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Penguasaan Negara terhadap Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam Ruang Angkasa Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Farhani, Athari; Chandranegara, Ibnu Sina
Jurnal Konstitusi Vol 16, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia

Pasca amandemen UUD Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 Pasal 33 ayat (3) yang berbunyi “Bumi, air dan kekayaan yang terkandung di dalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat” penguasaan negara yang ada dalam Pasal 33 ayat (3) tersebut hanya mengatur pada bumi, air dan yang terkandung di dalamnya. Padahal saat ini keberadaan ruang angkasa berhubungan erat dengan hajat hidup orang banyak, salah satunya pemanfaatan GSO (geo stationary orbit) yang merupakan sumber daya alam terbatas. Sehingga hal tersebut menimbulkan masalah baru khususnya bagi Indonesia sebagai negara khatulistiwa yang mana penempatan GSO berada di atasnya. Masalah tersebut adalah bagaimana internalisasi terkait konsep penguasaan negara menurut Pasal 33 ayat (3) UUD NRI 1945 terhadap pemanfaatan sumber daya alam yang ada dalam wilayah ruang angkasa, serta bagaimana regulasi-regulasi yang mengatur terkait pemanfaatan sumber daya alam di wilayah ruang angkasa apakah sudah sesuai dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode penelitian analisis kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini memberikan gambaran bahwa keberadaan ruang angkasa memiliki peranan penting bagi setiap negara, khususnya keberadaan GSO sebagai sumber daya alam terbatas, keberadan GSO hanya ada di atas khatulistiwa dan Indonesia salah satu negara yang dilalui garis khatulistiwa. Beragam konvensi internasional yang telah disahkan ke dalam peraturan di Indonesia maupun regulasi yang ada di Indonesia berkenaan dengan pemanfaatan ruang angkasa sampai saat ini belum memberikan manfaat dan pengaturan yang komprehensif terkait memanfaatkan sumber daya alam yang terkandung dalam wilayah ruang angkasa tersebut, sehingga menjadi suatu keharusan bagi Indonesia sebagai negara yang berdaulat untuk memberikan jaminan secara konstitusional bagi keberadaan sumber daya alam yang ada dalam wilayah ruang angkasa untuk dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat.After the amendment to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 33 paragraph (3) that stated "The land, the water and the natural resources within shall be under the powers of the State and shall be used to the greatest benefit of the people" the state authorities in Article 33 paragraph (3) only regulates earth, water and and the natural resources within. Whereas today, the existence of the outer space is closely associated with the lives of many people, as such, the utilization of GSO (Geostationary Orbit) which is a limited natural resource. So that it rises new issues, especially for Indonesia as an equatorial country where the placement of GSOs is above it. The problem is how to internalization the utilization of natural resources in outer space (related to the concept of state authorities according to Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia), and how the regulation that regulates the utilitazion of natural resources in outer space are appropriately used to the greatest benefit of the people. This study aims to answer these two issuess by investigating normatively or library research. This law research conducted by analyzing secondary data from primary, secondary and tertiary materials. In this qualitative analysis research, the secondary data from primary, secondary and tertiary materials connected to each other and interpreted in order to find answers to solve the research issues. The results of this study provide an overview about the existence of outer space which has an important role for every country, especially the existence of the GSO as a limited natural resource. GSO only exists above the equator and Indonesia is one of the countries which is passed by the equator. International conventions that have been ratified into Indonesian regulations and regulations in Indonesia relating to the utilization of outer space have not provided a comprehensive benefits and regulations related to utilizing natural resources contained in these outer space areas, so that it becomes a necessity for Indonesia as a sovereign country to provide constitutional guarantees for the existence of natural resources that exist in the outer space to be used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people.

Penguasaan Negara terhadap Pemanfaatan Sumber Daya Alam Ruang Angkasa Menurut Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 Athari Farhani; Ibnu Sina Chandranegara
Jurnal Konstitusi Vol 16, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia

Pasca amandemen UUD Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 Pasal 33 ayat (3) yang berbunyi “Bumi, air dan kekayaan yang terkandung di dalamnya dikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat” penguasaan negara yang ada dalam Pasal 33 ayat (3) tersebut hanya mengatur pada bumi, air dan yang terkandung di dalamnya. Padahal saat ini keberadaan ruang angkasa berhubungan erat dengan hajat hidup orang banyak, salah satunya pemanfaatan GSO (geo stationary orbit) yang merupakan sumber daya alam terbatas. Sehingga hal tersebut menimbulkan masalah baru khususnya bagi Indonesia sebagai negara khatulistiwa yang mana penempatan GSO berada di atasnya. Masalah tersebut adalah bagaimana internalisasi terkait konsep penguasaan negara menurut Pasal 33 ayat (3) UUD NRI 1945 terhadap pemanfaatan sumber daya alam yang ada dalam wilayah ruang angkasa, serta bagaimana regulasi-regulasi yang mengatur terkait pemanfaatan sumber daya alam di wilayah ruang angkasa apakah sudah sesuai dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode penelitian analisis kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini memberikan gambaran bahwa keberadaan ruang angkasa memiliki peranan penting bagi setiap negara, khususnya keberadaan GSO sebagai sumber daya alam terbatas, keberadan GSO hanya ada di atas khatulistiwa dan Indonesia salah satu negara yang dilalui garis khatulistiwa. Beragam konvensi internasional yang telah disahkan ke dalam peraturan di Indonesia maupun regulasi yang ada di Indonesia berkenaan dengan pemanfaatan ruang angkasa sampai saat ini belum memberikan manfaat dan pengaturan yang komprehensif terkait memanfaatkan sumber daya alam yang terkandung dalam wilayah ruang angkasa tersebut, sehingga menjadi suatu keharusan bagi Indonesia sebagai negara yang berdaulat untuk memberikan jaminan secara konstitusional bagi keberadaan sumber daya alam yang ada dalam wilayah ruang angkasa untuk dipergunakan sebesar-besarnya bagi kemakmuran rakyat.After the amendment to the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Article 33 paragraph (3) that stated "The land, the water and the natural resources within shall be under the powers of the State and shall be used to the greatest benefit of the people" the state authorities in Article 33 paragraph (3) only regulates earth, water and and the natural resources within. Whereas today, the existence of the outer space is closely associated with the lives of many people, as such, the utilization of GSO (Geostationary Orbit) which is a limited natural resource. So that it rises new issues, especially for Indonesia as an equatorial country where the placement of GSOs is above it. The problem is how to internalization the utilization of natural resources in outer space (related to the concept of state authorities according to Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia), and how the regulation that regulates the utilitazion of natural resources in outer space are appropriately used to the greatest benefit of the people. This study aims to answer these two issuess by investigating normatively or library research. This law research conducted by analyzing secondary data from primary, secondary and tertiary materials. In this qualitative analysis research, the secondary data from primary, secondary and tertiary materials connected to each other and interpreted in order to find answers to solve the research issues. The results of this study provide an overview about the existence of outer space which has an important role for every country, especially the existence of the GSO as a limited natural resource. GSO only exists above the equator and Indonesia is one of the countries which is passed by the equator. International conventions that have been ratified into Indonesian regulations and regulations in Indonesia relating to the utilization of outer space have not provided a comprehensive benefits and regulations related to utilizing natural resources contained in these outer space areas, so that it becomes a necessity for Indonesia as a sovereign country to provide constitutional guarantees for the existence of natural resources that exist in the outer space to be used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people.

Problematika Kebijakan Hukum Terbuka (Open Legal Policy) Masa Jabatan Hakim Konstitusi Athari Farhani; Ibnu Sina Chandranegara
Jurnal Konstitusi Vol 17, No 3 (2020)
Publisher : The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia

Discourse about periodization of the term of office of the Constitutional Court judge ended at the Constitutional Court Decision Number 53/PUU-XIV/2016 and Number 73/PUU-XIV/2016 which transferred the authority of regulating the term of the constitutional judge to be fully regulated by the legislators (open legal polic). This article discusses the problem of the term of office of the Constitutional Court judge, if it is regulated as an open legal policy for the quality of the independence of judicial power held by the Constitutional Court. This article was prepared based on the results of normative legal research using the statutory approach. This article provides two conclusions. First, the open legal policy in determining the periodization of the term of constitutional judge has the potential to reduce the degree of independence of the judicial power. Second, a relatively long period of time is an ideal concept for the term of office of constitutional judge. The term of office of constitutional judge should be aligned with the Supreme Court’s tenure.

Labeling Theory On the Legal Expression of Police Clearance Certificate Ahmad Yulianto; Athari Farhani
STAATSRECHT: Indonesian Constitutional Law Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : UIN JAKARTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/siclj.v5i1.20754

Through state-owned equipment, the police are empowered to issue a Police Clearance Certificate (SKCK). However, SKCK cannot label someone if someone is evil or not. Whereas written legal norms are characterized by legal certainty, in other words, law without certainty values will lose its meaning because it can no longer be used as a code of conduct for everyone. By reviewing references or literature related to criminal acts, prevention of crime, legal certainty and authority. SKCK is a preventive action carried out by the police institution as the State institution that has the authority over security and order. The responsibility for crime prevention is carried out by the National Police and the public by carrying out pre-emptive and preventive tasks, namely making community members obey and obey the law. Polri is responsible for approximately 20% of activities while 80% of other activities are the responsibility of the community which consists of various elements. The most important thing is that the label of criminal not criminal is the authority of the court. So that SKCK is not based on crime prevention but is based on the concept of labeling.

Transfer of Party in The Agreement May Void the Agreement as A New Today of Law in Indonesia Ahmad Yulianto; Athari Farhani
JOURNAL of LEGAL RESEARCH Vol 3, No 3 (2021)
Publisher : Faculty of Sharia and Law State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jlr.v3i3.20930

The ratification of Law No.7 of 1989 concerning the Religious Courts brought enormous changes to the position of the religious judiciary, not only in its position as a judicial institution as part of executing the same judicial power as other judicial institutions. However, the ratification of the granting of full authority which is the main task of the religious court to resolve cases of Muslims in Indonesia relating to family law. With the birth of the religious court law, the religious judiciary has become independent in Indonesia in enforcing laws based on Islamic law for those seeking justice who are Muslim in relation to civil matters in the fields of marriage, inheritance, wills, grants and endowments. Therefore, Muslims in Indonesia are required to submit their cases to the religious court which is the authority of the religious court. Jurisprudence is a fundamental need to complement various laws and regulations in the application of law because in the national legal system it plays a role as a source of law. Without jurisprudence, the function and authority of the judiciary as the executor of judicial power will cause sterility and stagnation. Jurisprudence aims to keep laws up to date and apply effectively, and can even increase the authority of the judiciary because they are able to maintain legal certainty, social justice and protection. Legal certainty will be realized if in the application of law there is a common perception. The existence of legal certainty will prevent or avoid disparities and inconsistencies in decisions because judges have applied the same legal standards to cases or cases that are the same or similar to cases that have been terminated or tried by a previous judge, so that the verdict on his case can be predicted by justice seekers. With this consistent decision, a sense of justice and legal certainty can be realized.

Implications of the Space Agreement; A Critique of the Statement of the American President to Exploit Space Resources Athari Farhani
ADALAH Vol 4, No 3 (2020): Keadilan Hukum & Pemerintahan
Publisher : UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Abstract:As the world’s population grows increasing demand for the planet’s limited resources, developed countries begin to explore outer space. One of them is the United States through its president statement Donald Trump who will explore and exploit space resources. While the law of space including natural resources contained therein is a shared heritage of mankind. And whether said activities comply with the current provisions of internaional space law?Keyword: Outerspace, natural resources, mining, heritage of mankind

Влияние исследования и эксплуатации космических природных ресурсов на Индонезию с точки зрения аспектов национального права (The Legal Implications of Exploration and Exploitation of Space Natural Resources for Indonesia) Laurentius Raymond Junior; Athari Farhani
Jurnal Cita Hukum Vol 9, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah dan Hukum, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/jch.v9i2.22193

The commercialization of space in this century has become a new phenomenon that includes all kinds of activities that lead to exploration and even exploitation in space. These activities are carried out by the private sector or certain countries that have advanced technology capabilities in conducting exploration in space. Exploration activities in space are not only limited to the placement of remote sensing satellites, astronomical observations, power plants, or communication facilities but also led to the exploitation of natural resources in space. This certainly has an impact on Indonesia considering that national legal guarantees are not yet comprehensive in regulating space. Therefore this research was conducted to analyze how national laws regulate aspects of space and how the impact of exploration and exploitation of natural space resources for Indonesia. The results of this study illustrate that the existence of space has an important role for every country, especially Indonesia. Considering the existence and rapid development of space, Indonesia needs to provide a more comprehensive legal guarantee in regulating space, especially in the use of natural space resources.Keywords: Space; Exploration and Exploitation; Natural Resources Dampak Eksplorasi dan Eksploitasi Sumber Daya Alam Ruang Angkasa Bagi Indonesia Ditinjau Dari Aspek Hukum Nasional AbstrakKomersialisasi ruang angkasa di abad ini menjadi fenomena baru yang meliputi segala macam aktivitas yang mengarah pada eksplorasi bahkan eksploitasi di ruang angkasa. Aktivitas tersebut dilakukan oleh swasta maupun negara tertentu yang memiliki kemampuan teknologi canggih dalam melakukan penjelajahan di ruang angkasa. Kegiatan eksplorasi di ruang angkasa tidak hanya sebatas pada penempatan satelit penginderaan jarak jauh, observasi astronomi, pembangkit tenaga, atau sarana komunikasi namun juga sudah mengarah pada eksploitasi sumber daya alam di ruang angkasa. Hal tersebut tentu memberikan dampak bagi Indonesia mengingat jaminan hukum nasional belum begitu komprehensif mengatur berkenaan dengan ruang angkasa. Maka dari itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis bagaimana hukum nasional mengatur aspek ruang angkasa serta bagaimana dampak eksplorasi dan eksploitasi sumber daya alam ruang angkasa bagi Indonesia. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini memberikan gambaran bahwa keberadaan ruang angkasa memiliki peranan penting bagi setiap negara, khususnya Indonesia. Mengingat keberadaan serta perkembangan ruang angkasa begitu pesat, sehingga Indonesia perlu memberikan jaminan hukum yang lebih komprehensif dalam pengaturan ruang angkasa khususnya dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya alam ruang angkasa.Kata Kunci : Ruang Angkasa; Eksplorasi dan Eksploitasi; Sumber Daya Alam. Влияние исследования и эксплуатации космических природных ресурсов на Индонезию с точки зрения аспектов национального права АннотацияКоммерциализация космоса в этом столетии стала новым явлением, которое включает в себя все виды деятельности, ведущие к исследованию и даже эксплуатации космоса. Подобные действия осуществляются частным сектором или некоторыми странами, которые обладают передовыми технологическими возможностями для проведения исследований в космосе. Исследовательская деятельность в космосе не только ограничивается размещением спутников дистанционного зондирования, астрономическими наблюдениями, электростанциями или средствами коммуникации, но также ведет к эксплуатации природных ресурсов в космосе. Это, безусловно, влияет на Индонезию, учитывая, что национальные правовые гарантии еще не являются исчерпывающими в регулировании космоса. Таким образом, это исследование было проведено для анализа того, как национальное законодательство регулирует аспекты космоса и как влияют исследование и эксплуатация природных космических ресурсов на Индонезию. Результаты этого исследования показывают, что существование космоса играет важную роль для каждой страны, особенно для Индонезии. Учитывая существование и быстрое развитие космоса, Индонезии необходимо предоставить более всеобъемлющие правовые гарантии в регулировании космоса, особенно в использовании природных космических ресурсов.Ключевые слова: Космос, исследование и эксплуатация, природные ресурсы

Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 55/PUU-XVIII/2020 : Menciderai Keadilan Bagi Peserta Pemilu Athari Farhani; Faiqah Nur Azizah
ADALAH Vol 6, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/adalah.v6i1.25698

The decision of the Constitutional Court Number 55/PUU-XVIII/2020 in its ruling gave special treatment to political parties that passed the Parliamentary Threshold in 2019 not to need to carry out factual verification, but only with administrative verification. However, this requirement does not apply to political parties that do not pass the Perlementary Threshold in 2019. Even though political dynamics occur very dynamically, so that the stages of administrative verification and factual verification are deemed necessary for all parties. The existence of this decision seems discriminatory and injures the sense of justice and democratic principles in general elections.

Labeling Theory On the Legal Expression of Police Clearance Certificate Ahmad Yulianto; Athari Farhani
STAATSRECHT: Indonesian Constitutional Law Journal Vol 5, No 1 (2021)
Publisher : UIN JAKARTA

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15408/siclj.v5i1.20754

Through state-owned equipment, the police are empowered to issue a Police Clearance Certificate (SKCK). However, SKCK cannot label someone if someone is evil or not. Whereas written legal norms are characterized by legal certainty, in other words, law without certainty values will lose its meaning because it can no longer be used as a code of conduct for everyone. By reviewing references or literature related to criminal acts, prevention of crime, legal certainty and authority. SKCK is a preventive action carried out by the police institution as the State institution that has the authority over security and order. The responsibility for crime prevention is carried out by the National Police and the public by carrying out pre-emptive and preventive tasks, namely making community members obey and obey the law. Polri is responsible for approximately 20% of activities while 80% of other activities are the responsibility of the community which consists of various elements. The most important thing is that the label of criminal not criminal is the authority of the court. So that SKCK is not based on crime prevention but is based on the concept of labeling.

Dilematika Antara Hak Pendidikan dan Hak Kesehatan Dalam Proses Pembelajaran di Masa Pandemi Athari Farhani; Faiqah Nur Azizah
Jurist-Diction Vol. 5 No. 2 (2022): Volume 5 No. 2, Maret 2022
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/jd.v5i2.34875

AbstractThe Indonesian constitution guarantees the fulfillment of the right to education as stated in Article 28C paragraph (1) and Article 31 paragraph (1) as well as regulates the right to health insurance as stated in Article 28H paragraph (1). Both are fundamental rights that must be fulfilled by the state as mandated by the constitution. However, this becomes a dilemma when the two rights must be clashed when Covid-19 is hitting Indonesia. On the one hand, the implementation of online distance learning (PJJ) raises new social problems regarding the right to education, but on the other hand, if face-to-face learning is carried out, the right to health must still be prioritized. It has been more than a year since a pandemic has hit the world, many changes that ultimately require reforms in learning methods, but the complexity of implementing policies that adapt to pandemic conditions must be enforced without compromising the fulfillment of the right to education and the right to health. Both are important rights for the community for survival through health and to improve self-quality through education. This is what makes the author want to do further research to answer the questions above. To answer this, the author uses a normative research method, namely by examining library materials or secondary data as the basic material for research. The approach used is a conceptual and statutory approach. The data in this study were obtained through secondary data in the form of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The collected data was then analyzed using descriptive-analytical techniques to draw conclusions.Keywords: Right to Education; Right to Health; Distance Learning; Covid-19. AbstrakKonstitusi Indonesia menjamin pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan yang tertuang dalam Pasal 28C ayat (1) dan Pasal 31 ayat (1) sekaligus mengatur hak atas jaminan kesehatan yang tertuang dalam pasal 28H ayat (1). Keduanya merupakan hak fundamental yang harus dipenuhi oleh negara sebagaimana amanat konstitusi. Namun hal tersebut menjadi dilematis tatakala kedua hak tersebut harus dibenturkan disaat covid-19 tengah melanda Indonesia. Disatu sisi Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh (PJJ) secara daring menimbulkan persoalan sosial baru atas hak pendidikan namun disisi lain jika pembelajaran tatap muka dilaksanakan hak atas kesehatan tetap harus diprioritaskan. Sudah satu tahun lebih pandemi melanda dunia, banyak perubahan yang pada akhirnya mensyaratkan adanya pembaharuan dalam metode pembelajaran, namun kompleksitas atas penerapan kebijakan yang menyesuaikan kondisi pandemi harus diberlakukan tanpa mengesampingkan pemenuhan hak atas pendidikan dan hak atas kesehatan. Keduanya merupakan hak penting bagi masyarakat untuk keberlangsungan hidup melalui kesehatan dan untuk meningkatkan kualitas diri melalui pendidikan. Hal inilah yang membuat penulis ingin melakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menjawab persoalan di atas. Untuk menjawab hal tersebut penulis menggunakan metode penelitian normatif yaitu dengan cara meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder sebagai bahan dasar untuk diteliti. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan konseptual dan perundang-undangan (conceptual and statute approach). Data dalam penelitian ini diperoleh melalui data sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tertier. Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik deskriptif-analitis untuk selanjutnya ditarik kesimpulan. Kata Kunci: Hak Pendidikan; Hak Kesehatan; Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh; Covid-19.

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