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Paramita: Historical Studies Journal
Published by Universitas Negeri Semarang
ISSN : 24075825     EISSN : 24075825     DOI : https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v30i2.20890
Core Subject : Humanities,
Humanities
The journal publishes writings on (1) historiography, (2) philosophy of history, (3) history of education, and (4) history educaiton. Historiography means the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. Historiography studies cover chronologically various themes, such as local history, social history, cultural history, economic history, political history, military history, intellectual history, environmental history, and other historical studies. Philosophy of history, the study either of the historical process and its development or of the methods used by historians to understand their material. History of education is a study of the past that focuses on educational issues. These include education systems, institutions, theories, themes and other related phenomena in the past. History education includes studies of how history teaches in school or society, curriculum, educational values in events, figures, and historical heritage, media and sources of historical learning, history teachers, and studies of textbooks.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Sosial (Lain-Lain)
Articles 742 Documents
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SEJARAH SOSIOLOGIS BUDAYA BERNAFKAH KOMUNITAS ADAT SUKU DUANO
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 24, No 2 (2014): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v24i2.3122

Abstract

The milestones of Duano Tribe’s livelihood culture can be grouping into 4 periodes. The periodization based on the adaptation of Duano Tribe community to  bio-physic environment change or livelihood place change that used observation, interview, and document study to collect the data.  The first is year before 1722 where they was a sea nomads in Malaka Strait. In this period, Duano Tribe developed their livelihood culture based on schooling fish hunting activity. The second is year since 1722 to 1932 where the  Duano’s livelihood place moved to caostal zone and small island of Malaka Strait. In this period,  They developed livelihood culture based on sea nomads and fishing  technology, but natural culture that used in livelihood activity changed to pelagic fish and small fish. The third is year since 1932 to 1960, where the livelihood culture of Duano Tribe was in transition phase. In this period, livelihood activity of Duano Tribe changed to fishing activity at estuarin ecosystem in Berhala Strait. And the last is year after 1960, where the livelihood culture of Duano Tribe based on “menongkah” activity. Interaction between Duano community and state effect on their livelihood culture change. The adaptation of Duano Tribe community to bio-physic environment that was being effected by state power or another external power can be called as semi-natural adaptation.Keywords: Duano Tribe, Livelihood culture, Semi-natural adaptation, Sea nomads, FishermenTonggak-tonggak sejarah bernafkah Suku Duano yang dilihat dari adaptasi mereka terhadap lingkungan biofisik dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 4 periode. Pengelompokkan ini diperoleh melalui serangkaian proses pengumpulan data dengan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan studi literatur. Periode pertama adalah masa sebelum tahun 1722 dengan budaya bernafkah sebagai pengembara laut yang berburu ikan-ikan ruaya, periode kedua diantara tahun 1722 sampai 1932 sebagai pengembara laut yang berburu ikan-ikan perairan dangkal, periode ketiga dari tahun 1932 sampai 1960 sebagai peralihan dari pengembara laut ke nelayan menetap yang memanfaatkan sumberdaya perikanan muara-pantai, dan periode keempat setelah tahun 1960 sebagai nelayan menetap yang menangkap/menungumpulkan sumberdaya perikanan muara-pantai atau aktivitas menongkah. Interaksi Suku Duano dan negara mempengaruhi perubahan budaya bernafkah budaya bernafkah mereka. Perubahan budaya bernafkah yang dipengaruhi oleh kekuatan negara atau kekuatan lain diluar komunitas dapat disebut semi-natural adaptasi.Kata Kunci: Suku Duano, Budaya Bernafkah, Adaptasi Semi-natural, pengembara laut, nelayan  
Preservation of Megalithic Sites as Integrated Tourism Objects in Lahat Regency, South Sumatra
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 30, No 1 (2020): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v30i1.21698

Abstract

Megalithic sites, tourist assets in Lahat Regency besides waterfalls, are a wealth of culture in the past that have the potential to be a tourist attraction. The location of megalithic sites scattered in several subdistricts and mostly located outside the settlement becomes an obstacle to be developed as a tourist destination. The purpose of this research is to develop an integrated tourism strategy that composes megalithic sites, natural attractions, artificial attractions, settlements, and the empowerment of local communities. This research combines historical research and case study. The case study is used by observing the location of megalithic sites in several districts in the Lahat Regency. The rapid mapping of potential megalithic sites and tourist objects and developed into two zonings. Community empowerment is conducted by focusing on group discussion (FGD) involving related parties. Megalithic sites are unique, scattered over a wide area, and different geographic conditions make them difficult for tourists to visit. There are several megalithic sites in the settlement, plantation, or rice fields. Local Communities already have an understanding of utilizing homes as homestays. It is concluded that the determination of zonation in Lahat regency can direct the management of the megalithic site as a tourism object according to the site characteristics and the built environment through community empowerment. The first zoning is the location of megalithic sites on Pagaralam as the direction of tourist arrivals with the village of Gunung Kaya in the Jarai sub-district as the node, and the second zonation on Lahat as the direction of tourist arrivals with the village Sinjar Bulan in Gumay Ulu sub-district as the node. Megalithic site management strategy as an integrated tourist attraction is also carried out by utilizing all the existing potential.Situs megalitik adalah warisan budaya di masa lalu yang berpotensi menjadi objek wisata. Lokasi situs megalitik yang tersebar di beberapa kecamatan dan sebagian besar berada di luar pemukiman menjadi kendala untuk dikembangkan sebagai tujuan wisata. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan strategi pariwisata terpadu yang menyusun situs megalitik, atraksi alam, atraksi buatan, permukiman, dan pemberdayaan masyarakat lokal. Penelitian menggunakan dua pendekatan, yakni penelitian historis dan studi kasus. Situs megalitik unik, tersebar di wilayah yang luas, dan kondisi geografis yang berbeda membuat mereka sulit dikunjungi wisatawan. Ada beberapa situs megalitik di pemukiman, perkebunan, atau sawah. Masyarakat setempat sudah memiliki pemahaman tentang pemanfaatan rumah sebagai homestay. Disimpulkan bahwa penentuan zonasi di Kabupaten Lahat dapat mengarahkan pengelolaan situs megalitik sebagai objek wisata sesuai dengan karakteristik situs dan lingkungan binaan melalui pemberdayaan masyarakat. Zonasi pertama adalah lokasi situs megalitik di Pagaralam sebagai arah kedatangan wisatawan dengan desa Gunung Kaya di kecamatan Jarai sebagai simpul, dan zonasi kedua di Lahat sebagai arah kedatangan wisatawan dengan desa Sinjar Bulan di kecamatan Gumay Ulu sebagai simpul.
KONSTRUKSI SOSIAL SISWA SMA TERHADAP MITOS BUYUT CILI SEBAGAI TRADISI LISAN SEJARAH BLAMBANGAN
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 23, No 2 (2013): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v23i2.2671

Abstract

The research focused on a social construction or interpretation of the Buyut Cili Myth as a storytelling tradition Blambangan history. The research objectives identified socially constructed form of knowledge as well as the values of the Buyut Cili myth. The research method was classroom action research. The result of the research found that Buyut Cili myth was a conceptual instrument for students to understand the concept of historical continuity. The complexity of life was contained in reality which displayed by the Buyut Cili. It proved that social reality was plural or multi-dimension. The Myth of Buyut Cili is as a learning resource to achieve basic competence to describe the historical tradition in Indonesian society during the prehistory and history” consisted of historical, religious, cultural, social, and economic values, that needed for students’ character education.Keywords: social construction, buyut cili myth, oral tradition Fokus penelitian adalah konstruksi sosial atau pemaknaan terhadap mitos Buyut Cili sebagai tradisi lisan sejarah Blambangan. Tujuan penelitian mengidentifikasi hasil konstruksi sosial berupa pengetahuan maupun nilai-nilai dari mitos Buyut Cili. Metode penelitian adalah classroom action research. Hasil penelitian adalah mitos Buyut Cili  merupakan instrumen konseptual bagi siswa memahami konsep kesinambungan sejarah. Kompleksitas kehidupan terkandung pada realitas yang ditampilkan oleh mitos Buyut Cili membuktikan bahwa realitas sosial atau kenyataan sosial bersifat jamak atau multidimensional. Mitos Buyut Cili sebagai sumber belajar untuk mencapai kompetensi dasar “mendeskripsikan tradisi sejarah dalam masyarakat Indonesia masa pra-aksara dan masa aksara” sarat nilai historis, agama, budaya, sosial, dan ekonomi yang urgen untuk pendidikan karakter siswa. Kata kunci: konstruksi sosial, mitos buyut cili, tradisi lisan   
THE PAST GHOST: THE EXPRESSION OF NARRATIVE IDEOLOGY IN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS DURING THE NEW ORDER AND REFORMASI IN INDONESIA
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 28, No 2 (2018): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v28i2.15043

Abstract

Narrative in history textbooks usually refers to the history of Indonesia itself. The written experiences are the stories which are considered as proud for the history of their nation and the government in power. Thus, no wonder if the government changes, the materials which are not in line with the present government will vanish or be eliminated. However, for various topics, this cannot be vanished and changed even though the government changes. This situation looks like a ghost and sometimes can cause fear and anxiety because it comes with a strong figure. The aim of this study is to investigate the narrative expression in the history learning textbooks for Senior High School published in the New Order and Reformasi (reformation) era as ideology. Hence, in order to examine the problem, the researcher used critical discourse analysis method in which its main study was texts. Texts are created in the political and social contexts in which there are social power and domination. The results show that the materials which had vanished and appeared in a different version in the history school textbooks cannot be separated from the influence of the government’s interests or we call it as ideologization in history textbooks. The government in power has an authority with his policy to limit, to add and to eliminate the previous history materials and then interprets himself for an event in the past. Narasi dalam buku pelajaran sejarah biasanya mengacu pada sejarah Indonesia itu sendiri. Pengalaman tertulis adalah kisah-kisah yang dianggap membanggakan sejarah bangsa mereka dan pemerintah yang berkuasa. Dengan demikian, tidak heran jika pemerintah berubah, bahan-bahan yang tidak sejalan dengan pemerintahan sekarang akan lenyap atau dihilangkan. Namun, untuk berbagai topik, ini tidak dapat dihilangkan dan diubah meskipun pemerintah berubah. Keadaan ini terlihat seperti hantu dan terkadang bisa menimbulkan rasa takut dan kecemasan karena muncul dengan sosok yang kuat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyelidiki ekspresi naratif dalam buku teks pembelajaran sejarah untuk Sekolah Menengah Atas yang diterbitkan pada era Orde Baru dan Reformasi sebagai ideologi. Oleh karena itu, untuk menguji masalah, peneliti menggunakan metode analisis wacana kritis di mana studi utamanya adalah teks. Teks dibuat dalam konteks politik dan sosial di mana ada kekuatan dan dominasi sosial. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa materi yang telah lenyap dan muncul dalam versi yang berbeda dalam buku pelajaran sekolah sejarah tidak dapat dipisahkan dari pengaruh kepentingan pemerintah atau kita menyebutnya sebagai ideologi dalam buku teks sejarah. Pemerintah yang berkuasa memiliki otoritas dengan kebijakannya untuk membatasi, menambah dan menghilangkan materi sejarah sebelumnya dan kemudian menafsirkan dirinya sendiri untuk suatu peristiwa di masa lalu. 
MODERNISASI PEMERINTAHAN PRAJA MANGKUNAGARAN SURAKARTA
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 22, No 1 (2012): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v22i1.1842

Abstract

Mangkunagaran is one of government and cultural center of Java in the Dutch colonial period. It was formed in 1757 through Salatiga Agreement, as product of Jawa War succession. At the beginning Praja Mangkunagaran was a district of Kasunanan, then it raised into a small empire. Government modernization was done since Mangkunagara IV by establishing some new institution. Increasingly sophisticated modernization carried out in the early twentieth century during the reign of Mangkunagara VI and Mangkunagara VII. Modernization of gover-nance is heavily influenced by the Dutch colonial governance combined with Javanese culture. The rise of new governance generates new identity that is different from another Javanese culture center. Key words: modernization, governance, Mangkunagaran  Mangkunagaran merupakan salah satu pusat pemerintahan dan budaya Jawa pada masa Kolonial Belanda. Ia terbentuk pada tahun 1757 melalui perjanjian Salatiga, sebagai hasil perang suksesi di Jawa. Praja ini semula hanya merupakan sebuah kabupaten, namun dalam perkembangannya berkembang menjadi sebuah kerajaan kecil. Modernisasi pemerintahan dilakukan sejak Mangkunagara IV dengan membentuk lembaga-lembaga kerajaan yang berbeda dengan Kasunanan Surakarta. Modernisasi semakin canggih dilakukan pada awal abad XX pada masa pemerintahan Mangkunagara VI dan Mangkunagara VII. Modernisasi tata pemerintahan banyak dipengaruhi oleh tata pemerintahan Kolonial Belanda dipadukan dengan kebudayaan Jawa. Lahirnya tata pemerintahan baru menghasilkan identitas baru yang berbeda dengan pusat-pusat budaya Jawa lain, Kasunanan dan Paku Alaman. Kata kunci: modernisasi, pemerintahan, Mangkunagara  
THE ROLE OF CHINESE IN COMING OF ISLAM TO INDONESIA: TEACHING MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT BASED ON MULTICULTURALISM
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 27, No 2 (2017): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v27i2.8660

Abstract

The aim of this research was to describe the role of Chinese in coming of Islam to Indonesia in XV-XVI century and developed it into a history teaching materials based on multiculturalism. It was a library research with historical approach. Data that were obtained from various sources analyzed by qualitatively descriptive into teaching materials integrated into curriculum. The results showed that there were  some historical facts, strengthen the role of Chinese in the coming of Islam to Indonesia in the XV-XVI centuries. The study compiled into teaching materials that can be integrated into curriculum 2013 on Indonesian History subjects for high school class X. Developed teaching materials can disseminated multiculturalism values in students to realize a harmonious society. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan peran Tionghoa dalam masuknya Islam ke Indonesia pada abad XV-XVI dan mengembangkannya menjadi bahan ajar sejarah berbasis multikulturalisme. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan historis. Data yang diperoleh dari berbagai sumber dianalisis secara kualitatif deskriptif menjadi bahan ajar untuk diintegrasikan ke dalam kurikulum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat berbagai fakta sejarah yang menguatkan peran Tionghoa dalam masuknya Islam ke Indonesia pada abad XV-XVI. Kajian tersebut disusun menjadi bahan ajar yang dapat diintegrasikan ke dalam Kurikulum 2013 pada mata pelajaran Sejarah Indonesia untuk SMA kelas X. Bahan ajar sejarah yang dikembangkan dapat menyemai nilai multikulturalisme dalam diri siswa untuk mewujudkan masyarakat yang harmonis. 
PENGARUH POLITIK PINTU TERBUKA TERHADAP MASYARAKAT PEDESAAN DI JAWA
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 21, No 1 (2011)
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v21i1.1025

Abstract

The second half of the nineteenth century Dutch colonial government has issued the Law relating to economical politics in the Netherlands Indies, whose development was accompanied by a variety of social phenomena, especially among native communities. The influence of the open door politics has given impact on the rural population, because they are directly confronted with colonial interests in the arena of international commerce. Exploitation on various aspects of the lives of the rural population cannot be avoided. Therefore, entering the twentieth century. deterioration of living conditions that lead to poverty cannot be avoided. Socio-economic structure in rural indigenous communities are basically unbalanced and uneven. During Dutch colonial rule, foreign private interest was strong enough related to the international market. International markets have tended to act as an "edge" where the Indonesian economy is hung. Independence of the community and the rural economy in the colonial period almost did not indicate any changes.   Key words : Colonial exploitation, Bumiputra Population, Poverty  
TRANSFORMASI PENENUN BUGIS-WAJO MENUJU ERA MODERNITAS
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 24, No 1 (2014): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v24i1.2864

Abstract

This study aims to reveal the transformation process of weaving activity of Wajo people in South Sulawesi. This study uses a constructivist paradigm with a qualitative approach. Data was collected through in depth interviews, observation, documentation, and historical sociology. The analysis data uses data reduction, data presentation, and taking conclusion. The results shows that the weaving activities of Wajo people in design patterns and developing the loom stuffs by cultural fusion from outside of Bugis community and local elements of creativity and local intelligence communities of Wajo. The transformation process began with the use of a loom gedogan in the 13th century, then loom machines in 1950, and the use of looms machine in 2004. Pattern Transformation is begun from plain pattern (1400-1600), squares pattern/palekat (1600-1900), and the pictorial pattern (1900-now). Keywords: Transformation, Weaver, Bugis-Wajo Penelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan proses transformasi kegiatan tenun rakyat di Kabupaten Wajo Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma konstruktivis dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data di-lakukan dengan metode wawancara mendalam, observasi, dokumentasi, dan studi sosiologi sejarah. Analisis data menggunakan reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan pertenunan rakyat di Kabupaten Wajo dalam menunjukkan adanya perpaduan kebudayaan dari luar komunitas Bugis dan unsur kreatifitas dan kecerdasan lokal masyarakat Wajo. Transformasi alat tenun bermula pada penggunaan alat tenun gedogan pada abad ke-13, kemudian Alat Tenun Bukan Mesin pada tahun 1950, dan penggunaan Alat Tenun Mesin tahun 2004. Transormasi corak bermula dari corak tidak bergambar (tahun 1400-1600), corak kotak-kotak/palekat (1600-1900), dan corak bergambar (1900-sekarang). Kata Kunci: Transformasi, Penenun, Bugis-Wajo    
From Railroad to Highway: Shifting Use of Land Transportation System in the Northern Coast of Central Java
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 29, No 2 (2019): PARAMITA
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v29i2.21005

Abstract

The development of land transportation facilities both trains and highway in the end of 19th and 20th century was closely related to the production plantation crops. Historical method was used in writing this article. Documentation was done by searching information related to road accidents. Documents would be traced in Jakarta National Archives, Jakarta National Library, Press Monument in Surakarta, Central Bureau of Statistics Central Java, several libraries in Yogyakarta. In early 20th century, trains became a main transportation system because they might transport plantation crops in large quantities before drove in the port city. However, due to the decline in plantation production, the function of trains decreased as well. During the New Order era which focused on agrarian farming system, trains’ function as transportation went down and replaced by highway. In other words, highway became a primary transportation system because they were able to transport production crops (e.g. rice) from fields to our house. This shifting use was closely related to the policy issued by the government. Pengembangan fasilitas transportasi darat baik kereta api maupun jalan raya pada akhir abad ke-19 dan ke-20 terkait erat dengan produksi tanaman perkebunan. Metode historis digunakan dalam menulis artikel ini. Dokumentasi dilakukan dengan mencari informasi terkait kecelakaan di jalan. Dokumen akan dilacak di Arsip Nasional Jakarta, Perpustakaan Nasional Jakarta, Monumen Pers di Surakarta, Biro Pusat Statistik Jawa Tengah, beberapa perpustakaan di Yogyakarta. Pada awal abad ke-20, kereta api menjadi sistem transportasi utama karena mereka mengangkut tanaman perkebunan dalam jumlah besar sebelum melaju di kota pelabuhan. Namun, karena penurunan produksi perkebunan, fungsi kereta api juga menurun. Selama era Orde Baru yang berfokus pada sistem pertanian agraria, fungsi kereta api sebagai transportasi turun dan digantikan oleh jalan raya. Dengan kata lain, jalan raya menjadi sistem transportasi utama karena mereka dapat mengangkut tanaman produksi (misalnya beras) dari ladang ke rumah. Pergeseran penggunaan ini terkait erat dengan kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh pemerintah. 
The Impact of Education on Social Mobility in North Bali in the Early XX Century
Paramita: Historical Studies Journal Vol 31, No 2 (2021): History of Asia and Indonesia
Publisher : History Department, Semarang State University and Historian Society of Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/paramita.v31i2.29742

Abstract

This research was intended to examine the impact of education on social mobility in North Bali during the Dutch colonialism era in the early twentieth century. The method used for this research was heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, assisted by social science as an analytical tool. The research findings revealed that the colonial era education system in North Bali consisted of two groups, namely primary and secondary education up to the junior high school level as it is today. Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) in Singaraja was built in 1916, while Hollandsch Inlandsche School (HIS) first opened in 1918 in Singaraja, then in Denpasar, followed by Klungkung and Karangasem.The Netherlands also established a Volks School in villages. The development of education and facilities and infrastructure was quite good at that time as evidenced by the number of existing schools totaling 142. The existence of this educational institution provided opportunities for many groups of aristocrats and ordinary people (jaba) to obtain an education. This condition had an impact on the change in the social structure of the Balinese from feudal to modern, where the jaba experienced vertical social mobility. This in turn resulted in competition among aristocrats and jaba, resulting in various organizations such as Surya Kanta and Bali Adnyana. The Surya Kanta organization, which was founded by the jaba, carried out a social movement by demanding equality in society, eliminating ajawera, adapting custom to the times, eliminating asupundung and alangkahi karanghulu, and returning the caste system to religious principles.Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengkaji dampak pendidikan terhadap mobilitas sosial di Bali Utara pada masa penjajahan Belanda di awal abad ke-20. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah heuristik, kritik sumber, interpretasi, dan historiografi dengan bantuan ilmu sosial sebagai alat analisis. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa sistem pendidikan zaman kolonial di Bali Utara terdiri dari dua golongan, yaitu pendidikan dasar dan menengah sampai dengan tingkat sekolah menengah pertama seperti sekarang ini. Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) di Singaraja dibangun pada tahun 1916, sedangkan Hollandsch Inlandsche School (HIS) pertama kali dibuka pada tahun 1918 di Singaraja, kemudian di Denpasar, disusul oleh Klungkung dan Karangasem. Belanda juga mendirikan Volks School di desa-desa. Perkembangan pendidikan dan sarana prasarana saat itu cukup baik dibuktikan dengan jumlah sekolah yang ada berjumlah 142. Keberadaan lembaga pendidikan ini memberikan peluang bagi banyak golongan bangsawan dan masyarakat biasa (jaba) untuk mengenyam pendidikan. Kondisi ini berdampak pada perubahan struktur sosial masyarakat Bali dari feodal ke modern, dimana jaba mengalami mobilitas sosial vertikal. Hal ini pada gilirannya mengakibatkan persaingan antara bangsawan dan jaba, sehingga muncul berbagai organisasi seperti Surya Kanta dan Bali Adnyana. Organisasi Surya Kanta yang didirikan oleh para jaba melakukan gerakan sosial dengan menuntut kesetaraan dalam masyarakat, menghilangkan ajawera, menyesuaikan adat dengan perkembangan zaman, menghilangkan asupundung dan alangkahi karanghulu, dan mengembalikan sistem kasta pada prinsip-prinsip agama.

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