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INDONESIA
Perspektif : Review Penelitian Tanaman Industri
Published by Kementerian Pertanian
ISSN : 14128004     EISSN : 25408240     DOI : -
Core Subject : Education,
Education
Majalah Perspektif Review Penelitian Tanaman Industri diterbitkan oleh Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan yang memuat makalah tinjauan (review) fokus pada Penelitian dan kebijakan dengan ruang lingkup (scope) komoditas Tanaman Industri/perkebunan, antara lain : nilam, kelapa sawit, kakao, tembakau, kopi, karet, kapas, cengkeh, lada, tanaman obat, rempah, kelapa, palma, sagu, pinang, temu-temuan, aren, jarak pagar, jarak kepyar, dan tebu.
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 203 Documents
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THE ROLE OF PARASITOIDS AND PREDATORS FOR CONTROLLING COTTON LEAFHOPPER Amrasca biguttula (ISHIDA) (HETEROPTERA: CICCADELIDAE) . NURINDAH
Perspektif Vol 11, No 1 (2012): Juni 2012
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/p.v11n1.2012.%p

Abstract

Cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula is a serious early-season cotton pest. It sucks plant sap, injects its toxic saliva, and causes hopper burn. Controlling the cotton leafhopper with aerial spray of insecticides causes another problem i.e., increasing population of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera as its natural enemies are also eliminated. So far, released-national-cotton varieties have been moderately resistant to the leafhopper and will not survive when the pest population is high. The use of systemic insecticide, through seed treatment before planting, could escape the leafhopper damage symptom until 60 days after planting, negatively affects to the development of natural enemies, and long term usages may cause damages to the environment. Indigenous parasitoids and predators can be used for controlling the leafhopper population effectively, efficiently, and environmentally friendly. The predominant parasitoids on cotton plantation are egg parasitoids, Anagrus spp., and predators are spiders, lady bird beetles, and predatory mired bugs. The role of parasitoids and predators could be optimized by increasing their population in the early season. This could be done by addition of their food sources through raising the vegetation diversity, spraying foods for predators and attractant for parasitoids and predators. Intercropping cotton with secondary food crops would increase vegetation diversity, increase predator population, and egg parasitism. It may also suppress the leafhopper population, maintain cotton-seed productivity, and leave out chemical insecticide spray.Key words: Amrasca biguttula, cotton, cotton leaf-hopper, parasitoid, predator.
PERCEPATAN PROSES PENGOMPOSAN AEROBIK MENGGUNAKAN BIODEKOMPOSER / Acceleration of Aerobic Composting Process Using Biodecomposer Rasti Saraswati; R. Heru Praptana
Perspektif Vol 16, No 1 (2017): Juni, 2017
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/psp.v16n1.2017.44-57

Abstract

Peningkatan siklus hara di tanah sangat dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan bahan organik tanah. Residu tanaman berperan penting dalam perbaikan sifat fisik, kimia dan biologi tanah, tetapi dapat berdampak negatif terhadap lingkungan apabila belum terdekomposisi dengan baik. Dekomposisi bahan organik secara alami membutuhkan waktu yang lama (3 - 4 bulan, bahkan dapat lebih lama hingga 1 - 2 tahun), sehingga upaya pelestarian bahan organik di lahan pertanian dan perkebunan mengalami hambatan. Kandungan lignin dan selulosa merupakan faktor pembatas terhadap kecepatan dan efisiensi dekomposisi, karena menghalangi akses enzim selulolitik dalam degradasi bahan berserat lignoselulosa. Strategi mempercepat proses dekomposisi bahan organik dapat dilakukan dengan: 1) memanfaatkan mikroba perombak bahan organik (dekomposer) lignoselulolitik untuk menghindari adanya immobilisasi hara dan alelopati, serta sebagai substrat patogen, dan 2) mempercepat proses pengomposan dan meningkatkan kualitas kompos. Berbagai hasil demonstrasi plot menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan dekomposer bahan berserat lignoselulosa dapat mempercepat proses dekomposisi hingga 1 - 2 minggu. Pemberian biodekomposer mampu mempercepat proses pengomposan, sehingga petani dapat memperoleh keuntungan dari percepatan masa penyiapan lahan dan waktu tanam, dapat memperbanyak masa tanam, dan meningkatkan produksi tanaman dengan kompos yang berkualitas, serta mengurangi dampak negatif dari tumpukan residu tanaman. Kebijakan penggunaan teknologi biodekomposer untuk percepatan pengomposan dalam penyediaan bahan organik diharapkan dapat menjadi bagian integral paket teknologi dalam pembangunan  pertanian.ABSTRACTThe increasing of nutrient cycling is highly affected by the availability of soil organic matter. Plant residues play an important role to improve physical, chemical, and biological soil characteristics, however, can give a negative effect to environment if the plant residues are not completely decomposed. Naturally, decomposition of plant residues takes a long time (3 - 4 months, moreover up to 1 - 2 years), and thus inhibit the sustainable organic matter in agricultural and estate land. Lignin and cellulose content of organic matter is the limitation of the acceleration and efficiency of decomposition process, thus, inhibit the cellulolytic enzyme to degrade organic matter which is contain of lignocellulolytic fiber. Strategy to accelerate decomposition process are: 1) use lignolytic microbial decomposer to avoid nutrient immobilization, allelophatic effect, and as pathogen substrate, and 2) aerobic composting techniques to accelerate composting process to increase the quality of compost.  Many of demonstration plot show that the use of lignocelluloses decomposers can accelerate decomposition process up to 1 – 2 weeks. The use of decomposer is able to protect and increase soil quality. Biodecomposers are able to accelerate the composting process so that farmers can acquire a benefit from the acceleration of land preparation and planting time, can multiply the planting period, and increase the production of plants with quality compost, and reduce the negative impacts of crop residues. The policy of the biodecomposer technology to accelerate composting in the supply of organic matter is expected to become an integral part of technology package in agricultural development 
Prospect of Peatland Utilization For Oil Palm Plantation In Indonesia . WAHYUNTO; AI DARIAH; DJOKO PITONO; MUHRIZAL SARWANI
Perspektif Vol 12, No 1 (2013): Juni 2013
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/p.v12n1.2013.%p

Abstract

Development of oil palm (Elaeis guenensis L.) plantations, has been proven to be able to increase people's income, and has driven the region's of economic growth in the centers of oil palm development. Utilization of peatlands for plantations will lead to high emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions, especially CO2 emissions. Reclamation of peatlands for palm oil plantation in order to GHG emissions can be reduced, requiring macro level of drainage network that can control water flow at the landscape level. In appropriate drainage system will accelerate the destruction of peatlands. Thus the principle of sustainable land management of oil palm plantations on peatland is needed, to minimize the impact on environmental degradation. Strategy on ground water level arrangements is necessary ie:  not too shallow ground water table to support optimal growth of oil palm plantations, and also not too deep ground water level in order to the ground surface remains moist peat soil, so fire and rapid subsident in peat soil can be prevented and greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced. Key words:           Estate plantation, Elaeis guenensis L., sustainable, management, peatland, water  manage-ment
EKSPANSI PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT DAN PERLUNYA PERBAIKAN KEBIJAKAN PENATAAN RUANG/ Palm Oil Expansion and Requirement Spatial Planning Policy Improvement Andi Ishak; Rilus A. Kinseng; Satyawan Sunito; Didin S Damanhuri
Perspektif Vol 16, No 1 (2017): Juni, 2017
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/psp.v16n1.2017.%p

Abstract

ABSTRAK Kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) merupakan komoditas penting bagi perekonomian Indonesia karena menjadi sumber pendapatan negara dan penyedia lapangan kerja yang cukup signifikan. Indonesia menjadi pengekspor minyak sawit terbesar dunia saat ini dengan luas perkebunan lebih dari 10 juta hektar dan melibatkan sekitar 16 juta tenaga kerja. Ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit disebabkan oleh kesesuaian agroklimat, permintaan global, dan dukungan kebijakan pemerintah. Kelapa sawit berpotensi dikembangkan pada lahan seluas 51,4 juta hektar dan telah dibudidayakan pada 22 provinsi di Indonesia, terutama di Pulau Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Kelapa sawit mampu menghasilkan minyak nabati 4-23 kali lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan tanaman penghasil minyak nabati lainnya serta dimanfaatkan secara luas untuk bahan baku industri pangan dan non pangan di seluruh dunia. Dukungan kebijakan pemerintah telah mendorong investasi swasta masuk dalam industri kelapa sawit dan melakukan ekspansi perkebunan secara besar-besaran dalam tiga dekade terakhir. Ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit berdampak positif pada kondisi sosio-ekonomi masyarakat pedesaan. Pembangunan perkebunan swasta mendorong konversi lahan menjadi perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat, perubahan pola nafkah petani, dan migrasi tenaga kerja ke daerah-daerah perkebunan sehingga meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat dan mempercepat pembangunan wilayah. Namun ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit yang tidak terkendali telah berdampak negatif karena menyebabkan konflik agraria, deforestasi, dan kebakaran hutan yang memicu kabut asap. Kebijakan pemerintah terkait moratorium sawit yang dilakukan secara simultan dengan penataan ruang menjadi relevan untuk mencegah semakin luasnya dampak negatif akibat ekspansi perkebunan kelapa sawit.Kata kunci: Kelapa sawit, dampak, moratorium, kebijakan spasial. ABSTRACTPalm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is an important commodity for the Indonesian economy as it becomes a significant source of state income and employment providers. Indonesia is the world's largest palm oil exporter today with a plantation area of more than 10 million hectares and involves about 16 million workers. The expansion of oil palm plantations is due to the suitability of agro-climate, global demand, and government policy support. Oil palm has the potential to be developed on an area of 51.4 million hectares and has been cultivated in 22 provinces in Indonesia, mainly on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. Palm oil is able to produce vegetable oil 4-23 times more than other vegetable-producing crops and widely used for food and non-food industry raw materials worldwide. Government policy support has encouraged private investment into the palm oil industry and expanded large-scale plantations in the past three decades. The expansion of oil palm plantations has a positive impact on the socio-economic conditions of rural communities. The development of private plantations encourages land conversion to smallholder oil palm plantations, changes in farmers' livelihood patterns, and labor migration to plantation areas that increase community incomes and accelerate regional development. But the uncontrolled expansion of oil palm plantations has had a negative impact as it causes agrarian conflicts, deforestation, and forest fires that trigger haze. Government policies related to the palm oil moratorium simultaneously conducted with spatial arrangement become relevant to prevent the increasing extent of the negative impact due to the expansion of oil palm plantations.Keywords: Palm oil, impact, moratorium, spatial policy.
Bioecology and Control of Yellow Mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks)) on Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) . TUKIMIN
Perspektif Vol 11, No 2 (2012): Desember 2012
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/p.v11n2.2012.%p

Abstract

Sesame crop (Sesamum indicum L.) of Pedaliaceae family originated from the African continent and was first cultivated in Ethiopia. It is cultivated for industrial raw materials, including food industry, and cooking oil. Cultivation of sesame crop has long been known in Indonesia and the species of S. indicum is widely cultivated. At the end of 2000, sesame crop received great attention because of its usefulness for health. The area planted with sesame is about 3,341 ha with a production of 1,475 thousand tons and average productivity of 464 kg/ha. The low productivity is caused by lack of good seeds used, in, not intensive farming and pest attacks. The main pest on sesame crop is yellow mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus that attacks young leaves. The intensity of damage caused by P. latus mites can reach 75%. This paper aims to inform the control of P. latus, one of the major limiting factors in sesame cultivation.  Life cycle of P. latus on sesame crop is very short ranging from 14 to 25 days. At  can be controlled using natural  pesticide and  polysulfide base pesticide.Keywords: bioecology, control, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks),vegetable pesticides,Sesamum indicum.  
Pemanfaatan Serbuk Biji Mimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Untuk Pengendalian Serangga Hama Kapas nFN SUBIAKTO
Perspektif Vol 1, No 1 (2002): Juni 2002
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/p.v1n1.2002.9-17

Abstract

Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh petani dalam bidang pengendalian serangga hama antara Iain adalah mahalnya harga insekisida kimia dan terjadinya resistensi. Oleh karena itu untuk membantu petani perlu dicai pengendalian alternatif yang efektif, aman, murah, dan dapat diperoleh sendiri. Pemanfaatan serbuk biji mimba (SBM) dengan teknologi produksi sederhana dapat ditawarkan sebagai salah satu alternaif pengendalian serangga hama. Peneliian telah dilakukan untuk memanfaatkan SBM dalam pengendalian hama kapas. Hasil peneliian menunjukkan bahwa pada Helicoverpa armigera SBM bekerja sebagai larvisida dan ovisida. Pada Spodoptera litura SBM bekerja sebagai larvisida, memperpanjang umur ulat dan memperpendek umur imago, mengurangi fekunditas. Hasil efikasi SBM di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi 30 g SBM/liter air efekif menekan populasi ulat H. armigera dan S. litura. Pada beberapa kali aplikasi SBM lebih efekif dibandingkan dengan insektisida komersial azadiraktin 1% dan insekisida kimia sinteik tiodikarb. SBM relatif lebih aman terhadap predator (laba-laba dan Paederus sp). Kinerja SBM dibandingkan dengan insekisida kimia sinteik untuk pengendalian H. armigera pada tanaman kapas menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan SBM dapat mengurangi biaya pengendalian hama sekitar 60% dan meningkatkan tambahan pendapatan atas biaya pengendalian hama sebesar 35%.Kata kunci: Azadirachta indica, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura.
Pemanfaatan Bakteri Pasteuria penetrans untuk Mengendalikan Nematoda Parasit Tanaman RITA HARNI; IKA MUSTIKA
Perspektif Vol 2, No 2 (2003): Desember 2003
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/p.v2n2.2003.45-55

Abstract

Nematoda parasit merupakan salah satu jenis organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT) penting yang menyerang berbagai jenis tanaman utama di Indonesia dan Negara-negara tropis lainnya dan kerugian yang diimbulkannya dapat mencapai 25% dari potensi produksi. Baktei Pasteuria penetrans adalah salah satu agensia hayati yang sangat potensial untuk pengendalian biologi nematoda parasit tanaman. Bakteri ini tersebar luas di seluruh dunia dan dapat memarasit 205 spesies nematoda. Kendala utama dalam perbanyakan bakteri ini adalah belum dapat diperbanyak pada media buatan, sehingga perbanyakannya dilakukan secara konvensional pada tanaman tomat di lapang, yaitu dengan cara menggunakan akar tanaman tomat yang sudah terserang nematoda terinfeksi bakteri tersebut. Patogenisitas baktei akan meningkat pada kondisi lingkungan dengan suhu 30°C, pH tanah 6,7 dan kelembaban tanah 60%. Penggunaan P. penetrans dalam mengendalikan nematoda akan lebih berhasil apabila dikombinasikan dengan bahan organik seperti pupuk kandang sapi, ayam dan abu sekam. Daya infeksi seiap isolat P. penetrans berbeda-beda. Uji di laboratorium, rumah kaca dan lapang menunjukkan bahwa P. penetrans dapat menginfeksi dan menekan populasi Meloidogyne spp sebesar 57-100%. Pada tanaman jahe, P. penetrans dapat menekan populasi M. incognita (sebesar 93,85%) dan Radopholus similis serta meningkatkan berat impang jahe sebesar 16,11-54,06%; sedangkan pada tanaman lada dapat menekan populasi M. incognita sebesar 49,68 -94,02% dan R. similis sebesar 68,89 -93,33% serta mengurangi penyakit kuning sampai 26,67 - 50%. Pada tanaman nilam, P. penetrans menekan populasi Pratylenchus brachyurus sebesar 43 - 82% dan meningkatkan berat basah sebesar 57-71%. Kata kunci: Pasteuria penetrans, pengendalian biologi, Meloidogyne spp, Radopholus similis, Pratylenchus brachyurus
Strategy on Cotton Varietal Improvement Facing Global Climate Change EMY SULISTYOWATI
Perspektif Vol 10, No 2 (2011): Desember 2011
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/p.v10n2.2011.%p

Abstract

Global climate change has been a serious challenge to agriculture in future due to its influence on natural genetic diversity and ecosystem.  The phenomenon of global climate change has to be faced by the world, and therefore organized preparation of adaptation, anticipation, and mitigation scenarios has to be set up.  Cotton is very susceptible to climate change, because climatic factors affect cotton growth and yield.  Adaptation to drought can be approached by selecting early maturing cotton varieties.   Anticipation scenario for facing the effect of global climate change is done by developing new cotton varieties tolerant to drought,  excessive rain, and CO2 concentration in the air.  Two high yielding varieties, Kanesia 14 and Kanesia 15, have been released to anticipate the drought stress.  To anticipate lengthy rainy season, the cotton breeding has obtained promising okra-leave cotton lines.   Moreover, anticipation of excessive CO2 concentration in the air will be approached by engineering transgenic cotton varieties expressing efficient photosynthetic genes of C3 plants. Mitigation of climate change will be met by developing new cotton varieties tolerant to salinity, because global climate change will increase saline areas.   Keywords : Climate change, varieties development, adaptation, anticipation, mitigation
AFLATOXIN OF NUTMEG IN INDONESIA AND ITS CONTROL / Aflatoksin pada Pala di Indonesia dan Pengendaliannya Supriadi Supriadi
Perspektif Vol 16, No 2 (2017): Desember 2017
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/psp.v16n2.2017.102-110

Abstract

Indonesia produces the largest amount of nutmeg in the world, accounted for 66-77% of the world market. Most nutmeg plantations (99.3%) are cultivated by small holders, mainly in five provinces, i.e. North Moluccas, Moluccas, Aceh, North Sulawesi, and West Papua. Ironically, during the last 17 years (2000-2016), exported nutmeg are detected to be contaminated with aflatoxins, especially those entering the European Market, as the result 53 out 80 (62%) cases of imported nutmegs were rejected. Aflatoxin contaminating nutmeg is found in every level of market chains in the country, from the farmers, collectors and exporters, representing that aflatoxin in nutmeg is common and serious. Aflatoxins are produced mainly by two species of fungi, i.e. Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Five groups of aflatoxins are known, i.e. aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1, but the international legislations are concerned on the maximum limit of aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxin (B1+B2+G1+G2) that should not exceed of 5 and 10 µg/kg, respectively. Aflatoxin in agriculture products including nutmeg can be detected by various methods, mainly by a thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance thin layer chromatography (HPLC), andenzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (ELISA). Minimizing aflatoxin in the nutmeg should be properly managed at every level of the production processes from harvesting, drying, and packaging. Drying is the most critical one; nutmeg should be dried as soon as being harvested to keep its water content below 10%, then it be kept in a very dry condition (10oC and air humidity< 65%).  ABSTRAK Indonesia merupakan penghasil pala terbesar di dunia yang memasok sekitar 66-77% pasar dunia. Sebagian besar perkebunan pala (99,2%) dibudidayakan oleh petani kecil, terutama di lima provinsi, yaitu Maluku Utara, Maluku, Aceh, Sulawesi Utara, dan Papua Barat. Ironisnya, selama 17 tahun terakhir (2000-2016), ekspor pala, terutama ke pasar Eropa, terdeteksi mengandung aflatoksin sehingga 53 dari 80 (62%) kasus pala dari Indonesia ditolak. Biji pala yang tercemar aflatoksin ditemukan pada setiap tingkat rantai pasar dalam negeri, mulai dari petani, pengumpul, dan eksportir.  Hal ini menunjukan bahwa aflatoksin pada pala sudah umum dan sangat serius. Aflatoksin diproduksi terutama oleh Aspergillus flavus dan A. parasiticus. Dikenal ada 5 kelompok aflatoksin, yaitu aflatoksin B1, B2, G1, G2, dan M1, tetapi peraturan perundang-undangan Inernational hanya fokus pada batas maksimum aflatoksin B1 dan jumlah aflatoksin (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) yang masing-masing tidak boleh melebihi dari 5 dan 10  µg/kg. Aflatoksin dalam produk pertanian, termasuk biji pala, dapat dideteksi dengan berbagai metode, terutama kromatografi lapis tipis (TLC), HPLC, dan  ELISA.   Upaya meminimalkan aflatoksin pada biji pala harus dilakukan secara  baik pada setiap tingkat proses produksi, mulai dari panen, pengeringan, dan kemasan. Pengeringan adalah proses paling penting, oleh karena itu biji pala harus dikeringkan segera setelah dipanen untuk menjaga kadar airnya di bawah 10%.  Selanjutnya biji pala kering harus disimpan dalam kondisi yang sangat kering (10oC dan kelembaban udara <65%). 
Rubber Development of Sustainable in Indonesia SABARMAN DAMANIK
Perspektif Vol 11, No 2 (2012): Desember 2012
Publisher : Puslitbang Perkebunan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21082/p.v11n2.2012.%p

Abstract

Prospect of sustainable  rubber development   is one  of  the important factors determining investment in rubber plantations as thikind of investment is a long term one. In according with this issue, area , production, consumption, trade, an price of rubber , either in term of international or  national   perspective are discussed.  World production  an consumption are projected to increase at the same growth rate that is at 2,5 % annual growth rate. World trade a projected  to increase by 2,6/cent/annum, while rubber price is estimated to lie between USS$ 1,2 – 1,5 per kg in the next decade. Based on these figures and with a moderate scenario. Indonesia is estimated to have a opportunity to increase rubber production and export by 2,2% per annum, respectively. To capture these opportunities, Indonesia still faces some problems in relation to low productivity and product quality The overcame these problems, same polities are also proposed within this study. Keywords : Rubber development, product, quality, sustainable

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