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INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 23389427 EISSN : 23389486 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health,

Medicine & Pharmacology

Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy (ISSN-e: 2338-9486, ISSN-p: 2338-9427), formerly Majalah Farmasi Indonesia (ISSN: 0126-1037). The journal had been established in 1972, and online publication was begun in 2008. Since 2012, the journal has been published in English by Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta Indonesia in collaboration with IAI (Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia or Indonesian Pharmacist Association) and only receives manuscripts in English. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy is Accredited by Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) DIKTI No. 58/DIKTI/Kep/2013.

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Articles 706 Documents

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Component and antibacterial activity of crystal fraction from Zingiber zerumbetessential oil Sri Mulyani
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 21 No 3, 2010
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The aims of the study was to determine of the crystal fraction from Zingiber zerumbet essential oils. The components examination was performed by GC-MS method using the solvent n-hexane and anti bacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 using agar diffusion method with coconut oil solvent. The components that can be identified are α-humulene, caryophyllene oxide, β-selinene, and zerumbone. Crystal fraction solution able to inhibit of S. aureusATCC 25923 at the concentration 25 % and up to 50 % has not been able to inhibit E. coli ATCC 35218.Key words : Zingiber zerumbet, Lempuyang gajah, Crystal fraction, anti-bacterial

Anti-fungal active fraction to Candida albicans from methanolic extract of camilen flowers (Matricaria chamomilla,L.) Yudi Rinanto
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 19 No 2, 2008
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The flowers of kamilen (Matricaria chamomilla, L.) has been used as antifungal in Indonesian traditional medicines. Previous study showed that the extract of flowers inhibited Candida albicans activity. In order to determine the active fraction, the using bioactive-guided fractionation method was used.The air-dried flowers was extracted from methanol. Methanolic extract was fractionated by using n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. n-Hexane fraction was separated by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) by busing silica gel H 60 with mobile phase n-heksan : ethyl acetate and chloroform : methanol by gradient polarity. VLC results fraction was separated by preparative thin layer chromatography with silica gel GF254 and mobile phase n-hexane : chloroform (1:1). The anti-fungal activities of Candida albicans was done by difuse method.Based on the TLC appearence , nine fractions were obtained (FK 1-9) from VLC, and FK-3 was the most active fraction in inhibiting Candida albicans. The result from preparative TLC of FK-3 was 5 subfractions (FP 1-5) Subfraction FP-3 and FP-5 were most active. that had inhibiting radical zone diameter 18 mm in 3% consentration.Key words : Kamilen ( Matricia chamomila, L), Candida albicans, anti-fungal.

Analysis of P ® film-coated caplet quality control by implementing statistical process control method at PT. YF Oktavia Eka Puspita; Achmad Fudholi
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 22 No 1, 2011
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Manufacturing of film-coated caplet dosage form is a multi-steps process, including weighing, blending, granulating, drying, compression, coating, and packaging. Every manufacturing process is influenced by natural variation and assignable variation which caused the process operates out-of control and interfering consistency and attainment of output quality specification. Based on the above background a research was conducted upon manufacturing process of P® film coated caplet at PT.YF. This research was limited for core caplet compression step and film coating step instead of entire production process. The purposes of this research were analyzing core caplet compression process and coating process and measuring process capabilityof those steps in meeting the pre-determined quality specifications. Investigation of 20 latest consecutive batch record documents within 2009 period was conducted in collecting quantitative data measurement of caplet quality characteristics including weight uniformity, hardness, friability, disintegration,and dissolution of drug substance of P® film coated caplet. Those data were analyzed using control chart SPC method and process capabilitywas measured by Cpk index. The results showed that from caplet core compression step the control chart of caplet weight uniformity and friability indicates statistically in-control, meanwhile step the control chart of hardness; disintegration time and dissolution of Paracetamol ; Ibuprophen indicates statistically out-of control. The result of film coating step of P® film-coated caplet showed that the control chart of weight uniformity; hardness and Ibuprophen dissolution indicates statistically out-of control, meanwhile disintegration time and Paracetamol dissolution was statistically in control. The process capability index, Cpk. of core caplet weight uniformity: 1.375, and Paracetamol P® film-coated caplet dissolution: 1,841,Key words : Natural variation, assignable variation, Statistical Process Control, P® filmcoated caplet

IN VIVO EVALUATION OF MISOPROSTOL FLOATING MICROSPHERES Kondi Vanitha; Mohan Varma; Allure Ramesh
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 23 No 2, 2012
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Prostaglandin (PG) has been reported to be an important protective and acid suppressive factor in the gastric mucosa. The objective of the study was to develop and evaluate a stomach specific drug delivery system for controlled release of Misoprostal a PE analogue for gastric ulcer induced NSAIDs. Floating microspheres were prepared by emulsification-solvent evaporation method using ethyl cellulose as a polymer, carbopol as mucoadhesive polymer. Ulcers were induced by the oral administration of absolute ethanol (5 mL/kg) to 24 h fasted Wistar male rats (n=8), weighing 200 g. Sodium bicarbonate solution, misoprostal solution and drug loaded microspheres were tested. Formulations were administered orally 1h before the administration of ethanol. Prior to the oral administration, rats were anesthetized with ethylic ether. After 2 h of ethanol administration, animals were sacrificed; the stomachs were removed, opened along he greater curvature and examined for lesion measurements. Ulcer indexes (UI) were calculated. The in vivo evaluation showed that ulcer index values were 0.61 ± 0.14 for the sodium bicarbonate solution, 0.58 ±0.18 for the misoprostal and 0.11 ± 0.06 for the misoprostal-loaded microspheres. The KruskalWallis test detected statistical differences (p =0.002) between the ulcer indexes. The multiple analyses (Student-Newman-Keuls) showed that the misoprostal loaded microspheres presented a gastric ulcer index statistically lower than that of the sodium bicarbonate solution (p = 0.001) and the misoprostal solution (p = 0.021). The percentages of ulceration inhibition were 31 and 75% after the administration of misoprostal solution and microspheres, respectively. In conclusion, the in vivo evaluation showed that the microspheres presented ulcer index lower than the solutions, showing that misoprostal-loaded microspheres were efficient in protecting the stomach against ulcer formation.Key words: Misoprostal, microspheres, ulcer index,

The formation of tretinoin-PEG 6000 solid-solid solution to increase the dissolution rate of tretinoin Christina Avanti
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 18 No 1, 2007
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The formation of solid-solid dispersion of tretinoin which is insoluble in water into water soluble carrier PEG, might accelerate solubility and dissolution rate. The objectives of this study were to obtain dissolution profile and physical properties of Tretinoin-PEG solid dispersion which was prepared by solventfusion method, to obtain the composition of Tretinoin and PEG in which produce solid dispersion with optimum dissolution rate and to obtain the composition of Tretinoin-PEG, which produce an interstitial solid-solid solution. Solvent fusion method at low temperature was choosen to prepare the solid dispersion system. The physical state of formed solid dispersion was determined by X-Ray diffractometer. To unveil the information about the solubility and dissolution rate of tretinoin, a test toward the dissolution rate of tretinoin was performed into the dissolution medium phosphate buffer. The X-Ray diffractogram of tretinoin-PEG solid dispersion in all composition indicated that tretinoin hasformed a molecular dispersion in the PEG crystals in all composition. In solid dispersion was obtained by solvent-fusion method in molecular or in solid-solid solution. Dissolution efficiency (DE) value prooved that molecular dispersion of tretinoin-PEG could increase the dissolution rate of tretinoin. Thus it could concluded that in comparison to the tretinoin and its physical mixture, the solid dispersion of tretinoin-PEG led the higher dissolution rate and the optimum rate was achieved by composition of 1=100 with DE value = 74.Key words : Tretinoin, PEG, Solid Dispersion, Dissolution Rate

IMPROVEMENT OF DISSOLUTION RATE OF INDOMETHACIN FROM FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS Parhi, Rabinarayan
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Vol 25 No 3, 2014
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

In the current study Indomethacin (IM) fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) were prepared by direct compression technique in order to enhance its dissolution rate. The tablets were formulated using two different approaches; super-disintegration and efferves-cence. A combination formulation of above approaches was also developed to further improve its properties. The super-disintegrants used in the formulae were sodium starch glycolate (Primogel), cross-povidone (Kollidon) and cross-carmellose (Ac-di-sol). Sodium bicarbonate and citric acid combination was employed as effervescent ingredients. The prepared powder mixtures of IM were subjected to evaluation of various pre-compression parameters and tablets were evaluated for weight variation, dimension, hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration, wetting time, uniformity of dispersion, in vitro drug release and stability studies. The FT-IR spectra shown there are no interaction between of IM with excipient. The results of pre-compression studies indicate acceptable flow property for all the powder mixtures. The data of weight variation, dimension, hardness, friability, uniformity of dispersion and drug content studies were within the official limits. The wetting time and disintegration time decreases considerably with the increase in super-disintegrants amount. By using the combination approach, the disintegration and wetting time further decreased. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out using phosphate buffer pH 6.8 as dissolution medium for 60min and observed that formulation IF9, among super-disintegration approach, released highest percentage (97.13Â±2.09) of IM. In vitro drug release was highest (98.54Â±2.89) at 60 min for formulation IF11, when all the formulations were taken into consideration. The stability study was performed on the promised formulation IF11 at 40Â±2oC/ 75Â±5% RH for 3 months and the results indicated that there were no significant changes in aforesaid tablet properties.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, TOXICITY AND ANTI-BACTERIAL ASSAY FROM STEM-BARK EXTRACTS OF Garcinia celebica and G. tetandra Yuliasri Jamal; Andria Agusta
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 12 No 2, 2001
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Garcinia is proven to have multi benefit in curing various deseases, some have edible fruit and edible oil. This experiment was a preliminary analysis, including phytochemistry screening, toxicity and antibacterial tests of stem-bark G. celebica and G. tetandra extracts. Ether, ethanol and water extracts of both Garcinia contained 19 different chemical components. Hexane, methanol and water extracts stem-bark of both Garcinia extracts were found to have toxicological effect on Artemisia salina larva with the highest LC50 of G. celebica water extract. Dichloromethane-methanol 1:1 extract of G. celebica acted as growth inhibition on Gram positive and Gram negative bacteri , while the extract of G. tetandra could only inhibit the growth of Gram negative bacterium. Comparing with erythromycin and novobiosin antibiotics, the inhibiton growth activity of the two Garcinia extracts were lower than those of antibiotics.Key words: Garcinia, phytochemical screening, toxicological effect, anti-bactery

Cytotoxicity test pentacyclic triterpenes of Eupatorium inulifolium HBK on myeloma cells and their docking study Sri Mulyani Mulyadi
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 22 No 3, 2011
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

A test of cytotoxic activity of pentacyclic triterpenes 12,13-Dihydro-1-α-amirin-20,30-en-3-acetate and12,13-Dihydro-α-amirin-20,30-en-3ol compounds on myeloma cells and their docking has been conducted. Two compounds were treated on myeloma cells which their cells densities have been determined. They were subsequently incubated with a series of compound dosage from 2000 µg/mL to 125 µg/mL. This research aims to determine the level in which both the compounds influence the myeloma cells using MTT method (reactor 3-(4,5-Dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difenil tetrazollium bromide) and their docking that react to receptor 1XKK. Activity of compounds on myeloma cell after 24 hour incubation has shown that the values of IC50 for 12,13-Dihydro-α-amirin-20,30-en-3-acetate and 12,13-Dihydro-α-amirin-20,30-en-3ol are 0.428 mM and 1.515 mM, respectively. In this research, doxorubicin is used as a positive control. The IC50 value of doxorubicin is 6.896 x 10-5 µg/mL. Results show that docking score for 12,13-Dihydro-α-amirin-20,30-en-3-acetat to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (1XKK) is -78.9662 (7). Meanwhile, docking score for 12,13-Dihydro-α-amirin-20,30-en-3-ol to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor(1XKK) is -74.1941 (10). Doxorubicin docking score is -86.6585 (2). From the results, it can be inferred that the two compounds have cytotoxic activities with bigger IC50 than the doxorubicin as positive control. In order to obtain more potent cytotoxic activity, the coumpound has to be modified and tested and then docked using receptor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor.Keywords:cytotoxic activity; EGFR; myeloma cells; 12,13-Dihidro-α-amirin-20,30-en-3-asetat dan 12, 13-Dihidro-α-amirin-20,30-en-3-ol

Potency of cinnamaldehyde of cinnamon oil as an antidiabetic compound Ngadiwiyana .; Ismiyarto .; Nor Basid A. Prasetya; Purbowatiningrum R. S.
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 22 No 1, 2011
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Cafeic and cinnamic compounds have been reported to give an excellent performance as α-glucosidase inhibitor. Inhibition of α-glucosidase in the intestine of mammals are able to lower blood sugar levels of the carbohydrates metabolism so it can reduce postprandial hyperglycemia which can prevent chronic complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Based on cafeic and cinnamic structures in terms of organic chemistry and economic considerations, it can be offered a very promising alternative to provide their derivative compounds of cafeic from cinnamon oil, which is cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamaldehyde can be isolated from cinnamon oil by addition of sodium bisulphite to provide salt compounds which are separated easily from the mixed system. The aldehyde compound can be obtained by acid addition. Structure elucidation of cinnamaldehyde was done by mean of an infra red spectrophotometer and a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Activity test of anti-diabetic compounds was carried through the measurement of the concentration of minimum resistance against α-glucosidase activity. Cinnamaldehyde which is isolated from cinnamon oil was yellowish oil and cinnamaldehyde’s yield was up to 42.67%, and its purity was 99.8723%. Structure elucidation of cinnamaldehyde by mean of infra red spectrophotometer (FTIR) showed carbonyl vibration at 1676 cm-1, -C-H aldehyde at 2813.9 cm-1 and 2742.6 cm-1. From mass spectra, it can be known that cinnamaldehyde had M+ 132 with m/z of main fragmentation were 131, 103, 77, and 51. Inhibition activity of α-glucosidase test showed that inhibitory concentration at 50 ppm of cinnamaldehyde was 93.29%, and IC50 to the α-glucosidase was 27.97 ppm.Key words :cinnamon oil, cinnamaldehyde, anti-diabetic

ENHANCEMENT OF DISSOLUTION RATE OF MODAFINIL USING SOLID DISPERSIONS WITH POLYETHYLENEGLYCOLS Vyas Jigar; Patel Jayvadan; Jain D. A.
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 23 No 4, 2012
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Solid dispersions (SDs) of modafinil (MDF) were prepared using polyethyleneglycols (PEGs), in 1;1, 1;2 and 1;4 proportions by fusion, solvent evaporation and physical mixing method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) were used to examine the physical state of the drug. The data from the XRD showed that the drug was converted to amorphous form as the number and intensity of peaks were decreased in solid dispersion as compared to pure drug and physical mixture of drug and carrier. DSC thermograms also confirmed the change in physical state of the drug as the peaks were altered or disappeared. With the highest ratio of the carriers (1:4), the drug solubility was enhanced by 38.68, 34.78 and 9.29 folds in solvent evaporation, fusion and physical mixing methods respectively. Solid dispersion batch S6 containing drug:PEG6000 in 1:4, was selected to be formulated as tablet (batch TS6) and evaluated for in vitro drug dissolution & six month stability. An increased dissolution rate of modafinil was observed from SDs and PMs, as compared to pure crystalline drug. The dissolution rate of modafinil from its PMs or SDs increased with an increasing amount of polymer.Key words: Fusion, solvent evaporation, physical mixture, in vitro dissolution, characterization.

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