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Pharmacon
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
ISSN : 14114283     EISSN : 26855062     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Health Professions Medicine & Pharmacology
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia is a collection of publication journals, covering all aspects of Pharmaceutical sciences, including Technology of Formulations, Excipients Optimization, Extract and Herbal Standardizations, Pharmacological activity determination on natural sources, Drug Synthesize and Development, Molecular Biology, Antibiotic Screening, Metabolite Profiling and Quantification, Clinical Pharmacy, Health and Environmental issues, published by Faculty of Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta. We look forward to working with pharmaceutical community of researchers as we are intended to serve as a major resource for pharmaceutical information.
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Articles 16 Documents
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Search results for , issue "Vol 20, No 2 (2023)" : 16 Documents clear
Direct benefits of Covid-19 Vaccination at Juata Primary Health Center, North Tarakan District Harlianti, Mariska Sri; Fortuna, Tista Ayu; Ramadhini, Affida; Aisya, Fitria Shofwa
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23306

Abstract

North Kalimantan Province is the only province with a pandemic situation level in the medium level community transmission (CT2) category with an accumulated incidence of 24.1 per 100,000 population in 2021. The increasing incidence is accompanied by opinions of rejection in the community regarding confusion over Covid-19 vaccination at the start of the incident. , underlying the increasing morbidity and mortality rates as well as the decline in the country's social and economic activities. The Covid-19 vaccination program is an effort to reduce morbidity and mortality rates as well as restore social and economic conditions due to the pandemic. The aim of this research is to calculate the direct economic value of the Covid-19 vaccination program. Observational research with descriptive quantitative data analysis was carried out to illustrate this aim. Data collection was carried out retrospectively based on monthly reports from the Juata Community Health Center specifically for Covid-19. The sample inclusion criteria in this study were data on patients who were confirmed positive for Covid-19 in the North Tarakan District area in 2020 – 2022 and received therapy based on the guidelines or Guidelines for the management of Covid-19, 4th edition of 2022. The sample was divided into 3 vaccination periods with the number of samples for each were 77, 92, and 89 patients respectively. The direct benefit of the Covid-19 vaccination program is the difference in total costs between periods. The research results show that the difference in costs for periods I and II and II and III is negative, namely (-) IDR 12,697,280 and (-) IDR 494,660, respectively. Thus, from an economic aspect it does not yet illustrate the direct benefits of the 1 – 3 dose vaccination program. One of the reasons may be the inappropriate use of Covid-19 treatment drugs, namely oseltamivir. However, the incidence of Covid-19 decreased by 34.8% in period III (vaccination doses 2 to 3), namely 417. This shows that from a clinical aspect, the Covid-19 vaccination program is able to increase immunity.
Physical Characterization of Chitosan-based Syzygium polyanthum Leaves Extract Nanoparticles Hidayati, Evi Nurul; Rahayyu, Annisa Maulidia; Azzahra, Fauzia
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23296

Abstract

Indonesia is one of the most abundant in natural resources countries in the world. The bay leaves are well- known among the locals and have various pharmacological properties, including anti dyslipidemia. Currently, the use of nanoparticle technologies in dyslipidemia treatment is quite popular. These treatments have numerous advantages such as enhancing the potency of dyslipidemia agents. The purpose of this study is to develop chitosan-based nanoparticles made from Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract using crosslink method. Chitosan is used as the polymer and STPP as the crosslinker with the ratio of chitosan:STPP is 5:1. Two formula is generated, F1 is chitosan-based nanoparticle extract and F2 is chitosan-base nanoparticle blank. Syzygium polyanthum extract contains alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, quinone, and tannin, as determined by secondary metabolites screening. The total flavonoid content of Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract determined as quercetin is 0.04%. Physical properties of generated nanoparticles such as size, polydispersity index (PI) and zeta potential are investigated. Particle sizes of nanoparticles F1 and F2 are 180.1 ± 0.5 nm and 464.3 ± 25.98 nm with the PI values of F1 and F2 are 0.220 ± 0.02 and 0.563 ± 0.112 respectively. Zeta potential value for F1 is 21.8 ± 1.74 mV and F2 is 17.8 ± 0.21 mV. The entrapment efficiency is evaluated to determine the extract content of the nanoparticle, and the result is 47.13%. From this research, the chitosan-based nanoparticles containing Syzygium polyanthum formula have good physical properties. Further investigation is needed to evaluate its potential as anti-dyslipidemia. 
Demographic, Clinical, and Antiretroviral Regiment Treatment Characteristics of HIV/AIDS Patients at the Regional General Hospital of Central Papua Mar’ah, Siti Sitatul; Ichsan, Burhannudin; Cholisoh, Zakky
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23300

Abstract

The incidence of HIV infections in Papua is currently on the rise, primarily due to restricted access to antiretroviral treatment and insufficient support and care. Additionally, there is a lack of awareness among residents in rural or mountainous areas about HIV/AIDS infection, as provided by healthcare professionals. Until now, research data have been scarce on the demographic characteristics, clinical features, and treatment approaches for HIV/AIDS patients in the interior regions of Papua. This data is crucial for devising strategies aimed at enhancing healthcare services for individuals affected by HIV/AIDS.Consequently, this study endeavors to gain insights into the demographic characteristics, clinical features, and treatment modalities for HIV/AIDS patients at the Regional General Hospital of the Central Papua Region. It employs an observational descriptive approach, utilizing medical records of HIV/AIDS patients who visited the Central Papua Regional Government Hospital in June 2023. The findings indicate that, based on demographic data, the majority of patients were, on average, ≤25 years old (60.8%), male (52.5%), married (56.7%), and the highest number of HIV/AIDS cases were among secondary education graduates (40.8%). The majority were employed (67.5%) with incomes below the minimum wage threshold (69.2%). All heterosexual patients exhibited behavioral risk factors, and 4.2% had comorbidities such as hypertension. Tuberculosis was the most common opportunistic infection (17.5%). The highest proportion of individuals with HIV/AIDS were in stage II (66.7%). The predominant antiretroviral treatment regimen was a fixed-dose combination (FDC) containing Tenofovir 300mg, Lamivudine 300mg, and Efavirenz 600mg. The duration of use of ARV therapy in people with HIV / AIDS is at most 1 month. 
The Relationship of Sociodemographic Factors to The Level of Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitudes of The Community About Pulmonary TB Disease in Barlingmascakeb, Central Java Muttaqin, Cecep Darwis; Samodra, Galih; Kusuma, Khamdiah Indah
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23307

Abstract

Pulmonary tuberculosis remains a significant health concern in Indonesia, holding the second position globally. Central Java province alone contributes to 44% of all pulmonary tuberculosis cases in the country. This research endeavors to explore the correlation between sociodemographic factors and the community's knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes toward tuberculosis (TB) in Barlingmascakeb, utilizing a Cross-sectional approach. The study employed an online-based questionnaire via the Google Forms platform, reaching 438 respondents throughout Barlingmascakeb. The analysis involved univariate methods to interpret the characteristics of the Barlingmascakeb community's awareness of pulmonary TB, presented in percentage form. Additionally, bivariate analysis was conducted to ascertain connections, with results Adjusted for a significance level of p 0.05. The results indicated significant connections between the knowledge level and various variables, such as gender (p = 0.006), age (p = 0.000), occupation (p = 0.001), and district (p = 0.000). Additionally, there were correlations between perception and age (p = 0.006), highest educational attainment (p = 0.010), and district (p = 0.001). Likewise, attitudes were associated with age (p = 0.009), highest educational attainment (p = 0.020), and district (p = 0.015). This emphasizes the importance of comprehending the interplay between sociodemographic factors and individual attitudes in addressing pulmonary TB within the community.
Active Antibacterial Fraction from Ethanolic Extract of Johar Leaves (Cassia siamea Lam.) against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Its Bioautography Munawaroh, Rima; Khoirunnisa, Khoirunnisa
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23298

Abstract

Johar leaves (Cassia siamea Lam.) have been traditionally used to treat pruritus due to their antibacterial properties. This study aims to identify the active fraction of an ethanolic extract of Johar leaves against Staphylococcus epidermidis, as well as the active chemical class. The extraction process involved maceration with 96% ethanol. The liquid-liquid extraction method was used to separate the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. The resulting extract and fraction were assessed for antibacterial activity using the well diffusion method. Sample loadings of 4 mg, 2 mg and 1 mg per well were used, with DMSO as a negative control and 6 mg chloramphenicol as a positive control. The test results indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction is more effective than the extract. Specifically, the fraction produced an inhibition zone of 13.5 ± 0.5 mm at a loading of 4 mg/well, while the extract only produced an inhibition zone of 9.3 ± 1.2 mm at the same loading. Additionally, there was a significant difference in the diameter of the inhibitory zone between treatment groups at p 0.05. The TLC results indicate that the ethyl acetate fraction of Johar leaves contains alkaloid, phenolic, flavonoid, and steroid compounds when using silica gel 60 F254 stationary phase and chloroform:ethyl acetate:ethanol (7:2:1 v/v/v) mobile phase. Bioautography results showed that the phenolic and alkaloid compounds at Rf 0.22 and phenolic compound at Rf 0.42 are responsible for the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Vol 20, No 2 (2023) Wahyuni, Arifah Sri
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23493

Abstract

Antibacterial Potency of Jackfruit Leaf Extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) Against Salmonella typhi Mawardika, Herlinda; Wahyuni, Dwi; Khasanah, Siti Ma’rifatul
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.20862

Abstract

Typhoid fever is a chronic disease caused by S. typhi bacterium. This disease can be transmitted via contaminated water or food, and close contact with an infected person. The symptomps of typhoid fever include high fever, stomach pain, headache, and constipation. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) leaves extract contain active compounds with antibacterial activity. This research aims to determine the inhibitory activity of jackfruit leaves extract against S. typhi. Jackfruit leaves were extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol as solvent. After that, organoleptic test, ethanol-free test and phytochemical screening of extract were carried out. Inhibitory activity of extract was conducted using well diffusion method, followed by determination of MIC and MBC. The results showed that jackfruit leaves extract contained flavonoid, tannins, saponin, and triterpenoid. Inhbitory activity of extract was found at concentration 20% (5.24 mm), 40% (6.78 mm), and concentration 60% (8.08 mm). The MIC value of extract was 12.5%. while the MBC could not be found. According to the results, ethanol extract of jackfruit leaves (70%) have potential compounds to inhibit the growth of S. typhi
Optimization of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Leaf Extract in Nanoemulgel and Antiacnes Activity Test Against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria Asyhari, Hanif Fibiana; Cabral, Kibedi B; Wikantyasning, Erindyah R
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23308

Abstract

Soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) has antibacterial activity with active components of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins. This research aims to optimize the use of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400 in the nanoemulsion system, which will be added Carbopol 940 as a gelling agent to form a nanoemulgel and to determine antibacterial activity. By utilizing the simplex lattice design method in Design Expert 13.0, the nanoemulsion formula has been successfully optimized involving a mixture of VCO, Tween 80, and PEG 400. A total of 14 different nanoemulsion formulas were produced through this process. The process of making nanoemulsion is carried out by mixing extracts, oils, surfactants and cosurfactants, homogenized using a vortex, then sonicated. Evaluation of % transmittance, emulsification time, and pH were carried out to determine nanoemulsion physical properties. The nanoemulsion optimal formula was evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential and made into nanoemulgel with the addition of Carbopol 940. The optimal formula has a composition of 10.86% VCO, 67.33% Tween 80, 21.81% PEG 400 form homogeneous and clear nanoemulsion with % transmittance of 91.97±1.11%, emulsification time of 56.42±0.72 seconds, and pH of 5.67±0.24. Particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the optimal formula were 229.47±38.79 nm, 0.41±0.10, and -39.13±0.19 mV, respectively. Evaluation of nanoemulgel physical properties showed homogeneous, pH value of 5.83±0.24, spreadability of 5.57±0.25 cm, adhesive force of 3.80±0.25 seconds, viscosity of 11479.33±167.49 cP, antibacterial activity against P. acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis with inhibition zone diameters of 9.67±0.47 mm, 7.33±0.47 mm, and 5.67±0.47 mm. respectively. Nanoemulgel soursop leaf extract has suitable physical properties, and antibacterial activity is in the medium category.
Behaviour of Community Pharmacy Service Provider towards Self Medication Services: Study in Two Cities in West Java Roseno, Mohammad; Widyastiwi, Widyastiwi; Alifia, Sarah; Rahmadhani, Melly Shafira
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.23299

Abstract

Self-medication behavior is currently increasing in Indonesia. Community pharmacy service provider have an important role as the main source of information and recommendations for the community in self-medication. To be able to provide good self-medication services, good knowledge, attitudes, and practices are needed from pharmacists. This study was aimed to measure the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pharmacists in providing self-medication services. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional design in pharmacies in Bandung City and Cianjur Regency in the period March-April 2021. A valid and reliable questionnaire was administered to 141 respondents who worked in pharmacies that were selected randomly, to measure the knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to self-medication. The inclusion criteria were community pharmacy service provider who worked permanently and were willing to fill out questionnaires. Exclusion criteria were intern worker and incomplete questionnaires. Results showed that community pharmacy service provider in Bandung City and Cianjur Regency had an average knowledge of 65.04% (moderate), attitudes 78.40% (good), and practice 85.59% (very positive) towards self-medication services. In self-medication behavior, knowledge of community pharmacy service provider was influenced by type of position (p0.05), self-medication attitude was influenced by type of pharmacies (p0.05), and self-medication service practice was influenced by location (p0.05). This study concludes that community pharmacy service provider in Bandung City and Cianjur Regency have a moderate knowledge, and good attitudes and very positive practices in self-medication services.
Analysis Of Nicotine Levels In Tingwe (Linting Dewe) Cigarette Using Ultraviolet-Vision Spectrophotometry Method Suharyanto, Suharyanto; Rahmadhani, Annisaa Shafaa
Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia Vol 20, No 2 (2023)
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23917/pharmacon.v20i2.18332

Abstract

The most hazardous ingredient in cigarette tobacco is nicotine, which is also the main ingredient. In addition to being addicting, nicotine can cause cancer and lung issues. Tingwe cigarettes are produced locally with basic equipment and no addition of extra substances. The study's goal was to use UV Spectrophotometry to ascertain the amount of nicotine present in Tingwe cigarettes. According to the data, the nicotine content of brands A, B, and C was 1.5496 mg/cigarette (CV = 0.0382%, 2.1169 mg/cigarette (CV = 0.0096%), and 1.9987 mg/cigarette (CV = 0.0139%). Government Regulation Number 81 of 1999 states that a cigarette of tobacco can only contain 1.5 mg of nicotine, hence Tingwe brands A, B, and C do not adhere to this regulation.

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