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INDONESIA
Jurnal Transformasi Global
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
ISSN : 24069531     EISSN : 27163873     DOI : -
Core Subject :
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 170 Documents
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Vatican's Diplomacy in Global Child Protection Muhammad Fajhriyadi Hastira
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.012.02.2

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the influence and dynamics of the Vatican's moral authority as religious institutionalism on the global agenda for child protection through the forum “World Leaders Summit on Children's Rights.” This issue is relevant given the high rates of violence against children globally and the need for collaboration among cross-national actors in global governance. A qualitative approach was used through case study methods to explore the Vatican's public diplomacy strategies, religious diplomacy, and utilization of international institutional mechanisms. Data were collected by analyzing official Vatican documents, international organization reports, media archives, and academic literature published between 2020 and 2025. Data analysis was conducted using source triangulation and theory to ensure validity. The findings indicate that the Vatican plays a practical and strategic role as a norm entrepreneur with its dual role as a sovereign state and religious authority by combining moral legitimacy, religious symbols, and diplomatic networks to shape norms and policies for child protection. The effectiveness of this role depends on moral credibility, the ability to build cross-cultural coalitions, and inclusive communication strategies. This study contributes theoretically to developing religion-based diplomacy studies and practically provides a model of universal value advocacy for policymakers and international organizations.
Konflik Moro Sebagai Ancaman Identitas Nasional Filipina Selatan dan Dampaknya pada Kohesi Politik ASEAN Dewi Erlina; Elly Nurlia
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.012.02.3

Abstract

The Moro conflict in the Southern Philippines is rooted in postcolonial structural marginalization and failed integration, posing a serious threat to Philippine national identity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Moro conflict as a threat to national identity and its impact on ASEAN political cohesion, using Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities Theory framework. The method used is a qualitative literature study approach, as data collection utilized secondary data analysis from credible journals and academic documents. The results show that the failure of the Philippine national narrative to create bonds of equal solidarity, as envisioned by Anderson, has triggered the emergence of a separate "Bangsamoro" superordinate identity that rejects a homogeneous Filipino identity. This identity polarization has given rise to a separatist generation of the MNLF, MILF, and the radical Abu Sayyaf group. Regionally, this conflict threatens ASEAN cohesion through security spillover and transnational criminality in the Sulu Sea, forcing ASEAN to develop collective security cooperation mechanisms, such as the Trilateral Maritime Patrol. Conflict resolution through the implementation of the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL) is considered crucial for strengthening Philippine national integrity and maintaining regional stability.
The Construction of Artificial Intelligence as an International Security Issue in the United Nations Agenda 2025 Ahmad Ali Afandi; Badrus Sholeh
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.012.02.4

Abstract

This study analyzes how the United Nations (UN) constructs the issue of artificial intelligence (AI) as part of international security through a constructivist approach. In recent years, AI has developed rapidly and raised global concerns regarding technological misuse, disinformation, and potential threats to political stability and human rights. This phenomenon has driven the emergence of various global governance initiatives, including discussions at the UN Summit of the Future 2025. Using qualitative methods and constructivist discourse analysis, this research examines official documents, speeches by the Secretary-General, and reports from institutions such as UNIDIR, WEF, and OECD. The analysis is conducted through three stages: description, interpretation, and explanation. The findings reveal that the concept of “AI security” does not arise naturally from the nature of the technology itself but is shaped through social processes and normative discourses among global actors. The UN acts as a norm entrepreneur promoting the values of responsible AI and collective security, while states interpret these norms according to their own identities and interests. Thus, AI security is a social construct reflecting the interaction between ideas, interests, and identities within the international system. This study contributes to the strengthening of non-traditional security studies by demonstrating how technological issues can be understood as arenas for the formation of global norms and state political identities.
Peran AUKUS dalam Strategi Diversifikasi Pasar Ekspor Australia Pasca Sanksi Dagang Tiongkok Tahun 2021 Dwi Azzahra Wulandari; Putri Novelita Simbolon; Efrina Dwi Antesa
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.012.02.5

Abstract

This study examines the role of AUKUS in Australia’s export market diversification strategy following China’s trade sanctions in 2021. Diplomatic tensions between the two nations led to restrictions on key Australian exports such as coal, barley, and wine, significantly affecting the national economy. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research analyzes Australia’s policies to expand its export markets toward alternative partners such as India, Japan, and South Korea, while assessing AUKUS’s contribution to economic resilience through defense cooperation, technological collaboration, and strategic investments. The findings reveal that AUKUS serves not only as a defense alliance but also as an instrument of economic diplomacy that strengthens Australia’s ties with Western allies, fosters new investment opportunities, and supports its foreign policy autonomy in the Indo-Pacific region. Therefore, AUKUS plays a crucial role in maintaining Australia’s economic and political stability amid growing global geopolitical competition.
Strategi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Timor Leste Untuk Masuk Keanggotaan ASEAN (2019–2025) Aisyah Adinda Rachma; Alya Rafeyfa Hadi; Chania Deseria Rahmadani
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.012.02.6

Abstract

This article examines Timor Leste’s foreign policy strategy for becoming a full member of ASEAN between 2019 and 2025. Timor Leste, a recently independent small power with limited institutional, political, and economic capacity, adopted adaptable and accommodating strategies to meet ASEAN standards and expectations. This study employs a qualitative method based on a review of the literature and document analysis, guided by John P. Lovell’s Strategic Foreign Policy framework, to assess how national capability and external strategic dynamics affect state behavior. The results show that Timor Leste continuously applied Concordance and Accommodation Strategies, as evidenced by proactive diplomacy with ASEAN members, bureaucratic strengthening, and political reforms. Despite structural shortcomings, Timor Leste improved domestic stability through bilateral cooperation, labor mobility, and exports. Diplomatically, the country expanded its regional presence by opening embassies, joining ASEAN forums, and following the Roadmap for Full Membership. All these concerted steps at play helped reduce skepticism, particularly that of Singapore and Laos over the preparedness of Timor Leste. By 2025, ASEAN finally accepted Timor Leste as its eleventh member, after a decade-long journey of integration. This research contributes a comprehensive evaluation of the strategic foreign policy of Timor Leste during a critical temporal phase hitherto underexamined in the literature. Furthermore, it displays the importance of adaptive strategies for a small state seeking regional legitimacy within a complex geopolitical environment.
Singapore's Hedging Strategy Amidst US-China Competition Dhavanda Alifa Fitrah Alamsyah
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.012.02.7

Abstract

This study examines how Singapore's hedging strategy amid US-China competition manifests its strategic culture of vulnerability. Through qualitative descriptive analysis of policy documents and elite speeches from 2010-2024, the research identifies two complementary dimensions: hard hedging through institutionalized security cooperation with the United States, and soft hedging through economic integration with China and multilateral diplomacy via ASEAN platforms. The findings demonstrate that Singapore's hedging is not merely tactical response but a systematic manifestation of its deeply embedded vulnerability narrative. By maintaining credible defense capabilities while pursuing economic diversification, Singapore transforms structural weakness into strategic innovation, navigating great power rivalry through sophisticated dual engagement that preserves autonomy and ensures survival.
Kebijakan Hilirisasi Nikel dan Arus Investasi Asing Terhadap Kesejahteraan Daerah: Studi Kasus Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara Pandin, Evelyn Gracia Ranita; Arumdita, Hanna Monika
Jurnal Transformasi Global 2026: Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG) Edisi Spesial PNMHII
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.Suppl.6

Abstract

Southeast Sulawesi is a region of opportunities and challenges. As one of the richest nickel resources in Indonesia, this region has been receiving massive Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from Chinese industrial companies, aiming to boost their prominent automotive industry’s productivity through an affordable and sustainable source of extraction. In response to this demand, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia released a national downstreaming regulation to enhance the nation’s capacity for producing value-added products, thereby contributing to the global supply chain. This research, employing a descriptive analytical method, has found that multiple factors influence the dynamics of local society, which creates an intersection of international and domestic scope of the issue (intermestic). In terms of economic productivity, this research has also found that the policy has proven to gradually boost its growth. However, layered sociocultural issues persist. This research utilised the perspective of liberalism, especially the concept of globalisation and interdependence, while assessing the possible multiplier effect as a result of a policy implementation. Data collection includes completing multiple interviews and library research, aiming to cross-check and verify findings. The purpose of this research is to offer an analysis of Indonesia’s downstreaming policy implementation and its effects in ensuring a secure future for the nation in the midst of global uncertainty.
Divergensi Kinerja ASEAN Single Window: Analisis Tata Kelola Domestik dalam Perspektif Intergovernmentalisme Made Suci Ananda Putri; Priyanangrahita
Jurnal Transformasi Global 2026: Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG) Edisi Spesial PNMHII
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.Suppl.3

Abstract

This study examines the phenomenon of performance divergence in logistics among ASEAN member states within the framework of regional economic integration. Despite adopting the same ASEAN Single Window initiative, Indonesia’s logistics performance ranked 63rd in the 2023 World Bank Logistics Performance Index lags far behind Malaysia at 31st and Vietnam at 50th. Using a qualitative comparative case study with the Most Similar Systems Design approach grounded in Liberal Intergovernmentalism by Moravcsik 1993, this research analyzes why such divergence occurs despite shared regional commitments. The findings show that Indonesia’s lagging performance is not a failure of ASEAN regionalism but a logical consequence of fragmented domestic governance characterized by weak legal harmonization, overlapping institutional mandates, and inconsistent political commitment. In contrast, Malaysia’s centralized institutional model and Vietnam’s reform- driven approach have successfully transformed regional frameworks into tangible national improvements. The study also extends the analysis by linking governance failure to human security implications, emphasizing how inefficiencies in logistics exacerbate economic and food insecurity through delayed supply chains and increased trade costs. Therefore, strengthening institutional coordination, establishing a binding national logistics master plan, and integrating human security priorities into trade facilitation are crucial for Indonesia’s policy reform. This study concludes that within ASEAN’s intergovernmental structure, the success of regional integration ultimately depends on the strength and political will of domestic governance.
Peran Diplomasi Indonesia dalam Memobilisasi Sumber Daya Filantropi Global untuk Agenda Vaksinasi TBC Nasional Dwi Santosa; Rizal Aditya Hidayat
Jurnal Transformasi Global 2026: Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG) Edisi Spesial PNMHII
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.Suppl.1

Abstract

This study analyzes the diplomatic strategy of Indonesia in mobilizing resources from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) for the national Tuberculosis (TB) vaccination agenda. TB is positioned as a complex Human Security threat, driven by market failure and inadequacies in Global Health Governance (GHG). Employing the Pluralism/Transnationalism perspective, this research examines how Indonesia, as a middle power, moved Beyond State-Centric during the 2010–2025 period. The findings indicate that Indonesian diplomacy was highly effective due to the implementation of a Co-governance Partnership strategy. This strategy leveraged sovereign assets (such as the roles of the BPOM and PT Bio Farma’s capacity) as bargaining power to institutionalize and steer BMGF's Philanthropic Soft Power. This effectiveness is measured by the successful mobilization of funding and technology transfer for the M72/AS01E TB vaccine clinical trials, significantly reinforcing national research and vaccine industry resilience. The core implication is the evidence that developing nations can assert their agency and sovereignty in negotiations with transnational actors, transforming traditional donor-recipient relationships into long-term capacity building investments. This study contributes to the IR literature by providing an analytical framework for middle powers to manage philanthropism in service of domestic Human Security interests.
Strategi Pertamina sebagai Global Norms Translator Indonesia dalam Mengimplementasikan COP Periode 2015-2024 Manopo, Zeffanya Tessalonika; Paskarina Alfalahsea
Jurnal Transformasi Global 2026: Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG) Edisi Spesial PNMHII
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.Suppl.2

Abstract

This article analyzes Indonesia’s strategy in translating global climate norms originating from the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the UNFCCC framework into national energy policy and corporate governance through the case of PT Pertamina (Persero). The objective is to explain how Pertamina acts as a global norms translator that mediates between international decarbonization expectations and national energy sovereignty. The research employs a qualitative case study using document analysis and process tracing to examine policy integration and institutional adaptation. Data were obtained from government policy documents such as the Kebijakan Energi Nasional (KEN), Rencana Umum Energi Nasional (RUEN), and Long-Term Strategy for Low Carbon and Climate Resilience (LTS-LCCR), as well as Pertamina’s sustainability reports and financial frameworks. Guided by the theoretical perspectives of constructivism, norm localization (Acharya, 2004), and norm contestation (Wiener, 2016), the study identifies a multi-level process of norm diffusion consisting of emergence, translation, contestation, internalization, and reproduction. The findings reveal that Pertamina institutionalizes COP norms through the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Framework and the Sustainable Finance Framework (SFF), integrating sustainable finance and low-carbon innovation into corporate governance. Initiatives such as geothermal development, carbon capture, and sustainable fuel projects illustrate the localized adaptation of global norms to Indonesia’s energy transition agenda. The study concludes that Pertamina’s evolution from norm recipient to norm entrepreneur reflects Indonesia’s growing normative agency in shaping an inclusive and equitable global energy governance architecture.

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