya ke sektor agraris yang berbasis pada pertanian,  perkebunan, dan  ditopang oleh hasil laut justru membuat Keresidenan ini mempunyai daya tarik bagi pedagang. Baik pedagang lokal, pedagang sekitar wilayah Jepara, pedagang Timur Asing dan interinsuler, maupun pedagang Eropa. Produk yang diperdagangkan di-ekspor ke wilayah sekitar Keresidenan, interinsuler,  Singapura, dan Eropa. Kegiatan ekspor ke interinsuler dan ke luar negeri dilakukan melalui pelabuhan Semarang dan Surabaya. Selain itu, kegiatan impor juga berlangsung karena keresidenan ini merupakan  pangsa potensial dalam memasarkan produk impor. Ini menunjukkan bahwa pada abad ke-19, terutama sekitar tahun 1843 hingga 1891 aktivitas  perdagangan di keresidenan Jepara masih tetap eksis.Keywords : Aktivitas, perdagangan, Keresidenan Jepara, ekspor, impor  
PAKU ALAM V: SANG ARISTO-MODERNIS DARI TIMUR Sudibyo, Sudibyo
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3425

Abstract

This paper recites Paku Alam V figures as an ambiguity subject and a cultural paradox. He lived in a kingdom economic crisis and a rapid flow of changes in politics, economy, laws, and lifestyle aspects which is caused by other colonial social elements. The analysis focuses on psychological, religious, and cultural aspects which form his personality. To achieve the goal, it uses post colonialism concerning in contact zone, textual studies and historical context. The textual studies are used to explain the role modernization in genealogy, consistence, and Paku Alam V mind revolution. The historical context is used to explain the historical background, especially related to zeitgeist, when Paku Alam V implemented his ideas.Keywords: aristocrat, paradox, text, context. Tulisan ini mengkaji sosok Paku Alam V sebagai subjek ambiguitas dan paradoks kebudayaan. Ia hidup di tengah krisis ekonomi kerajaan dan arus perubahan yang deras di bidang politik, ekonomi, hukum dan gaya hidup yang dihembuskan oleh kekuasaan dan elemen-elemen masyarakat kolonial lainnya. Analisis difokuskan pada aspek-aspek psikologis, religious, dan kultural yang membentuk pribadinya. Untuk mencapai tujuan itu, digunakan teori poskolonialisme tentang zona kontak dan kajian teks serta konteks sejarah. Kajian teks  digunakan untuk menjelaskan peran modernisasi dalam   genealogi, konsistensi, dan evolusi atau revolusi pemikiran P.A. V. Konteks sejarah digunakan untuk menjelaskan latar belakang sejarah, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan zeitgeist saat P.A. V mengimplementasikan gagasan-gagasannya. Kata kunci: aristrokat, modernis, paradoks, teks, konteks 
BERJUANG MENYELAMATKAN LINGKUNGAN: GERAKAN LINGKUNGAN DI JAWA MASA KEMERDEKAAN 1950-2000 Nawiyanto, Nawiyanto
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3421

Abstract

This article discusses the environmental movement in Java during the independence era, with a special focus on the Old Order and New Order periods. Historical method was employed here in conducting the collection of source materials and synthesizing the facts into a historiographical construction. The sense of environmental crisis became the reason for continuing struggle for saving the environment. The result of discussion reveals that not only did it perform colonial legacy, the movement also resulted in modifications, in terms of conservation management and movement forms. There was also a process of strengthening and broadening of the supporting groups of the movement. Especially since the 1970s, the role of non-governmental organizations and media groups intensified. This feature marked a new era that ended the dominant role of the government. In line with this process, new environmental issues were also raised and pollution was a case in point here. Keywords: Environmental movement, environmental issues, government, non-governmental organizations, independence era, JavaArtikel ini membahas gerakan lingkungan di Jawa pada masa kemerdekaan dengan fokus khusus periode Orde Lama dan Orde Baru. Metode sejarah digunakan dalam penggarapan dari pengumpulan sumber hingga penuangan dalam sintesis konstruksi historiografis. Keyakinan akan krisis lingkungan menjadi alasan berlanjutnya perjuangan menyelamatkan lingkungan. Hasil pembahasan menunjukkan bahwa tidak hanya warisan kolonial tetap hidup, gerakan lingkungan memperlihatkan pula adanya modifikasi dalam hal pengelolaan kawasan konservasi dan bentuk gerakan. Terdapat pula proses penguatan dan perluasan kelompok-kelompok pendukung gerakan. Khususnya sejak tahun 1970-an, peranan organisasi non-pemerintah, media massa, dan kelompok-kelompok akar rumput semakin     menguat. Hal ini menandai sebuah era baru yang mengakhiri peranan dominan pemerintah. Seiring dengan proses ini, isu-isu baru juga dibangun dan pencemaran merupakan ilustrasi pokok di sini.  Kata kunci: gerakan lingkungan, isu lingkungan, pemerintah, organisasi non-pemerintah, masa kemerdekaan, Jawa 
MODEL PENGEMBANGAN PERANGKAT PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH BERORIENTASI METAKOGNITIF JENJANG SMA Utomo, Cahyo Budi
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3426

Abstract

The importance of metacognitive based history learning in the high school level as requested in the “curriculum 2013” is the main background of this research. The research is focused to find the model of development of metacognitive based learning through research and development (R&D) type research. The results showed an essential component in achieving successful management of metacognitive based history learning in high school education which the curriculum as a core competency analysis and basic competencies, lesson plan development, and the development of assessment tools. Development model of metacognitive based learning at high school education have main characteristic of the inclusion of explicit metacognitive learning goals and assignments and devices equipped with a rubric and assessment questionnaire. Metacognitive based history learning instructional tools that are developed in senior high school level has been carried out as optimally as possible by involving history teachers in the process of development and testing through focus group discussions and questionnaire.Keywords: Model, Instructional tool, Metacognitive, senior high school levelPentingnya orientasi metakognitif dalam perangkat pembelajaran sejarah jenjang SMA sebagaimana yang dikehendaki dalam implementasi kurikulum 2013 merupakan latar belakang utama penelitian ini. Penelitian difokuskan untuk menemukan model pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran berorientasi metakognitif melalui penelitian berjenis riset dan pengembangan (R&D). Metode penelitian R&D dilaksanakan melalui tiga tahap utama yaitu: tahap studi pendahuluan, tahap pengembangan, dan tahap uji publik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan komponen esensial dalam mewujudkan keberhasilan penge-lolaan pembelajaran sejarah berorientasi metakognitif pada jenjang pendidikan SMA adalah kurikulum sebagai bahan analisis kompetensi inti dan kompetensi dasar, pengembangan RPP, dan pengembangan perangkat assesmen. Model pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran sejarah berorientasi metakognitif pada jenjang pendi-dikan SMA yang dikembangkan memiliki ciri utama pada pencantuman tujuan pembelajaran metakognitif secara eksplisit dan dilengkapi dengan penugasan dan perangkat assesmen berupa rubrik dan angket. Pengembangan perangkat pembelajaran sejarah berorientasi metakognitif pada jenjang pendidikan SMA telah dilaksanakan seoptimal mungkin dengan melibatkan guru dalam proses pengembangan dan pengujian melalui FGD dan pengisian angket.Kata Kunci: Model, Perangkat Pembelajaran, Metakognitif, Jenjang SMA  
A SHORT JOURNEY TO EXPLORE THE EAST: ELTIO ALEGONDAS FORSTEN Mulyasari, Prima Nurahmi
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3417

Abstract

Tropical area is widely concerned for its biodiversity. In the past, European expansion made it possible for naturalists to explore around the world since most countries in equatorial regions were European colonies. Through the projects of natural history European imperialism tried to exploit the nature for their interests. In 1820 the Dutch government launched the establishment of Natuurkundige Kommisie voor Netherlands Indië (Natural Science Commission for Netherlands Indies). Among the few members of Natuurkundige Kommisie for Netherlands Indies was E.A Forsten who conducted his scientific research in North Celebes and Moluccan Islands in early 19th century. By mostly using Forsten’s diary and letters as the main sources this article attempts to narrate Forsten’s scientific expedition and its contribution to the natural science.Keywords: Biodiversity, E.A Forsten, natural history Wilayah tropis terkenal akan keanekaragaman hayati yang melimpah. Pada era kolonialisme, ekspansi Eropa memungkinkan bagi para naturalis Barat untuk menjelajahi kawasan equator mengingat sebagian besar negara di wilayah khatulistiwa merupakan jajahan negara-negara Eropa. Melalui proyek-proyek mempelajari alam  dan penduduk di koloni-koloninya imperialisme Eropa mendanai riset terutama bagi kepentingan mereka. Pada tahun 1820 pemerintah Belanda membentuk Natuurkundige Kommisie voor Netherlands Indië (Komisi Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam untuk Hindia Belanda). Di antara beberapa anggota Natuurkundige Kommisie ialah  EA Forsten yang melakukan penelitian ilmiah di Sulawesi Utara dan Kepulauan Maluku pada awal abad ke-19. Dengan sebagian besar menggunakan buku harian dan surat-surat Forsten sebagai sumber utama,  artikel ini mencoba untuk menarasikan ekspedisi ilmiah  Forsten beserta kontribusinya terhadap ilmu pengetahuan.Kata kunci: keanekaragaman hayati, E.A.       Forsten, sejarah alam 
SEJARAH PENGUASAAN SUMBER DAYA PESISIR DAN LAUT DI TELUK TOMINI Obie, Muhammad; Soetarto, Endriatmo; Soemarti, Titik; Saharuddin, Saharuddin
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 25, No 1 (2015): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v25i1.3422

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the historical milestones of coastal and sea resources management in Tomini Bay. It used a critical theory paradigm with two strategies, namely historical sociology and case studies. The collected data were primary and secondary ones, then were analyzed by using qualitative approach. The analysis results indicated that coastal and sea management in To-mini Bay could be divided into era before 1901, when Bajo Tribe was the sea adventurer in To-mini Bay as well as owning the resources. Since 1901 to independence era of Old Order, Bajo tribe began to settle to coastal area, built houses above the sea surfaces with economic resources coming from fishing and other sea pickings.  During the New Order, precisely from 1977 to Reformation Order, the existence of Bajo Tribe was terribly disturbed by the wood company, fishpond, and conservation policy. In this era, Bajo Tribe faced the resettlement pressure that caused their community was divided, Sea Bajo and Land Bajo.  This reality caused the access of the Land Bajo community to the coastal and sea resources was limited, while the Sea Bajo community was progressively under the pressure of of the expansion of the wood company, fishpond, and conservation policy.Key words: Bajo Tribe, wood company, fishpond, conservation, resettlement, cultural tourismTujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis tonggak-tonggak sejarah penguasaan sumber daya pesisir dan laut di Teluk Tomini. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma teori kritis, dengan strategi sosiologi sejarah dan studi kasus. Data yang terkumpul berupa data primer dan data sekunder, kemudian dianalisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penguasaan sumber daya pesisir dan laut di Teluk Tomini dapat dibagi atas masa sebelum tahun 1901, yang ditandai Suku Bajo sebagai pengembara laut di Teluk Tomini sekaligus me-nguasai sumber daya yang ada. Sejak tahun 1901 sampai masa kemerdekaan (Orde Lama), Suku Bajo mulai hidup menetap dengan membangun rumah di atas permukaan laut, ekonomi bersumber dari menangkap ikan di pesisir dan mengumpulkan hasil-hasil laut lainnya. Memasuki Orde Baru, tepatnya mulai tahun 1977 sampai Orde Reformasi, eksistensi Suku Bajo mulai terganggu dengan masuknya perusahaan kayu, tambak, dan kebijakan konservasi. Di era ini Suku Bajo mengalami tekanan resettlement, menyebabkan komunitas mereka terbelah. Akses komunitas Bajo Darat ke laut menjadi terbatas, sementara komunitas Bajo Laut makin terjepit oleh ekspansi perusahaan kayu, tambak, dan kebijakan konservasi.Kata-kata kunci: Suku Bajo, perusahaan kayu, usaha tambak, konservasi, resettlement, pariwisata budaya  

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