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INDONESIA
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin
Published by Universitas Airlangga
ISSN : 19784279     EISSN : 25494082     DOI : 10.20473
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Immunology & microbiology Public Health
Arjuna Subject : -
Articles 517 Documents
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Histopathological Progression and Clinicopathologic Factors Associated with Anogenital Condyloma Acuminata: A Pathological Perspective From a Tertiary Hospital in Indonesia Karimah Ihda Husnayain; Hermin Aminah Usman; Etis Primastari; Pati Aji Achdiat
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 38 No. 1 (2026): APRIL
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V38.1.2026.27-38

Abstract

Background: Anogenital condyloma acuminata (CA) is a benign lesion caused by low-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Although typically benign and non-dysplastic, a subset may undergo histopathological progression. Histopathology is essential not only for diagnosis but also for early detection of malignant transformation. In people living with HIV (PLHIV), immunosuppression may further modify the course of CA. Purpose: To analyze clinicopathologic and sexual behavioral factors associated with HIV status in patients with CA and to evaluate histopathological progression from a pathological perspective. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study included 224 patients with histopathologically confirmed CA at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, between 2023 and 2024. Sociodemographic, clinicopathologic, and sexual behavioral data were retrieved from medical records. Associations with HIV status were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests and multivariate logistic regression. Result: Among 224 patients, 87 (38.8%) were HIV-positive. Bisexual orientation (aOR: 12.52; 95% CI: 1.03–151.98), lesion duration >6 months (aOR: 6.14; 95% CI: 1.74–21.72), and internal lesion location (aOR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.03–0.88) were independent predictors of HIV positivity. Histopathological progression was identified in 13 patients (5.8%), comprising eight low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, three high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and two squamous cell carcinomas. It occured in both HIV-positive (n=3) and HIV-negative (n=10). Conclusion: HIV is highly prevalent among CA patients, with sexual and clinicopathologic factors as significant predictors. The identification of histopathological progression, including malignant transformation, highlights the crucial role of pathology and emphasizes the necessity for routine histopathological evaluation to detect malignant potential.
The Association of Gut Microbiomes in Skin Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta–analysis Ita Anggraini; Prima Kartika Esti; Eka Komarasari
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 38 No. 1 (2026): APRIL
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V38.1.2026.55-65

Abstract

Background: The popularity of using probiotics to treat various diseases, including skin conditions, has been on the rise. It is widely recognized that skin cancer results from the uncontrolled growth of tumor cells, initiated by multiple contributing factors. Emerging research indicates that alterations in the gut microbiome may also play a role in the incidence of skin cancer. Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between gut microbiomes and skin cancer. Methods: This systematic review was conducted using the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Cochrane Library databases for original articles published from 2015 to 2025. The focus of the study was the association of gut microbiomes in skin cancer. Then, the selected studies would be assessed for eligibility using the JBI critical appraisal, bias risk using RevMan tools, and meta-analysis using forest plotsesult: Of five studies, 261 subjects met the inclusion criteria. The combined odds ratio (OR) found in this study was 2.81, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 1.97 to 3.99. According to the forest plot, there was a statistically significant overall effect observed (Z = 5.74; p < 0.00001), indicating a strong and meaningful association of the investigated variable. Although the studies related to the association of gut microbiomes in skin cancer were still limited, most of them showed similar results. Conclusion: There is an association of gut microbiomes in skin cancer. This study could lead to novel therapeutic strategies, where modulating the gut microbiome becomes a skin cancer treatment and prevention plan
Antifungal Inhibitory Activity Test of Papaya Leaf (Carica papaya L.) Ethanol Extract Against the Growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes Intan Permata Rambin Siregar; Febrina Dewi Pratiwi Lingga
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 38 No. 1 (2026): APRIL
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V38.1.2026.1-6

Abstract

Background: Trichophyton mentagrophytes is one of the dermatophyte species that commonly infects keratin-rich tissues such as hair, skin, and nails. These infections may lead to various forms of tinea and remain a significant health concern. Meanwhile, papaya (Carica papaya L.) is widely recognized as a medicinal plant traditionally used in various treatments. Papaya leaves contain several bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which are considered to have potential antifungal activity. Therefore, papaya leaves are regarded as a promising subject for further investigation as an alternative therapeutic option for dermatophyte infections. Purpose: To determine the inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) on the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.  Methods: This study employed a quantitative experimental method with a posttest-only control group design, using treatments of ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) at concentrations of 30%, 40%, and 50%, along with itraconazole (positive control) and DMSO (negative control). The test used potato dextrose agar and the disk diffusion method to observe the concentrations that affect the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Result: It was proven that ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) at concentrations of 30%, 40%, and 50% could inhibit the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) has potential as an antifungal agent against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The 50% concentration showed the greatest inhibitory effect compared to the 30% and 40% concentrations.
The Relationship Between the Use of Headscarves (Hijab) and Hair Loss (Effluvium) Prevalence in Medical Students Febrina Dewi Pratiwi Lingga; Tiara Dwi Vania
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 38 No. 1 (2026): APRIL
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V38.1.2026.66-70

Abstract

Background: In general, female students wear the headscarves for extended periods during daily activities. Prolonged headscarf use keeps the hair covered and pulled, creating a more humid environment with reduced oxygen flow and retained heat around the scalp. As a result, scalp complaints such as limp hair, dandruff, and hair loss (effluvium) are commonly reported among headscarf users. Both internal and external factors can cause hair loss (effluvium). To determine whether there is a relationship between headscarf use and hair loss (effluvium) in medical students of the University of Muhammadiyah North Sumatra class of 2020. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with univariate and bivariate analysis, using the cross-sectional method. Data collection used a questionnaire. The number of samples in this study was 62. The sample in this study were students of the Faculty of Medicine, Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra, class of 2020. Results: The bivariate analysis yielded a p-value of ​​0.740 (p>0.05). with the number of headscarf users who are proper and experience hair loss and do not experience hair loss respectively 25 people (49.9%) vs 26 people (51%). While in the group of headscarf users who are improper, those who experience hair loss and those who do not are respectively 6 people (54.5%) vs 5 people (45.5%). Conclusion: No significant association was found between headscarf use and hair loss.
Demographic Profile and Clinical Manifestations of Scabies Among Boarding School Students Septiana Widyantari; Yuri Widia; Damayanti; Bagus Haryo Kusumaputra; Muhammad Yulianto Listiawan; Anang Endaryanto; Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 38 No. 1 (2026): APRIL
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V38.1.2026.14-19

Abstract

Background: Scabies, a contagious skin disease, remains a global health problem to date. Based on the Global Burden of Diseases Study, Indonesia ranked 1st in 2015 and 3rd in 2021. This disease affects everyone regardless of age, sex, race, or socioeconomic status. Children and the elderly are the most vulnerable groups. Specific communities, such as dormitory residents, also have a higher risk of contracting scabies. The high prevalence of scabies among children in boarding schools deserves special attention. Purpose: To describe demographic characteristic and clinical manifestations of scabies among boarding school students. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study evaluated age, nutritional status (based on measurements of body weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), duration of stay in the boarding school, duration of illness, extent of affected body area, and variations in clinical symptoms. Result: A total of 41 male students with a mean age of 13.27 years were included in this study. Based on BMI-for-age-Z score (BAZ) assesment, majority (90.2%) had normal nutritional status. Regarding duration of illness, 25 individuals (61%) reported symptoms for ≤1 month, while 16 individuals (39%) experienced symptoms for > 1 month. Most participants (39 students ;95%) had stayed in the boarding school for > 3 months. In term of clinical manifestations, based on the extent of affected body areas, 22% of cases were classified as moderate, and 78% as severe. Conclusion: Fortyone individuals with a mean age of 13.27 years and good nutritional status exhibited clinical features categorized as moderate and severe.
Incidental Finding of Untreated Secondary Syphilis in a Pregnant Woman in a Limited Resource Area: A case report Edelyne Chelsea; Hanny Nilasari; Yudo Irawan; Raymond Surya
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 38 No. 2 (2026): AUGUST
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V38.2.2026.170-174

Abstract

Background: Syphilis is a global burden of sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum sub. pallidum with high epidemiology worldwide, including Indonesia. Syphilis in pregnancy is the second-leading cause of stillbirth. Syphilis can cause perinatal consequences for a developing fetus if left untreated. Case: We found an incidental case of untreated secondary syphilis in a 21-year-old primigravida woman. She had multiple erythematous, hyperpigmented maculopapular rashes on her trunk and extremities, as well as condylomata lata on her vulva. The Treponema pallidum-rapid (TP-rapid) test was reactive. During her pregnancy, she never received antenatal care or any treatment for her condition. The patient underwent caesarean section. The baby showed no clinical sign of congenital syphilis but tested reactive for TP-rapid. In a single dose, both the patient and her baby received a benzathine-penicillin G intramuscular injection in single dose. The baby was referred back to primary health care for close monitoring of its growth and development. Discussion: This is a missed case of typical secondary syphilis. Due to the failure of early diagnosis, early treatment for the patient was not possible. The baby was also at high risk of congenital syphilis. In a limited resource area, primary healthcare facilities play a key role in solving the problem through updated data collection of pregnant women, comprehensive antenatal care, education about sexually transmitted infection, early screening, and treatment.
Pemphigus Vulgaris in Pregnancy: A case report Trisepti Utami Desak Nyoman; Nyoman Suryawati; Herman Saputra; Nevristia Pratama
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 38 No. 2 (2026): AUGUST
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V38.2.2026.175-179

Abstract

Background: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a common form of pemphigus but is rarely triggered by pregnancy. PV in pregnancy can increase the risk of neonatal pemphigus, premature birth, and fetal death. Case: Female, 38 years old, third pregnancy, 5th-week pregnancy, complaints of blisters on the skin since five days. The complaint started with sores in the oral cavity and progressed to  blisters that broke easily on the skin. The dermatological status in the anterior and posterior thoracoabdominal regions revealed multiple flaccid bullae, 0.8-2 cm, some with crust-covered erosion, a positive Nikolsky sign, and a mousy odor. The Tzank test revealed acantholytic cells and histopathology appropriate for PV. The patient was diagnosed with PV in pregnancy and treated with 40 mg methylprednisolone and 0.9% NaCl compress on erosion, crusting lesions, and paraffin tulle on erosion. She got improved. Discussion: While systemic steroids are the recommended treatment for PV in pregnancy, this therapy carries a risk of causing oral clefts, low birth weight, premature birth, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus (DM). Our patient showed no signs of preeclampsia or gestational diabetes, had a normal delivery, and gave birth to a premature, vigorous baby with a low birth weight based on gestational age.
Anti-fungal Resistance Threats in Dermatophytosis : A Literature Review Ida Ayu Made Niki Putri Ashrita; Lina Damayanti
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 38 No. 2 (2026): AUGUST
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V38.2.2026.164-169

Abstract

Background: In recent years, antifungal resistance in dermatophytosis has escalated, observed not only in the endemic regions of India but also across East Asia, the Americas, and Europe. The inappropriate use of antifungal drugs has the potential to drive the development of drug resistance. Purpose: This literature review aims to present an overview of antifungal resistance in dermatophytosis and to examine the mechanisms underlying resistance to the principal antifungal classes. Review: The reported mechanisms of terbinafine resistance include point mutations in the squalene epoxidase (SQLE) gene, most commonly the F397L and L393F substitutions. Reduced azole susceptibility appears to be mediated predominantly by overexpression of genes encoding ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, although CYP51B overexpression has been implicated in Trichophyton indotineae, suggesting that mechanisms differ between species. Griseofulvin resistance has been associated with mutations in the TUB2 gene encoding β-tubulin, together with efflux-mediated mechanisms analogous to those described for azoles. Conclusion: Most reports identify terbinafine resistance as the principal cause of treatment failure. Although reported cases and studies of azole resistance in dermatophytes remain limited, the documented increase in itraconazole minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) among terbinafine-resistant strains, together with the similarities between Indonesia and India in economic development, population density, geography, and hygiene levels, warrants vigilance toward this phenomenon.
The Habit of Using Hot Water Increasing Skin pH in Non-Atopic Dermatitis Sylvia Anggraeni; Damayanti; Menul Ayu Umborowati; Asmahan Farah Adiba; Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 38 No. 2 (2026): AUGUST
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V38.2.2026.153-157

Abstract

Background: Skin health is influenced by hydration, pH balance, and environmental exposures. The skin’s barrier protects against irritants, pathogens, and moisture loss, while pH imbalances can lead to dryness, irritation, and inflammation. Research on atopic dermatitis is comprehensive, but little is known about how daily habits affect skin acidity in individuals without atopic conditions. Understanding these factors is key to improving skincare recommendations. Purpose: This study investigates the relationship between skin pH and personal habits such as handwashing, soap type, hot water use, chemical exposure, and air conditioning. By identifying influencing factors, this study arranges comprehensions into how daily routines impact skin health. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 37 non-atopic individuals (18–60 years) at Universitas Airlangga, Faculty of Medicine. Skin pH was measured on the left forearm using a Courage-Khazaka® pH meter. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 with independent t-test. Ethical approval was granted (296/EC/KEPK/FKUA/2023). Result: Older individuals had higher skin pH (6.28±0.48). Mean pH was 6.19±0.48 in females and 6.13±0.89 in males. Dry skin and frequent hot water use significantly increased skin pH (p<0.05), while other factors showed no significant differences. Conclusion: Skin pH rises with age, potentially impairing barrier function. Sex differences may be hormone-related. Hot water use increases skin pH and dryness. Maintaining an acidic pH is essential for skin health, warranting further research into long-term effects.
Formulation and Anti-Hair Fall Activities Serum of Keratin Extract from Chicken Feather Waste Combination with Aloe vera Extract Walid Khalid K Al-yousif; Aldi Reynaldi Ramdani; Tiya Auliya Samsiah; Faizal Ardiansyah; Muhammad Nur Azzura Saraesa; Lela Khumaisah; Lela Yuningsih
Berkala Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin Vol. 38 No. 2 (2026): AUGUST
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20473/bikkk.V38.2.2026.126-132

Abstract

Background: Hair loss is a disruption where hair falls out more than usual and suddenly, caused by genetics, age, and gender. A hair tonic or serum can usually be used to treat hairloss, but most products contain synthetic chemicals that worsen hair loss, so other alternatives are needed to overcome it with minimal side effects. Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of serum, the combination of keratin extract from chicken feather with Aloe vera extract, as a hair loss therapy.  Methods: Chicken feather waste was added with Na2S, with 2 M HCl and then centrifuged. The keratin extract obtained was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy. Aloe vera extract was produced through maceration. The effectiveness of the anti-hair fall treatments was tested on New Zealand white rabbits using serum from 6% keratin extract (F1), 6% Aloe vera extract (F2), 6% Aloe vera gel (F3), and combinations of keratin and Aloe vera extracts in ratios of 1:1 (F4), 1:2 (F5), and 2:1 (F6), along with a normal control, and minoxidil (positive control). Result: The FTIR data reveals the characteristic peaks of keratin, specifically at 3292, 1645, 1533, 633, and 416 cm⁻¹. The highest activity results were achieved with F6, showing hair strength parameters rated at 4.6, surpassing the positive control rated at 2. In terms of hair growth, F3 demonstrated the best performance with a value of 31.43 mm. Conclusion: A serum formulated with keratin extract derived from chicken feather waste and Aloe vera extract shows a promising anti-hairloss treatment.

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