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Jurnal Cita Hukum
Published by Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
ISSN : 23561440     EISSN : 2502230X     DOI : 10.15408
Core Subject : Religion, Humanities, Education, Social,
Religion Humanities Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Social Sciences Other
Jurnal Cita Hukum is an international journal published by the Faculty of Sharia and Law, Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia. The focus is to provide readers with a better understanding of legal studies and present developments through the publication of articles, research reports, and book reviews. Jurnal Cita Hukum specializes in legal studies, and is intended to communicate original researches and current issues on the subject. This journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines. It aims primarily to facilitate scholarly and professional discussions over current developments on legal issues in Indonesia as well as to publish innovative legal researches concerning Indonesian laws and legal system. Published exclusively in English, the Review seeks to expand the boundaries of Indonesian legal discourses to access English-speaking contributors and readers all over the world. The Review, hence, welcomes contributions from international legal scholars and professionals as well as from representatives of courts, executive authorities, and agencies of development cooperation. The review basically contains any topics concerning Indonesian laws and legal system. Novelty and recency of issues, however, is a priority in publishing. The range of contents covered by the Review spans from established legal scholarships and fields of law such as private laws and public laws which include constitutional and administrative law as well as criminal law, international laws concerning Indonesia, to various approaches to legal studies such as comparative law, law and economics, sociology of law and legal anthropology, and many others. Specialized legal studies concerning various aspects of life such as commercial and business laws, technology law, natural resources law and the like are also welcomed.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Hukum
Articles 716 Documents
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Конституционность Отмены Обязательных Расходов На Здравоохранение: Попытка Либерализации Отрасли Здравоохранения (The Constitutionality of the Abolition of Mandatory Healthcare Expenditures: An Attempt to Liberalize the Healthcare Sector) Triyunarti, Wiwin; Farhani, Athari; Tinambunan, Wahyu Donry; Azizah, Faiqah Nur; Rahmawati, Dheya
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v13i2.44441

Abstract

Health expenditure is a fundamental obligation of the state, as healthcare is an essential public service that must be provided to its citizens, particularly to lower- and middle-income groups. The allocation of the health budget, both in terms of amount and percentage, cannot be altered without undergoing a legislative process and must comply with minimum constitutional requirements. With the enactment of Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health, the provision mandating compulsory health spending has been removed. This change represents a significant regression compared to the previous Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health, which guaranteed a fiscal allocation of at least 5% of the national budget (APBN) for the health sector. The research employs a normative legal method, drawing on conceptual and statutory approaches. The findings indicate that, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), mandatory health spending of only 4–5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is tough to sustain. Therefore, governments are encouraged to allocate at least 5% of their GDP to mandatory health spending. Indonesia’s decision to eliminate this mandatory spending poses a substantial risk of neglecting public health financing, especially for vulnerable groups. Ultimately, this may hinder adequate access to healthcare services and reduce both the quantity and quality of health programs for the general population.
Information Rights and Social Rights Protection in Kazakhstan's Constitutional Legal Framework Kobegenova, Gulmira; Seyubergenova, Didar; Ismanov, Taalaibek
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v13i2.46835

Abstract

In this article, the authors examine theoretical approaches and challenges related to the protection of social human rights and the citizens' right to information within the constitutional doctrine of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It has been established that the national regulatory and legal framework governing state bodies' activities is aligned with the fundamental legal principles underlying the state's organization and legal system. The authors analyze the concepts and role of mass media in safeguarding social rights, demonstrating how this enables comprehensive development of institutional openness and social protection of citizens. The authors consider various mechanisms for implementing social rights in the field of legal information and discuss the importance of understanding systemic connections between social security and information rights. The study reveals that the idea of social rights and the right to information emerged from the objective need for people to seek, receive, produce, and disseminate information, as well as a response to excessive secrecy of information essential for civilized society. The authors substantiate the conclusion that while systemic connections between social protection and information rights vary across countries, there is a typical pattern in legislative development. In some foreign countries, these rights arose as elements of freedom of speech and the press. However, in most countries, laws protecting state secrets appeared first, followed by legislative acts guaranteeing the protection of social rights and access to information about the activities of state bodies.
Legal Basis of Cross-Border Criminal Prosecution of Cybercriminals: Criminal and Procedural Challenges for Azerbaijan Karimov, Shohlet Muzaffar; Sharifov, Rashad Mammad; Eyvazov, Akif Maharlam
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v13i2.46857

Abstract

The impact of modern digital technologies is essential for understanding the need to improve the law enforcement system. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal basis for cross-border criminal prosecution of cybercrime in Azerbaijan, identify key criminal law and procedural challenges, and develop recommendations to improve national legislation and strengthen international cooperation. The study is based on an analysis of Azerbaijan's criminal and criminal procedure legislation in the field of cross-border prosecution of cybercrimes. Normative and comparative legal analysis methods, along with systematization, were employed to identify gaps and formulate recommendations. The results show that the Criminal Code of Azerbaijan contains references to the illegality of unauthorized access to computer information, illegal actions related to the exploitation of computer networks, and the distribution of malicious software. There is no separate article on computer fraud, so clear standards for collecting electronic evidence are not specified, indicating significant gaps in the national legal framework. The main challenges in cross-border prosecution of cybercrimes include the limited scope of bilateral extradition agreements, difficulties in cooperating with countries with different legal systems, and bureaucratic obstacles to the exchange of digital evidence. The conclusions highlight recommendations that would improve the regulatory framework. First and foremost, they point to the need to implement regulations on computer fraud and clear rules for the use of electronic evidence, expand international cooperation, and implement the provisions of international conventions to which Azerbaijan is a party.
The International Human Rights Standard and Pakistan’s Obligations regarding Wrongful Conviction: A Comparative Doctrinal Analysis with the United Kingdom Jan, Naseem; Rajamanickam, Ramalinggam; Zahir, Mohd Zamre Mohd
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v13i2.46942

Abstract

Failures within the criminal justice system can result in wrongful convictions, leading to a loss of human rights. Additionally, wrongful convictions can erode trust in the system as a whole. This article examines the disparate human rights standards around the world as they relate to wrongful convictions, focusing on Pakistan and the expectations for Pakistan’s position in the global community on the issue. This article also examines the comparative and doctrinal position of the UK, aiming to identify the strengths and weaknesses of Pakistan's position. This takes into account the central instruments of human rights —the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights —as well as the domestic case law and statutes of both the UK and Pakistan. In Pakistan, all the agreements on fair trial and remedies under the ICCPR guarantee fair trial rights. Still, there have also been domestic legislative omissions, such as the lack of a law to compensate the wrongfully imprisoned. The UK, on the other hand, has a more systematic approach, particularly in the office of the Criminal Justice Act 1988. In light of this, Pakistan needs a domestic law that addresses the human rights standards at its disposal to deliver justice to the wrongfully convicted.
Information Support of Procedural Activities to Prove Moral Damage in Pre-Trial Proceedings Ivanov, Dmitriy; Pcholovsky, Nikolay; Makeev, Alexey; Vasyukov, Vitaliy; Skachko, Anna
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v13i2.47105

Abstract

This article explores the procedure for establishing the facts of moral harm resulting from criminally punishable acts during pre-trial criminal proceedings. The study employs a qualitative research method with a normative-juridical and descriptive-analytical approach, drawing upon legal documents, statutory provisions, and expert opinions to analyze how investigators and inquiry officers handle moral damage claims. Through qualitative content analysis of case files, legal frameworks, and interview data with practitioners, the study identifies procedural gaps and best practices in ensuring justice for victims. It has been demonstrated that investigators and inquiry officers must clearly explain the victim’s right to file a civil claim, take appropriate measures to secure compensation, and provide guidance on evidence collection. The article also analyzes criteria for assessing moral damage, emphasizing the importance of documenting both the psychological and emotional consequences of criminal acts. The findings affirm the necessity of mandatory documentary proof to substantiate claims of moral harm. Moreover, the proactive role of investigators in gathering and attaching supporting documents to case files is essential, as it establishes the legal basis for courts to award fair monetary compensation proportional to the moral suffering endured by victims. REFERENCES: Burdov v. the Russian Federation (No. 2) (complaint No. 33509/04): Ruling of the European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, January 15, 2009. (2009). In O. A. Sadovskaya, & A. I. Ryzhov (Comp.), Case law of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to Russia: Collection of selected decisions and decisions of the ECHR for Russian judges: in 2 vols. Vol. 2. Nizhny Novgorod: Komitet protiv pytok. Chechel, G. I. (2013). Preduprezhdeniye prestupleniy – osnova zashchity interesov obshchestva [Prevention of crimes is the basis of society's interests’ defense]. Society and Law. No. 3(45), 176-180. Erofeev, S. V., & Erofeeva, A. S. (2005). Meditsinskiye i yuridicheskiye aspekty problemy vozmeshcheniya moral'nogo vreda v svyazi s povrezhdeniyem zdorov'ya i prichineniyem smerti [Medical and legal aspects of the problem of compensation for moral damage in connection with damage to health and causing death]. In Yu. D. Sergeev (Ed.), Scientific works of the II All-Russian Congress (National Congress) on medical law, Moscow, Russia, April 13-15, 2005: Collection of scientific articles. Moscow: National Medical Law Association. Grinenko, A. V. (2001). Sistema printsipov ugolovnogo protsessa i yeye realizatsiya na dosudebnykh stadiyakh [The system of principles of criminal procedure and its implementation at the pre-trial stages]: Diss. ...Doct. Jurid. Sciences. Voronezh State University, Voronezh. Gritsenko, E. N. (2005). Moral'nyy vred kak posledstviye prestupleniy protiv zhizni i zdorov'ya [Moral harm as a consequence of crimes against life and health]: Abstract. Diss. ...Cand. Jurid. Sciences. People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow. Kanaev v. the Russian Federation (complaint No. 43726/02): Ruling of the European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, July 27, 2006. (2009). In O. A. Sadovskaya, & A. I. Ryzhov (Comp.), Case law of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to Russia: Collection of selected decisions and decisions of the ECHR for Russian judges: in 2 vols. Vol. 1. Nizhny Novgorod: Komitet protiv pytok. Khasanshina, R. G. (2014). Sushchnost' i znacheniye vozmeshcheniya vreda poterpevshemu pri prinyatii protsessual'nykh resheniy po ugolovnym delam [The essence and significance of compensation for harm to the victim when making procedural decisions in criminal cases]: Diss. ...Cand. Jurid. Sciences. South Ural State University, Kazan. Komarov, I. M., & Potetinov, V. A. (2016). Problemnyye aspekty kompensatsii moral'nogo vreda v poryadke reabilitatsii [Problematic issues of compensation for moral damage in the order of rehabilitation]. Criminalist's library. Scientific Journal. No. 4(27), 59-69. Kopik, M. I. (2014). Kompensatsiya moral'nogo vreda zhertvam terrorizma [Compensation for moral damage to victims of terrorism]: Diss. ...Cand. Jurid. Sciences. Volgograd State University, Volgograd. Krivoshchekov, N. V. (2008). Grazhdanskiy isk v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve [Civil suit in criminal proceedings]: Monograph. Tyumen: Tyumen Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Krylov, E. N. (2016). Chto nuzhno znat' o kompensatsii moral'nogo vreda poterpevshemu [What you need to know about compensation for moral damage to the victim]. Criminal Procedure. Vol. 9, No. 141, 32-43. Kurkina, N. V. (2011). Legal basis and practical regulation of criminal procedural activities of the police for compensation of moral damage. In A. V. Grinenko (Ed.), Criminal, criminal procedural and penal enforcement legislation (current state and directions of improvement): Collection of works of participants of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference, Moscow, Russia, April 13-14, 2011. Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow State University. Melnikov, V. Yu. (2014). Obespecheniye i zashchita prav cheloveka pri primenenii mer protsessual'nogo prinuzhdeniya v dosudebnom proizvodstve Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Ensuring and protecting human rights when applying procedural coercion measures in pre-trial proceedings of the Russian Federation]: Diss. Doct. Jurid. Sciences. People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow. Nadyseva, E. H. (2014). Ugolovno-protsessual'nyye aspekty problemy vozmeshcheniya vreda, prichinonnogo prestupleniyem [Criminal procedure aspects of the problem of compensation for criminally caused damage]. Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University. Series: Jurisprudence. No. 4, 88-94. Nguyen, V. T., Pushkarev, V. V., Tokareva, E. V., Makeev, A. V., & Shepeleva, O. R. (2021). Compensation for damage caused by a crime in the socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Russian Federation. Journal Cita Hukum. Vol. 9, No. 2, 211-220. https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i2.21738 Ostankov, S. M. (2007). Features of compensation for moral damage in criminal proceedings. In the Thematic "round tables" of the NOXIS of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (2006-2007). Moscow: Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. (2013). Resolution of June 27, 2013, No. 19 “On the application by courts of legislation regulating the grounds and procedure for exemption from criminal liability” (as amended by resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of November 15, 2016, No. 48). Retrieved from https://www.vsrf.ru/documents/own/8350/ Pushkarev, V. V., Fadeev, P. V., Khmelev, S. A., Van Tien, N., Trishkina, E. A., & Tsviliy-Buklanova, A. A. (2019). Crimes in the Military-Industrial Complex (MIC). International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering. Vol. 8, No. 3, 7950-7952. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.C6635.098319 Pushkarev, V. V., Poselskaya, L. N., Skachko, A. V., Tarasov, A. V., & Mutalieva, L. S. (2021). Criminal prosecution of persons who have committed crimes in the banking sector. Cuestiones Políticas. Vol. 39, No. 69, 395-406. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.3969.25 Pushkarev, V. V., Skachko, A. V., Gaevoi, A. I., Vasyukov, V. F., & Alimamedov, E. N. (2022). Managing the investigation of cryptocurrency crimes in the Russian Federation. Revista Electrónica de Investigación en Ciencias Económicas. Vol. 10, No. 19, 111-125. Savkina, M. A. (2014). Otvetstvennost' gosudarstva pered poterpevshimi ot prestupleniya i mekhanizm kompensatsii ushcherba [The responsibility of the state to the victim of a crime and the mechanism of compensation for damage]. Rossiyskaya yustitsiya. No. 5, 48-50. Shipshin, S. S. (2021). Production of a forensic psychological examination. Bulletin of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. No. 4, 115-118. State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. (1996). Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of June 13, 1996, No. 63-FZ. Retrieved from http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody&nd=102041891&ysclid=lxmd9ifewk474600514 State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. (2001). Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2001, No. 174-FZ. Retrieved from http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102073942&ysclid=lxmcyu7jfo490204262 Tarnavsky, O. A., & Kurbatova, A. V. (2011). Vozmeshcheniye vreda poterpevshemu: vzglyad na rossiyskiye problemy cherez prizmu opyta zarubezhnykh stran [Compensation for damage to the victim: A look at Russian gaps through the prism of the experience of foreign countries]. Gaps in Russian Legislation. No. 6, 226-230. Teterina, T. V. (2004). Problemy obespecheniya imushchestvennykh, inykh prav i zakonnykh interesov poterpevshego v ugolovnom protsesse [Problems of ensuring property, other rights and legitimate interests of the victim in criminal proceedings]: Diss. ...Cand. Jurid. Sciences. Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod. Vereshchagina, A. V. (2013). O faktorakh, vliyayushchikh na razmer kompensatsii moral'nogo vreda, prichinonnogo nezakonnymi deystviyami doznavatelya, sledovatelya, prokurora i suda v khode osushchestvleniya ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva (na materialakh sudebnoy praktiki) [On the factors affecting the amount of compensation for moral damage caused by illegal actions of the investigator, investigator, prosecutor, and court during criminal proceedings (based on the materials of judicial practice)]. State and Law. No. 4, 46-55. Vladimirova, V. V. (2005). Compensation for moral damage in cases of crimes that caused the death of a person. Criminal Process. No. 11, 59-64. Zvereva, Yu. N. (2015). Dokazyvaniye kharaktera i razmera vreda, prichinennogo prestupleniyem [Proving the nature and extent of the harm caused by the crime]: Diss. ...Cand. Jurid. Sciences. Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod.
Legal Regulation of the Principles of State Activity in Family Relations Nalyvaiko, Larysa; Obushenko, Nataliia; Boikov, Vladyslav; Hryshyna, Natalia; Makhova , Liliia
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v13i2.47108

Abstract

This work examines some challenges in the application of the principles of family law. It is found that the principles of family law cannot replace the legal norms that regulate family relations. However, the regulatory influence of family law norms is determined and limited by its principles. It is proven that the principles of family law can be applied by authorized law-making bodies (in the process of law-making), administrative, judicial bodies, and subjects of family relations (in the process of law enforcement). It is established that the legality of the actions of public institutions and private individuals directly depends on compliance with the principles of family law. It is substantiated that the principles of family law are implemented in the process of law-making, implemented through the norms of law, and in the process of direct application. In the process of law-making, the principles of family law establish requirements for law-making activity that cannot contradict general values. They determine the content of legal norms that must reflect these values and serve as a criterion for the conformity of family law norms with the law. It has been established that the application of family law principles is possible by embedding them in family law norms. At the same time, the principles of family law are not limited to the list that can be fixed in written law. It has been proven that consolidating family law principles in written law contributes to their practical implementation. The features of applying family law principles through legal analogy have been studied. It has been established that the analogy guarantees participants in family relations that their rights and obligations will be regulated, allowing them to resolve cases within the framework of family legislation or based on the principles of family law. REFERENCES: Decision of the Tyachiv District Court of the Transcarpathian region dated May 15, 2019, in case No. 307/1041/19. http://www.reyestr.court.gov.ua/Review/81775605 General theory of law: textbook / ed. by M.I. Kozyubry. Kyiv, 2015. 392 p. Halaburda, Nadiia. Leheza, Yevhen, Chalavan, Viktor. Yefimov, Volodymyr. Yefimova, Inna. 2021. Compliance with the principle of the rule of law guarantees the legality of providing public services in Ukraine. Journal of law and political sciences. Vol. 29, Іssue 4, 100–121. Kobrusieva, Yevheniiа. Leheza, Yevhen. Rudoi, Kateryna. Shamara, Oleksandr. Chalavan, Viktor. 2021. International standards of social protection of internally displaced persons: administrative and criminal aspects. Journal Cita Hukum Indonesian Law Journal. Vol. 9, No. 3, 461–484. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i3.23752 Kostruba A.V. Analogy of law and law as a factual fiction and a way to "rehabilitate" the mechanism of termination of rights. Journal of the Kyiv University of Law. 2012. No. 3. P. 185–189. Kroitor V.A. Eliminating gaps in civil law using analogy of law, analogy of law, and inter-branch analogy. Forum of Law. 2016. No. 3. P. 159–166. Kulinich, Olha. Leheza, Yevhen. Zadyraka, Nataliia. Taranenko, Kseniia, Kostiuk, Tetiana. 2023. Electronic Judicial Procedure as an Element of Access to Justice Regarding Protection of Rights of Individuals: Legal, Administrative, Theoretical, and Informational Aspects. Journal Cita Hukum Indonesian Law Journal. 11 (3), 443–456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/jch.v11i3.36298 Leheza, Y., Kolomoiets, Y., Chalyk, V., Kovalchuk, Y., & Sakhno, A. (2024). Foreign experience of financial-legal and administrative-legal regulation of the activities of public administration bodies. Revista do Curso de Direito do UNIFOR, 15(1), 51–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24862/rcdu.v15i1.1832 Leheza, Y., Korniienko, M., Berezniak, V., Мariienko, А., & Radchuk, A. (2024). 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Administrative and legal regulation of the status of internally displaced persons in Ukraine during the war. University of Western Australia Law Review. 51 (2). 297–313. https://www.uwa.edu.au/schools/-/media/documents/uwa-law-review/volume-51-issue-2/leheza-et-al-formatted.pdf Matviichuk, Anatolii. Shcherbak, Viktor. Sirko, Viktoria. Malieieva, Hanna. Leheza, Yevhen. 2022. Human principles of law as a universal normative framework: Principios humanos del derecho como marco normativo universal. Cuestiones Políticas, 40(75), 221–231. https://doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.4075.14 Nalyvaiko, L., Hryhorchuk, M, Shevchenko, A, Melnyk, M, & Dolhoruchenko, K. (2023). Protection of Property Rights during the Russian-Ukrainian War: Theoretical and Legal Analysis. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 2(19), 172–190. URL: https://ajee-journal.com/protection-of-property-rights-during-the-russian-ukrainian-war-theoretical-and-legal-analysis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33327/AJEE-18-6.2-n000206 Nalyvaiko, L., Pryputen, D., Verba, I., Lebedieva, Yu., & Chepik-Trehubenko, O. (2023). The European Convention on human rights and the practice of the ECTHR in the field of gestational surrogacy. Access to Justice in Eastern Europe, 2(19), 206–219. URL: https://ajee-journal.com/upload/attaches/att_1684147648.pdf. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.33327/AJEE-18-6.2-n000203 Nalyvaiko, L., Маrсhenko, O., & Іlkov, V. (2018). Conceptualisation of the Phenomenon of Corruption: International Practices and Ukrainian Experience. Economic Annals-XXI, 172(7-8), 32-37. URL: https://ea21journal.world/index.php/ea-v172-06/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.V172-06 Nalyvaiko, Larysa Leheza, Yevhen, Sachko, Oleksandr. Shcherbyna, Victor. Chepik-Trehubenko. Olha. 2022. Principles of law: Methodological approaches to understanding in the context of modern globalization transformations. Ius Humani. 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The Institution of Legal Liability in the Digital Age: International Legal Standards, Administrative, Financial and Criminal Aspects Volkova, Yuliia; Leheza, Yuliia; Pavlov, Volodymyr; Goncharenko, Ganna; Blahodarnyi, Andrii
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v13i2.47113

Abstract

The article reveals the issue of legal responsibility within the context of digitalization in society. It is indicated that legal obligation, as a tool for coercion and the restoration of law and order, has always depended on the form of social relations. Today, digitalization has given rise not only to new objects of legal protection (personal data, digital assets, information security), but also to new subjects, such as platforms, algorithms, and autonomous systems. It is stated that the formation of the digital state leads to the transformation of traditional forms of public law responsibility, primarily administrative. In the digital age, not only is the form of offenses changing, but also how they are committed, recorded, detected, and proven. Administrative liability is becoming a tool for rapid response to mass violations in the fields of e-governance, personal data processing, cybersecurity, digital platform use, artificial intelligence, and telecommunication services. It is concluded that, accordingly, the institution of legal responsibility in the digital age is a system of prevention, regulation, self-control, and international cooperation. It must be adaptive, technologically literate, and human rights. The quality of legal mechanisms in the digital sphere determines whether the rule of law will remain effective in the context of digital transformation. 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Legal Regulations on Professional Liability Insurance for Non-Material Damages: Lessons for Vietnam from China Anh, Nguyen Thi Bao
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v13i2.47160

Abstract

Professional liability insurance is essential for protecting professionals and organizations against financial losses resulting from negligence or errors in their services. Despite its importance, the legal framework governing professional liability insurance for non-material damages, such as reputational, prestige, or mental health harm, remains underdeveloped in Vietnam. This paper analyzed and compared the legal regulations surrounding professional liability insurance for non-material damages in China and Vietnam. It identified key lessons that Vietnam could adopt to enhance its legal framework. Existing legal texts, scholarly articles, and case law from both countries were examined. The findings revealed that, while China has established a more robust regulatory framework to address non-material damages, Vietnam's current legal provisions are fragmented and lack clarity. The analysis highlights aspects of China's approach, including comprehensive definitions and more evident liability standards, which could significantly benefit Vietnam's legal system. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform policymakers and legal practitioners in Vietnam about effective regulatory practices in professional liability insurance. By drawing insights from China's experience, Vietnam can develop a more coherent and effective legal framework that protects professionals and enhances consumer trust in professional services. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on legal reform in Vietnam, particularly in emerging areas of professional liability law.   REFERENCES: Anh, N. T. B. (2020). Medical malpractice liability insurance: Comparison of Vietnam to some European countries. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 12(3), 73–79. Aven, T. (2019). The cautionary principle in risk management: Foundation and practical use. 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Asian Journal of Economics and Banking, 8(2), 294. Nguyen, C. T. (2024). Does reputation matter? Explaining China’s evolving strategy in South China Sea disputes. Issues & Studies, 60(4), 2450013. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1013251124500135 Nguyen, N. P., Wu, H., Evangelista, F., & Nguyen, T. N. Q. (2020). The effects of organizational mindfulness on ethical behaviour and firm performance: Empirical evidence from Vietnam. Asia Pacific Business Review, 26(3), 313–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381.2020.1716690 QBE. (2024). Professional liability. https://www.qbe.com/vn/en/business-insurance/professional-indemnity Russin & Vecchi. (2023). Insurance law and regulation in Vietnam. The Actuary Magazine. (2024, September). Vietnamese insurance market insights: A conversation with Phuong Chung Ba, FSA, Chairman of TC Advisors at Techcombank. https://www.theactuarymagazine.org/vietnamese-insurance-market-insights/ Tran, A. L. (2017). 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Navigating the legal complexities of telesurgery in China: An assessment of tort liability and the path forward. Medicine, Science and the Law, 65(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/00258024231221361 Zhang, X., & Zhang, X. (2018). On legislation of punitive damages. In Legislation of Tort Liability Law in China (pp. 475–493). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55510-5_24.
Navigating the Intersection of Technology, Disinformation, and Human Rights: Balancing Freedom of Expression and Speech Iftikhar, Hamza; Shah, Umelaila; Hashmi, Uzair; ., Inayatullah; Khan, Sanaullah
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v13i2.47165

Abstract

The spread of deceptive content online threatens human rights, particularly freedom of expression and access to accurate information. In Pakistan, the rise of digital platforms has fuelled misinformation, weakening democratic processes, polarizing society, and eroding public trust. The challenge lies in balancing disinformation regulation with protecting free speech. While false narratives undermine institutions, restrictive measures risk suppressing dissent and opposition voices. The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) exemplifies this tension. This study critically evaluates Pakistan’s regulatory approach, assessing its effectiveness and alignment with international human rights standards. Through qualitative analysis of PECA’s provisions and case studies, findings highlight key concerns: ambiguous legal definitions and politically motivated enforcement. Case studies illustrate how disinformation affects public trust and democratic engagement. Despite the challenges posed by disinformation, a practical framework must protect fundamental rights while addressing online harms. Recommendations include refining PECA’s provisions, introducing robust procedural safeguards, and promoting digital literacy programs to empower citizens to counter misinformation. A multi-stakeholder approach involving government, civil society, and technology platforms is essential for fostering a more accountable digital environment in Pakistan. Striking a balance between regulation and free speech is crucial for preserving democracy and public trust. REFERENCES: Alibašić, H. (2024). The Post-Factual Polity: Ethical, Governance, Administrative, and Policy Crises in the Disinformation Era. IAP. AZAM, M. (2021). Pakistan's International Law Obligations and Curtailment of Freedom of Expression: Balancing Legitimate Competing Interests or a Case of Violation?. PLR, 12, 37. Butt, M. N., Riaz, M., & Rabbani, A. W. (2023). Countering Fake News in Pakistan: Challenges Faced by Newsrooms and Regulators. MAIRAJ, 2(2), 79–87. George, A. S. (2024). Weaponizing WhatsApp: Organized Propaganda and the Erosion of Democratic Discourse in India. Partners Universal Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 1(1), 22–36. Helm, R. K., & Nasu, H. (2021). Regulatory responses to ‘fake news’ and freedom of expression: Normative and empirical evaluation. Human Rights Law Review, 21(2), 302–328. Howie, E. (2018). Protecting the human right to freedom of expression in international law. International journal of speech-language pathology, 20(1), 12-15. Inobemhe, K., & Asemah, E. S. Media Literacy and Critical Thinking as Tools for Combating Disinformation. COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA DYNAMICS, 11. Iqbal, M., Talpur, S. R., Manzoor, A., Abid, M. M., Shaikh, N. A., & Abbasi, S. (2023). The Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016: Understanding the Challenges in Pakistan. Siazga Research Journal, 2(4), 273–282. Jia, C., Lee, A. Y., Moore, R. C., Decatur, C. H. S., Liu, S. X., & Hancock, J. T. (2024). Collaboration, crowdsourcing, and misinformation. PNAS nexus, 3(10), page: 434. Kaushal, R., Van De Kerkhof, J., Goanta, C., Spanakis, G., & Iamnitchi, A. (2024, June). Automated Transparency: A Legal and Empirical Analysis of the Digital Services Act Transparency Database. In The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (pp. 1121–1132). Khan, S., Tehrani, P. M., & Iftikhar, M. (2019). Impact of PECA-2016 provisions on freedom of speech: A case of Pakistan. Journal of Management Info, 6(2), 7–11. Klein, A., & Klein, A. (2017). Hate speech in the information age. Fanaticism, racism, and rage online: Corrupting the digital sphere, 25–39. Kusaka, W. (2022). Fake News and State Violence: How Duterte Hijacked the Election and Democracy in the Philippines. In Fake News and Elections in Southeast Asia (pp. 145–165). Routledge. Mansoor, S. I. U. (2024). Legal Implications of Deepfake Technology: In the Context of Manipulation, Privacy, and Identity Theft. Central University of Kashmir Law Review, 4, 65–92. Mckay, S., & Tenove, C. (2021). Disinformation as a threat to deliberative democracy. Political research quarterly, 74(3), 703–717. Ness, S. (2024). The Balance Between Gatekeeper Rules and Free Speech in the EU under the Digital Markets Act and Digital Services Act. Journal of Modern Law and Policy, 4(3). Saleem, B., Ahmed, M., Zahra, M., Hassan, F., Iqbal, M. A., & Muhammad, Z. (2024). A survey of cybersecurity laws, regulations, and policies in technologically advanced nations: A case study of Pakistan to bridge the gap. International Cybersecurity Law Review, 1–29. Saleem, H., Jan, J., & Areej, A. (2022). Cyber Crimes Trends in Pakistan: Analyzing the Legal Framework and Enforcement Challenges. Society, Law and Policy Review, 1(1), 10–22. Shankar, R., & Ahmad, T. (2021). Information Technology Laws: Mapping the Evolution and Impact of Social Media Regulation in India. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 41(4). Shou, Y., Kuru, O., Newman, E., & Smithson, M. (2024). Mis-and Disinformation. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. Tenove, C. (2020). Protecting democracy from disinformation: Normative threats and policy responses. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 25(3), 517–537. Vese, D. (2022). Governing fake news: the regulation of social media and the right to freedom of expression in the era of emergency. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 13(3), 477–513.
Laws on The Management of the Underground Economy in the Criminal Sector in Vietnam Hung, Nguyen Vinh; Thinh, Tran Cong; Huong, Dao Thi Thu
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol. 13 No. 2 (2025): Summer Edition
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v13i2.47271

Abstract

This study explores the complex relationship between criminal law and the underground economy in Vietnam, highlighting both its economic contributions and its detrimental effects on social order, security, and individual well-being. The underground economy—comprising unregistered businesses, informal labor, and illicit trade—has persisted due to gaps in legal enforcement, economic inequality, and the pursuit of profit outside regulatory oversight. While it can stimulate short-term economic activity, it also undermines fiscal stability, erodes trust in public institutions, and exposes participants to significant risks. To analyze this phenomenon, the study employs a qualitative research method that integrates literature review, juridical-normative analysis, and case-based exploration. Legal documents, policy papers, and academic studies are examined to understand how Vietnamese criminal law addresses underground economic activities. In addition, expert interviews with legal scholars, law enforcement officers, and economists provide contextual insights into enforcement challenges and policy gaps. This qualitative approach allows for a nuanced understanding of how law and informal economic practices interact in real-world contexts, beyond mere statistical data. The findings reveal that Vietnam’s criminal law serves not only as a deterrent mechanism but also as a regulatory instrument that shapes economic behavior. However, enforcement remains inconsistent, and coordination among state institutions remains limited. The study concludes with policy recommendations to improve legal frameworks, strengthen institutional capacity, and promote public awareness to manage and gradually formalize the underground economy in Vietnam effectively. REFERENCES Channel 14.Vn Electronic Newspaper (2018). “The story of legalizing prostitution in 10 countries around the world: The country allows prostitution but restricts the purchase of sex”. Access source: https://kenh14.vn/ specializing 20180407163634065.chn, accessed date: February 15, 2025. Dao, X. H., Nguyen, V. H., & Nguyen, D. A. (2023). “Requirements and recommendations to ensure social security for people working in the informal economy sector in Vietnam”. Journal of Namibian Studies, Vol. 33 (2023): Special Issue 3, e-ISSN 2197-5523, Publication date: May-22-2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.59670/jns.v33i.1970 , https://namibian-studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/1970 , p. 932. Department For Social Vices Prevention - Ministry Of Labor, War Invalids And Social Affairs (2020). “The fates of Japan's red light district during the pandemic”. Access source: http://pctnxh.molisa.gov.vn/default.aspx?page=news&do=detail&id= 2742, accessed date: February 25, 2025. Economichelp. (2019). “Underground Economy - definition, problems and causes”. Access source: https://www.economicshelp.org , accessed date: February 25, 2025. Friedrich, S., & Robert, K. (2004). “Shadow economies around the world: What do we khow?”. CESifo Working Paper NO. 1167, Category 1: Public finance, April 2004. Hung , N. V., Thinh , T. C., & Duy, N. D. (2022). Cooperative Group In Current Vietnamese Commercial Environment. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 7(6), e0509, Access source: https://doi.org/10.26668/businessreview/2022.v7i6.e509 , p. 01. Hung, N. V. (2023). “Characteristics of the underground economy in Vietnam”. Lex Humana (ISSN 2175-0947), 15(3), access source: https://seer.ucp.br/seer/index.php/LexHumana/article/view/2537 , p. 18. Le, C., And NGUYEN, T. L. (2014). “Death Penalty in Vietnam’s Criminal Code: To Retain or Reduce and Eventually Abolish?”. Vietnam National University Journal of Science, Vol. 33 No. 3. National Assembly. “Criminal Code 1999 (amended and supplemented in 2009)”. National Assembly. “Criminal Code 2015 (amended and supplemented in 2017)”. Nguyen Vinh Hung (editor 2021). “Civil issues: Theoretical - Procedure - Comment”, People's Publish Security Publishing House. Nguyen, N. C. (2022). “Commentary on offenses against economic management order in the 2015 Criminal Code, amended and supplemented in 2017. National Political Publishing House, Hanoi. Nguyen, V. H. (2019). “The impact of the underground economy on the economy, society, and law”. Journal of Economic Studies, 7 (03). Nguyen, V. H. (2023_1). “Underground economy in the context of the fourth industrial revolution”. Journal of Political Theory, No.13. Nguyen, V. H. (2023_2). “Law on the management of the underground economy in Vietnam”. Topic scientific research in level school, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, University of Law. Nguyen, V. H., Nguyen, L. T & Tran C. T. (2023). Laws on the management of the underground economy in the financial sector in Vietnam, Lex Humana. Vol. 15 No. 4 (2023), ISSN 2175-0947, Publication date: July 20, 2023, https://seer.ucp.br/seer/index.php/LexHumana/article/view/2737 , p. 241. Nguyen, Vinh. H. (2020). “Managing the type of "underground economy" in Vietnam today”. State Management Review, 299 (12), 1-8. Nhung, D. H., Hung, N. V., & Nhung, K. T. T. (2023). “Land use planning of industrial zones in Vietnam towards sustainable development and climate change response”. Lex Humana (ISSN 2175-0947), 15(2), 1-8. https://seer.ucp.br/seer/index.php/LexHumana/article/view/2598 , p. 549. Tien Phong Electronic Newspaper (2023). “Hanoi announced that it would not allow prostitution to resume on Tran Duy Hung Street”. Access source: https://tienphong.vn/ha-noi-cong-bo-khong-de- tai-hoat-dong-mai-dam-o-pho-tran-duy-hung-post1506587.tpo , accessed date: February 15, 2025. Vietnam Open Educational Resources (2017). “Underground Economy”. Access source: https://voer.edu.vn/m/kinh-te-ngam/0d88638b , accessed date: February 23, 2025. Vnexpress Electronic Newspaper (2022). “Internet prostitution marketing”. Access source: https://vnexpress.net/topic/tiep-thi-mai-dam-qua-mang-internet-18578, accessed date: February 26, 2025. Vov2 Electronic Newspaper (2022). “Online football betting may have to go to prison”. Access source: https://vov2.vov.vn/phap-luat/ca-do-bong-da-online-co-the -phai-di-tu-39075.vov2, accessed date: February 15, 2025. Zing New Electronic Newspaper (2022). “Prostitutes in Thailand claim their rights”. Access source: https://zingnews.vn/gai-mai-dam-o-thai-lan-doi-quyen-loi -post1337923.html, accessed date: February 24, 2025.

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