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INDONESIA
Jurnal Transformasi Global
Published by Universitas Brawijaya
ISSN : 24069531     EISSN : 27163873     DOI : -
Core Subject :
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 170 Documents
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Diplomasi Human Security melalui Implementasi Kebijakan Nasional dalam Pengelolaan Pengungsi di Pekanbaru Salsabila, Aurin; Encik Rania Olivia
Jurnal Transformasi Global 2026: Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG) Edisi Spesial PNMHII
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.Suppl.4

Abstract

The refugee issue in Pekanbaru reflects the challenges of implementing the human security principle at the local level. Although Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 regulates the national framework for refugee management, its implementation reveals coordination gaps among local governments, international organizations, and the community. Previous studies have largely focused on the roles of IOM and UNHCR, leaving limited attention to the local government’s practical role, particularly that of Kesbangpol. This study aims to analyze how human security diplomacy is operationalized through the implementation of national policies in refugee management in Pekanbaru. The research employs a Systematic Literature Review and in-depth interviews with Kesbangpol officials. The findings point out that Pekanbaru government plays a crucial role in facilitating administrative processes, coordinating with relevant institutions, and conducting social outreach to communities. However, challenges persist, including limited resources, non-transparent coordination with IOM, and social resistance from local residents. Pekanbaru government seeks to balance refugee protection and social stability through a humanitarian and collaborative communication approach. The study concludes that effective human security diplomacy at the local level requires institutional synergy and adaptive policies to ensure that human protection principles align with local interests.
Strategi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Indonesia dalam Menghadapi Tuberkulosis sebagai Ancaman Keamanan Manusia Silky Adhitya Agustina Nugroho; Abil, Nabila Zahira
Jurnal Transformasi Global 2026: Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG) Edisi Spesial PNMHII
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.Suppl.5

Abstract

This study analyzes Indonesia’s foreign policy  strategy for addressing tuberculosis (TB), a disease that has evolved from a domestic health concern into a threat to human and cross-border security. As a country with one of the highest rates of TB in the world, Indonesia faces threats to its socio-economic stability, hindered SDG progress, and undermined individual security. Indonesia employs health diplomacy as a strategic instrument to promote human security and strengthen its global position. This strategy is evident through its active participation in multilateral forums, such as the UN, and its compliance with the WHO's End TB Strategy, as outlined in Presidential Regulation No. 67 of 2021. Through international cooperation, Indonesia mobilizes global resources, advocates for equitable access to health services, and acts as a normative pioneer. This approach, in line with liberal institutionalism, explains Indonesia's use of international cooperation through the End TB Strategy to address TB as a threat to human security.
Reorientasi Kerja Sama Pembangunan Internasional Indonesia (Studi People-Centered Development pada Strategi Indonesian Aid di Kenya) Dinda Salsabila Putri; Widyastari, Zahrani
Jurnal Transformasi Global 2026: Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG) Edisi Spesial PNMHII
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.Suppl.7

Abstract

International development cooperation between Indonesia and Kenya through Indonesian Aid reflects Indonesia’s transition from aid recipient to emerging donor within the South-South Cooperation framework. Although Indonesian Aid formally adopts People-Centered Development (PCD) principles, its implementation remains largely state-centric, limiting substantive community participation and local ownership. Using a qualitative literature-based approach, this study assesses participation, empowerment, sustainability, and cultural relevance within health and family planning programs in Kenya. The findings reveal a structural ambiguity between empowerment-oriented development discourse and the institutional realities of state-driven diplomacy. While participatory elements are present at the implementation stage, strategic planning and decision-making remain predominantly mediated through intergovernmental mechanisms. This imbalance generates a gap between Indonesia’s diplomatic positioning and Kenya’s localized development needs. The study argues that without greater transparency, institutional decentralization, and stronger community control over program processes, People-Centered Development risks becoming instrumental rather than transformational. This research introduces the concept of state-mediated People-Centered Development to explain the structural tension between empowerment discourse and state-driven diplomacy, contributing to the literature on emerging donors and South-South Cooperation.
Quality Tourism as Soft Power: A Political Economy Comparison of Singapore and Bali Fiya Ainur Rohmatika
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.1

Abstract

The recovery of global tourism after the COVID-19 pandemic shows increasingly strategic dynamics, especially in Southeast Asia, which now positions tourism as an instrument of soft power and regional economic and political competitiveness. This study stems from the need to understand how two key destinations (Singapore and Bali) implement quality tourism to project cultural influence and strengthen their economic structures. Specifically, this study examines how Singapore, which in 2024 received 16.5 million international tourists (a 21% increase from 2023) with tourism revenues of S$22.4 billion in the January–September 2024, successfully consolidated a state-led quality tourism model through premium services, global connectivity, and the hosting of high-profile international events that reinforced the city-state's image as a cultural and economic hub in Asia. In contrast, Bali demonstrated a culture-driven soft power model rooted in cultural richness, spirituality, and natural landscapes. In 2024, Bali generated Rp107 trillion in foreign exchange, or 44% of Indonesia's total tourism foreign exchange, making it the primary national tourism engine. Despite receiving millions of domestic and international tourists each year, its economic value stems not only from volume but also from increased value creation through the accommodation, culinary, transportation, and creative industries. Comparative findings show that the effectiveness of quality tourism as a soft power strategy is greatly influenced by destination management capacity: Singapore excels through institutional stability and service consistency, while Bali faces challenges related to overtourism and environmental sustainability. This study concludes that quality tourism has the potential to become a powerful instrument of regional diplomacy if supported by sustainable governance, quality tourism experiences, and a balance between economic growth and cultural preservation.
Strategi Kebijakan Luar Negeri Brazil Pasca Bolsonaro dalam Revitalisasi Amazon Fund pada Periode Tahun 2019–2024 Diandra Nadhifa Az Zahra; Nazwa Aurellia; Naysa Sakila Yasmin
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.2

Abstract

This study aims to analyze changes in Brazil's foreign policy strategy following the Jair Bolsonaro administration's efforts to revitalize the Amazon Fund in the 2019–2024 period. The research focuses on how domestic policies and international dynamics influenced Brazil's decision to revive this conservation funding mechanism. The research method employed both quantitative and qualitative descriptive approaches. Quantitative data were obtained through official statistical documentation regarding Amazon Fund funding and Brazilian deforestation trends, while qualitative data were obtained through a desk review of literature, environmental reports, and related international policies. The results show that Bolsonaro's policies, characterized by environmental budget cuts, deregulation, and support for agribusiness expansion, led to a surge in deforestation, reaching its highest point since 2006, and prompted Germany and Norway to freeze their contributions to the Amazon Fund. When President Lula da Silva returned to office in 2023, the policy direction shifted significantly, marked by the strengthening of environmental institutions, the opening of international cooperation, and the reactivation of the Amazon Fund. The revitalization of the fund contributed to a reduction in deforestation of around 30 percent by 2023. Analysis through Two-Level Games and John Lovell's foreign policy strategy shows that Lula implemented a concordance strategy that balanced domestic demands and international pressure to restore Brazil's reputation in global environmental governance.
Eco-Labelling sebagai Hambatan Teknis: Produk Perikanan Tuna Indonesia dalam Implementasi IJEPA Muhammad Ibnu Aqil Ghaisan Anwar; Hartanto
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.3

Abstract

Indonesia and Japan are known for their long-standing, harmonious bilateral relationship. To optimize this, Indonesia and Japan established Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership (IJEPA) with the aim of encouraging economic growth for both countries through trade liberalization. One of the strategic sectors, namely fisheries, is a top priority in the implementation of IJEPA, this occurs because of the formation of interdependence in the needs of economic growth and meeting the needs of fish consumption in the community. However, technical obstacles occur in Indonesian fish exports due to the preferences of fish consumers in Japan who prefer fish products with guaranteed food quality. This study attempts to examine how the situation occurs in the Indonesian fisheries industry by using the problem formulation of how eco-labelling implemented by Japan in the implementation of IJEPA functions as a non-technical trade barrier to the export of Indonesian tuna fishery products, and what factors underlie its implementation, through qualitative research methods equipped with data collection methods from interviews and document studies to answer the research problem formulation. This study brings the conclusion that the obstacles experienced by Indonesia are caused by the preferences of Japanese consumers who prefer fresh fish commodities and guaranteed quality, while tuna from Indonesia has not all met this demand due to limited infrastructure and access.
Reorientasi Kebijakan Non-Blok Swedia ke NATO: Analisis Strategi Balancing Threat Terhadap Ancaman Eksistensial Rusia Semeion El Sozo; Deasy Silvya Sari
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.4

Abstract

This study examines Sweden’s historic shift from military non-alignment to joining NATO as its 32nd member. Based on primary data from an interview with the Swedish Ambassador to Indonesia, H.E. Daniel Blockert, the research identifies Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 as the primary catalyst for this paradigm shift. The findings suggest that Sweden’s motivations were driven by an existential security threat and the strategic necessity of synchronizing defense policies with neighboring Finland. The integration offers fundamental advantages, including collective defense guarantees under Article 5, enhanced control over the Baltic Sea region which is now effectively a "NATO lake" and advanced military interoperability. However, the accession introduces significant challenges, such as the erosion of a 200-year-old identity of neutrality, fiscal burdens of meeting the 2% GDP defense spending requirement, and the diplomatic complexity of navigating NATO’s nuclear umbrella while maintaining anti-nuclear values. This study concludes that while NATO membership provides a robust security deterrent, Sweden must now navigate a complex landscape of administrative restructuring and evolving international perceptions in the Global South.
Dukungan Indonesia sebagai Regional Power di Asia Tenggara terhadap Keanggotaan Timor Leste di ASEAN Salsa Faiz Luthfiyyah; Nur Luthfi Hidayatullah
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.7

Abstract

This study aims to describe Indonesia’s role as a regional power in Southeast Asia in expanding the membership of the ASEAN regional organization, using East Timor’s membership as a case study. The author argues that, as a regional power in Southeast Asia and “first among equals” in ASEAN, Indonesia’s support is crucial for the admission of new members to ASEAN. This study employs a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing secondary data sources. The data collection techniques employed by the author include documentation and literature review. The results of this study indicate that, as a regional power, Indonesia assisted Timor-Leste in joining ASEAN as a member state through four means: claims, ideas, resources, and foreign policy. First, Indonesia used claims to promote Timor-Leste’s membership in ASEAN and to convince countries that had previously opposed it. Second, Indonesia employed ideas to develop a roadmap for Timor-Leste’s accession to ASEAN and initiated a summit to discuss Timor-Leste’s membership. Third, Indonesia utilized resources to establish economic cooperation with Timor-Leste and provided opportunities for Timor-Leste civil servants to undertake internships at government agencies of the Republic of Indonesia. Fourth, Indonesia employed foreign policy by inviting Timor-Leste to the ASEAN Summit and the East Asia Summit.
Analisis Models Of TOC: Studi Kasus Cyber Crime oleh Philippines Offshore Gaming Operator Filipina (2016-2024) Muhammad Farhan; Angelique Kishiola Prima Foraihmbrasi; Daniel Raka Putra Leofranz; Danish Mustaghfirin Ihyawijaya; Angelina Ruslie
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.5

Abstract

This article discusses Transnational Organized Crime, specifically Philippine Offshore Gaming Operators (POGOs), during the period 2016–2024. The objective is to analyze the application of transnational crime anticipation models in the context of POGOs and cybercrime. Methodologically, this study employs Cockayne’s activity-based approach and the Models of TOC by Williams and Godson, focusing on the political model and the hybrid or composite model. Data was drawn from official government reports, Senate investigations, and other literature. The key finding is that the POGO ecosystem functions as a shadow economic infrastructure rather than an instrument of formal economic development. In the political model, weak regulation by the Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) and corruption among local officials allow criminal syndicates to operate safely without fear of law enforcement. In the hybrid or composite model, these networks thrive by exploiting legal loopholes, using cryptocurrency money laundering, and engaging in human trafficking for forced labor. Ultimately, the total ban on POGOs in 2024 demonstrates that stopping transnational cybercrime syndicates depends entirely on strong political will and decisive government action.
Economic Diplomacy of Manufacturing Companies in Plastic Sack Exports to Singapore Shakila Dwi Rahmadani; Abid Rohman
Jurnal Transformasi Global Vol. 13 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Transformasi Global (JTG)
Publisher : Department of International Relations, Brawijaya University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21776/ub.jtg.013.01.6

Abstract

Economic diplomacy is generally understood as an instrument used by the state to achieve national economic interests through trade, investment, and international economic cooperation. However, the development of globalization shows that non-state actors, including corporations, also have an important role in supporting economic relations between countries. This study aims to analyze the implementation of economic diplomacy carried out by plastic sack manufacturing companies in supporting exports to Singapore. This research aims to identify the economic diplomacy strategies and practices carried out by companies, explain the role of companies as non-state actors in Indonesia-Singapore economic relations, and analyze the benefits obtained from these export activities. The research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Primary data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with the company's export division staff, while secondary data was obtained through literature studies, corporate documents, as well as international trade data. Data analysis was carried out using the concept of economic diplomacy developed by Rana and Okano-Heijmans. The results show that the company's economic diplomacy practices are realized through the use of industry association networks, business communication with trading partners, adjustments to export regulations, and maintenance of product quality to maintain long-term relationships with clients in Singapore. The findings of the study also show that companies can play a role as non-state actors that support the sustainability of Indonesia-Singapore economic relations through trade activities that have been going on consistently since 1985.

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