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WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences

WARTAZOA
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Published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

ISSN : 02166461 EISSN : 23546832 DOI : 10.14334

Core Subject : Health,

Veterinary

WARTAZOA. Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 0216-6461 E-ISSN: 2354-6832 is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal published by Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development (ICARD). The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field of animal and veterinary science. It was first published in 1983. The journal has been registered in the CrossRef system with Digital Object Identifier (DOI) prefix 10.14334.

Arjuna Subject : -

Articles 785 Documents

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Anticipation of the entry and spread of Equine Infectious Anemia in Horses in Indonesia Muharam Saepullah; Indrawati Sendow; Atik Ratnawati; NLP Indi Dharmayanti
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 29, No 1 (2019): March2019
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Horse is an attractive commodity in the world of horse matches, both for horse racing and equistrian. Recently, Asian countries including Indonesia have conducted international horse races. Horse traffic from several countries is unavoidable. This movement can lead to the entry of new diseases or the transmission of imported horses from local horses. At present, data on horse disease in Indonesia has not been widely reported, including Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA). This paper discusses EIA disease in horses about the etiology, characterization, spread of disease, its status in Indonesia and its treatment. EIA is a chronic disease characterized by high fever and thrombocytopenia. One of the factors that spread EIA infection, namely through traffic or horse movements. The highest risk factors for the spread of EIA disease are in the equestrian sector, followed by horse as a hobby, horse show or fattening horses for consumption. Wet environmental factors have higher risk to infection than dry areas. Applying the proper quarantine system, monitoring horse disease through surveillance, and implementing biosecurity at farms, location of events and at veterinary clinics, need to be done so that the entry of EIA disease can be anticipated as early as possible. This paper is expected to be useful and can be used as input for policy makers in the horse imports and movement.

Population and Strategy Development in Buffaloes Lisa Praharani; E Juarini; Chalid Thalib; Ashari .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 20, No 3 (2010): SEPTEMBER 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Buffalo is a potential large ruminant that its contribution in national program on beef self sufficiency has been unrecognized in Indonesia. In rural community, buffalo has similar functions as cattle, it is used as draught animal, meat (beef) producer, saving, milk producer, sacrificial ritual animal to social status. The peak of buffalo population was on 1925, 3.227 million heads in Java and 1.10 million in outside Java. The centers of cattle production sites for national program of self sufficiency on beef were formly as noted the centers of buffalo production. The introduction of Bali cattle to those former buffalo centers particularly in outside of Java depressed buffalo population and then dominated by Bali cattle. Then Bali cattle were noted to be the major beef animal supplier beside buffalo to the centers of consumers for domestic and export. This article aims to discuss the depleting buffalo population and to formulate development strategy. Historical approaches system and critical evaluation population, SWOT (strength, weaknesses, opportunity and threat) analysis were used as tools for analyzing. Two case studies on herd survival from Banten indicated depleting population of buffalo. Despite low reproductive profile, strategic diseases and farmers’ institution needed to be optimized on services. Understanding criticizing on ecological habitats in the potential regions, the need of spatial planning for its development, zoning program for strategic diseases free, reproductive problems and village institution are the important areas of improvement for buffalo development in supporting beef self sufficiency and the welfare of rural people with their buffalo in sustainable beef production. Key words: Buffalo, population, sustainability, development strategy

Productivity and Utilization of Leguminous Tree Indigofera zollingeriana on Dry Land Iwan Herdiawan; Rantan Krisnan
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 24, No 2 (2014): JUNE 2014
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Indigofera is well known as tarum plant, has about 700 species, including Indigofera zollingeriana. These plants are leguminous species that have high nutrient content and production as well as tolerant to abiotic stresses. This plant originated in tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, and North and South America, then spread to arid zone of Africa and Asia. In early 1900, it was brought by Europeans colonial to Indonesia. Indigofera can grow well at altitudes between 0-2200 m above sea level, with rainfall between 600-3000 mm/year. It can be used as a fodder crop because it has high nutrient content and production. It can be harvested at the age of eight months with an average production of 2,595 kg of fresh biomass/tree, with a total production of fresh approximately 52 tons/ha. Indigofera zollingeriana has crude protein content of 27.60%; neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 43.56%; acid detergent fiber (ADF) 35.24%; calcium (Ca) 1.16%; phosphorous (P) 0.26%; in vitro-dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) 67.50%; organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) 60.32%; 0.08% tannins and 0.41% saponin. Additionally I. zollingeriana is often used as green manure, cover crop in plantation areas, fabric dyeing and therapeutic herbs. Key words: Indigofera zollingeriana, characteristics, usage, dry land

Mucosal Vaccine for Prevention of Viral Disease in Animal Sudarisman .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 4 (2006): DECEMBER 2006
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

The major obstacle in combating infectious viral diseases in animals is the lack of effective vaccines . A large number of viral pathogens are mucosaly transmitted and must cross mucosal barriers to infect the host . The mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts represent the principal portals of entry for most animal viral pathogens . Current inactivated viral vaccines administered by intramuscular injection elicit primarily circulating antibodies . The best defense against these predominantly mucosal viral pathogens would be vaccines capable inducing both systemic and mucosal immunity which is a cost effective disease prevention tool . For most viral pathogens, induction of mucosal immunity appears most appropriate based on the routes of infection . The effectiveness of vaccine delivery to mucosal surfaces including respiratory tract may be most useful for prevention of the upper ways where secretory antibody is most important for protection against viral infection . Most external mucosal surfaces are replete with organized follicles and scattered antigen-reactive or sensitized lymphoid elements, including B cells, T lymphocytes, T cell subsets . plasma cells and a variety of other cellular elements involved in the induction and maintenance of immune response . Thus, a better understanding of the mucosal immune system is needed before effiective mucosal vaccines can be developed. Key words : Viral disease. mucosal vaccine

Problems of Health of Buffaloes Reared in Swampy Area in South Kalimantan Suhardono .
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 10, No 2 (2000)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

The population of buffaloes reared in swampy area in the province of South Kalimantan is high, and show a very good condition. These animals, however, are fulnerable to several diseases. From the analysis of available data and of a field monitoring, some diseases are potential to occur at certain time of the year, such as clostridium, surra, and fasciolosis. The emergence of the diseases in this area associates with some factors, such as availability of water, weed (enceng gondok or Eichornia crassipes), vector/intermediate host (flies and snails), and reservoir host (deer and wild pig). The tide water in this swampy area influences the population of vectors/intermediate hosts, also provide a condition for a contact between buffaloes and the reservoir hosts when seeking for drinking water. Deterioration of the weed and grasses facilitate an ideal media for propagation of anaerobic bacteria (e.g: clostridium). Based on these characteristics of those factors it is highly suspected that during the dry season, before the lowest water tide, the transmission of parasitic diseases in buffaloes (Fasciolosis and Trypanosomiasis) is occuring, while for clostridial disease is transmitted during the high water tide. Key word: Buffalo, fasciolosis, trypanosomiasis, clostridium, swampy habitat

Role of Natural Immunomodulator (Aloe Vera) in Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses Ening Wiedosari
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 17, No 4 (2007): DECEMBER 2007
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Aloe vera belongs to a group of Liliaceae family plant and cultivated worldwide. It possesses acemannan (acetylated mannan), which has a significant pharmacological property. The acemannan has an immunomodulatory activity when administered to animals. The major immunomodulating effect includes the activation of immune effector cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, resulting in the production of cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). In particular, this extract can modulate the differentiation capacity of CD4+T cells to mature into Th1 subsets and enhance the innate cytokine response. As a consequence, this extract will have a profound effect in controlling disease, caused by intracellular infectious agents (bacteria and viruses). However, further studies are needed to determine the immunomodulating effects of Aloe vera in multi-component extracts equivalent to what are being used commonly in traditional medicine. Key words: Aloe vera, immunomodulator, cytokines

Green House Gas Control and Agricultural Biomass for Sustainable Animal Agriculture in Developing Countries J Takahashi
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 20, No 2 (2010): JUNE 2010
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Important green house gases (GHG) attributed to animal agriculture are methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), though carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes almost half of total greenhouse effect. Rumen CH4 production in an enteric fermentation can be accounted as the biggest anthropogenic source. Some of prebiotics and probiotics have been innovated to mitigate rumen CH4 emission. The possible use of agricultural biomass consisted of non-edible parts of crop plants such as cellulose and hemi cellulose and animal wastes was proposed as a renewable energy and nitrogen sources. The ammonia stripping from digested slurry of animal manure in biogas plant applied three options of nitrogen recycling to mitigate nitrous oxide emission. In the first option of the ammonia stripping, the effect of ammonolysis on feed value of cellulose biomass was evaluated on digestibility, energy metabolism and protein utilization. Saccharification of the NH3 treated cellulose biomass was confirmed in strictly anaerobic incubation with rumen cellulolytic bacteria, Ruminoccous flavefaciens, to produce bio-ethanol as the second option of ammonia stripping. In an attempt of NH3 fuel cell, the reformed hydrogen from the NH3 stripped from 20 liter of digested slurry in thermophilic biogas plant could generate 0.12 W electricity with proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM) as the third option. Key words: GHG, rumen, methane, probiotics, ammonia stripping, biomass

Crop-Livestock Integration in Farming System at Irrigation Area Case Study: Grobogan District, Central Java Teguh Prasetyo; Cahyati Setiani; Sunendar Kartaatmaja
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 12, No 1 (2002)
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Most of farmers in Central Java hold land about 0.25 − 0.3 ha. If they are only doing farming system with 'rice-rice-corn' cropping pattern, their income per season will range from Rp 446.800 to Rp 586.000. Of course such earnings is not enough and unsuitable, so it's necessary to find out some efforts for increasing farmers' income. One of some alternative efforts can be carried out is diversification, i.e. developing farm enterprise which integrated with livestock. Related with that idea, we have been studying crop livestock integration in Grobogan District since November 2000. This study was carried out in order to find alternative sharing farm operation model on irrigation area which executed in group. The farmers included in this study are 454 farmers which posses land about 106.2 hectare, while livestock they breed are 180 cows for applicant in five units of stall together. Business management was carried out by one management which organized by group managers, includes farm enterprise (input, irrigation, integrated pest management, mechanic service, and marketing), livestock (input, IB service, animal health, straw treatment and selling the product), and also save-debt of money. The technology which introduced includes processing plant product technology, livestock breeding, and straw treatment for food and also ecreement of livestock for organic fertilizer. Along the production process both exertion can give input each other (internal input) by using 'by product' and also can minimalize input from outside (low external input). Straw production of corn and rice plant which used for live stock woof are 3600 kg/ha and 4600 kg/ha respectly, meanwhile organic fertilizer that produced after 10 months observation was 216,8 tons. If the dosis of the fertilizer for rice plant/corn is 2 t/ha, so it can be used for rice plant and corn on 108.4 ha area. Up until 10 month observation, 4 calves were born and 17 catle were pregnant. Key words: Irrigation area, crop-livestock, beef cattle, rice, corn

Key Performance Indicators for Indonesia’s Small Holder Dairy Farmers John Moran
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 2 (2008): JUNE 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

This paper presents a series of Key Performance Indicators to help Indonesian farmers identify the possible causes for their poor farm performance and profitability. When assessing farm profitability, these indicators can be split into two types, those diagnosing problems with feeding management and those with herd management. Too many stock on limited land is a common feature on Asian dairy small holdings. Unlike other forms of livestock, milking cows have very high nutrient requirements, therefore high quality forages and purchased concentrates are essential for profitable dairying. Milk income less feed cost is one of the simplest and easy to measure indicators of farm profitability and the quickest to respond to small changes in farm practices. Problems with herd management can be diagnosed using measures such as the proportion of cows actually milking in the herd or their peak yield and persistency of production. There are also simple indicators of herd reproductive performance and of health and growth of young stock that assist in searching for the underlying causes of poor farm profitability. Key words: Key performance indicator, dairy farmer, small holder, Indonesian

The Impact of Crossbreeding in The Artificial Insemination Program on Reproductive Performance of Beef Cattle Kusuma Diwyanto; I Inounu
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 2 (2009): JUNE 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Artificial Insemination (AI) in beef cattle in Indonesia is widely practised. Nowadays, the goal of AI program is not clear; whether to produce: composite breed; terminal cross or as a commercial animal. In fact, farmer assisted by inseminator do the grading up toward Simmental or Limousine. In this paper, crossbreeding impact on reproductive performance of beef cattle in Indonesia is discussed. Farmers prefer the crossbred cattle resulted from AI because its male offspring has higher price than that of local breed. However, 50% of the offspring are female and are used as replacement stock. This AI practice resulted bigger cattle that need more feed. In the scarce feed condition, this bigger cattle become skinny and in bad shape. This leads to bad reproductive performance such as high ‘service per conception’ (S/C), 'long calving interval' and 'low calf crop'. Moreover, it produces less milk and results in high mortality rate of the offspring. In good management condition, crossbred cattle shows good performance, but often ‘day open’ is longer, since weaning time is postponed. That is why long calving interval still exists eventhough the S/C is low. Local cattle are very adaptive, resistant to tropical diseases and have high reproductive rate, high quality of leather and good quality of carcass. In scarce feed condition, local cattle are skinny but still can show estrous and get pregnant. In bad condition, they produce very small offsprings that die because of lack of milk from the cow. The availability of feed supply both in quantity and quality is the key factor in AI practices to maintain good body condition of crossbred and to produce good quality of offspring. Key words: Artificial insemination, crossbreeding, reproduction, beef cattle

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Indonesian Center for Animal Science Research and Development Jl. Raya Pajajaran Kav E-59 Bogor 16151 Bogor Indonesia

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INDONESIA