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INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 23389427 EISSN : 23389486 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health,

Medicine & Pharmacology

Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy (ISSN-e: 2338-9486, ISSN-p: 2338-9427), formerly Majalah Farmasi Indonesia (ISSN: 0126-1037). The journal had been established in 1972, and online publication was begun in 2008. Since 2012, the journal has been published in English by Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta Indonesia in collaboration with IAI (Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia or Indonesian Pharmacist Association) and only receives manuscripts in English. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy is Accredited by Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) DIKTI No. 58/DIKTI/Kep/2013.

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Articles 706 Documents

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PHOTOPHYSICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF Cu(II)CHLORIN e4 AND Cu(II)CHLORIN e6 AS A LEAD COMPOUND OF PHOTOSENSITIZER FOR PDT Eva Susanty Simaremare; Asmiyenti D. Djalil; Daryono H. Tjahjono
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 26 No 1, 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Porphyrin derivatives are potential compounds for diagnostic agent and photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy. However, they have a weakness in molar absorptivity, especially in visible region of Q band which used to excite them. Due to incapabilities of porphyrin, other tetrapyrole derivatives, such as chlorophyllin can be alternative for a lead compound of photosensitizer. In the present research, two chlorin derivatives were isolated from commercial chlorophyllin product. Their photophysical and physicochemical properties, i.e. molar absorptivity, quantum yield of fluorescence and quantum yield of singlet oxygen were determined. Chlorophyllin carboxylic acid form, Cu(II)-chlorin e4 and Cu(II)-chlorin e6,were successfully isolated with recovery of 11.33% and 16.46%, respectively. The absorption spectrum of Cu(II)-chlorin e4 showed an intense Soret band at 406 nm and two weaker Q bands at 628nm, 658nm. Fluorescence efficiency was 0.09 while efficiency for singlet oxygen at pH 6.3 and 7.4 were 0.0052±0.0017 and 0.0066±0.0012. Cu(II)-chlorin e6 displayed soret band at 407nm and Q bands at 627nm, 663nm. Singlet oxygen at pH 6.3 was 0.0029±0.0007, while at pH 7.4 was 0.0034±0.0001. However, Cu(II)-chlorin e6 did not show fluorescence.Key words: Chlorophyllin, Cu(II)-chlorin e4, Cu(II)-chlorin e6, singlet oxygen fluorescence

EFFECT OF BENZALDEHYDE EXCESS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF LR-2 AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF LR-2 AGAINTS HeLa CELL Ritmaleni, Ritmaleni; Arifin, Muhammad Fajar; Laksmiani, Ni Putu Linda; ., Rumiyati; ., Sismindari
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Vol 23 No 1, 2012
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

LR-2(4-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-indeno[2â,1â]pyramidine-2(1H)- thione;Â LeniÂ RitmaleniÂ 2),Â whichÂ designedÂ andÂ assumedÂ toÂ have biologicallyÂ activityÂ asÂ anticancer,Â hasÂ beenÂ successfully synthesizedÂ byÂ usingÂ theÂ BiginelliÂ reaction.Â ThisÂ researchÂ was aimedÂ toÂ investigateÂ theÂ effectÂ ofÂ benzaldehydeÂ excessÂ inÂ the synthesisÂ ofÂ LR-2Â andÂ toÂ evaluateÂ theÂ cytotoxicÂ activityÂ ofÂ LR-2against HeLa cancer cell lines. The synthesis was done by reacting benzaldehyde, 2-indanone and togetherÂ with thiourea at one time asÂ saidÂ asÂ oneÂ potÂ reactionÂ syntheticÂ methodologyÂ andÂ the reaction was acid catalysed. The mole equivalent of benzaldehyde wasÂ inÂ excessÂ compareÂ toÂ others.Â TheÂ effectÂ ofÂ benzaldehydeÂ in excess is the higher the mole of benzaldehyde, the lower the yield ofÂ LR-2.Â TheÂ cytotoxicityÂ ofÂ LR-2Â wasÂ doneÂ byÂ usingÂ MTTÂ method and the LC50 was 268.15 Î¼M.Key words : LR-2, benzaldehyde, cytotoxic, HeLaÂ

The effect of mengkudu fruit methanolic extract and methanolic residual fraction on GLUT-4 protein elevation Aguslina Kirtishanti; Ryanto Budiono
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 20 No 4, 2009
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Investigating in the Diabetes Mellitus drug which one having good activity and tolerance to patients are still in researchers’ concern. One of the main topics now days is the use of mengkudu plants as a traditional medicine of Diabetes Mellitus. This research was aimed to determine the increase of GLUT-4 protein in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus rats after given methanolic extract and methanolic residual of mengkudu fruit. The male rats were diabetic induced with exogenous i.p. insulin for 10 days. After showing hyperglycemic effect, the rats were given orally methanolic extract and methanolic residual fraction of mengkudu fruit for 4 days. On the fifth day, fasting blood glucose was measured and the rats were sacrificed to take the thigh muscle tissue for immunohistochemical calculation. The result showed that methanolic extract and methanolic residual of mengkudu fruit increase the amount of GLUT-4 protein, but can not reduce fasting blood glucose levels of male white rats.Key words : mengkudu fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.), methanolic extract and methanolic residual, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, GLUT-4 protein

CRYSTAL FORMS OF LOMEFLOXACIN: PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND DISSOLUTION PROFILE Vellaichamy Ganesan; Raju Thenge; Naresh Vinjamuri; Srinivasarao Prathipati
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 24 No 4, 2013
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The present work was undertaken with the synthesis of crystal forms of Lomefloxacin from solvents of varying polarity (polar, protic solvents). The purpose of the present investigation was to employ crystallization techniques in order to improve the solubility and dissolution studies of Lomefloxacin. The experimental methods involved the preparation of lomefloxacin crystals by crystallization from single solvent technique. Crystals were prepared from solvents like distilled water, ethanol and methanol. Prepared crystals were undergone various studies in terms of crystal yield, melting point, true density, solubility and in vitro drug release study as well as characterized by technique viz: FT-IR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Powder X-ray Diffractometry(PXRD). Photomicrographs of the crystals shows that the crystals obtained from different solvents existed in different shape. Among all the crystals, LOME-I belongs to Type-1 and LOME–II belongs to Type-2 based on instrumental techniques. Highest crystal yield (88%) and maximum density (1.2021g/mL) was observed with LOME-I. Maximum solubility and dissolution rate was observed in LOME-III followed by LOME-II and LOME-I. However all prepared crystal forms showed higher solubility and dissolution profile when compare with commercial Lomefloxacin. It is concluded that the study has indicated the existence of two polymorphic forms of Lomefloxacin which was having better solubility and in vitro release than that of commercial Lomefloxacin.Key words: Polymorphism, Solubility, Dissolution rate, DSC, FT-IR, PXRD

The effect of fumaric acid-sodium bicarbonate on the green tea effervescent granuleâs quality made by dry granulation Lestari, Agatha Busi susiati; Trisusilawati, Maria Yuli
INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Vol 21 No 4, 2010
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Tea plant (CamelliaÂ sinensisÂ L.)Â had beenÂ knownÂ toÂ contains epigallocathecin gallate (EGCG) that can be used to maintain the healthy. In this research, the green tea wasÂ tried to be formulated in effervescent dosage form, withÂ theÂ focusÂ onÂ theÂ effectÂ amongÂ fumaricÂ acid,Â sodiumÂ bicarbonate,Â andÂ the interactionÂ betweenÂ fumaricÂ acidÂ andÂ sodiumÂ bicarbonateÂ onÂ theÂ greenÂ tea extractÂ effervescent granuleâsÂ physical properties, that made by dry granulation method.Â PhysicalÂ propertiesÂ ofÂ effervescentÂ granuleÂ thatÂ beenÂ studyÂ were moistureÂ content,Â flowÂ rate,Â disintegrationÂ time,Â andÂ pHÂ ofÂ theÂ solution.Â The result showed that sodium bicarbonate was dominant in determining pH, granule flowÂ rateÂ andÂ moistureÂ contentÂ ofÂ granule,Â whereasÂ fumaricÂ acidÂ dominantÂ in disintegration time of effervescent granule.Key words: green tea, fumaric acid, effervescent granule, dry granulation

APPLICATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY FOR QUALITY CONTROL OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS: A REVIEW Abdul Rahman
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 23 No 1, 2012
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Analysis of pharmaceutical products covers all aspects of quality control of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and finished products. Today, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)spectroscopy, especially in combination with chemometrics software, has emerged as one of the romising analytical techniques to be used in pharmaceutical industry, for quality control of desired pharmaceutical products. Compared with other instrumental techniques, FTIR spectroscopy offers some advantages, namely it is rapid, simple in sample preparation, and not destructive. In this review, the application of FTIR spectroscopy for qualitative and quantitative determinations of API and monitoring drug release are described.Key words: FTIR spectroscopy, quality control, pharmaceutical products.

PASSIVE AND IONTOPHORETIC PERMEATION OF CAPTOPRIL GEL: AN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDY Ashish Jain; Satish Nayak; Vandana Soni
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 23 No 2, 2012
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The Objective of this work was to formulate and evaluate captopril gel to assess its suitability for transdermal delivery by passive and iontophoresis. A polymer gel was prepared using hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and in vitro skin permeability was assessed in full thickness skin of rabbits and pigs. For in vivo studies New Zealand rabbits were used. In vitro passive permeation was carried out in Franz diffusion cell but for iontophoresis, diffusion cell was modified according to Glikfield design. Iontophoresis was performed at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2via silver /silver chloride electrodes with passive controls but for in vivo study current density wasreduced to 0.1 mA/cm2. Blood samples were analyzed for drug content by HPLC. Results of the in vitro study indicated that iontophoresis considerably increased the permeation rate of captopril compared to passive controls in both the skin types (P<0.01). The plasma concentration of captopril was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that obtained in the passive controls. Results showed that the target permeation rates for captopril could be achieved with the aid of iontophoresis by increasing the area in an appreciable range.Key words: Captopril, iontophoresis, transdermal, Rabbit, Pigskin, in vitro, in vivo.

Diosgenin production by immobilized cell Soegihardjo, C.J.; ., Koensoemardiyah
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 16 No 4, 2005
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

In the last two decade, secondary metabolite production by plant tissue culture in several countries by plant tissue cultures were done by plant suspension culture method, in volumes until several thousand litres. There are many problems occur in the production by cells suspension culture. Some problems could be overcome by choosing suitable media, other could be solving by immobilized cells system. Immobilized cells system is promising method because it has some advantages. The aim of this research is to produce diosgenin from amobilized cells of Costus speciosus Smith. From this result we hope to know about the possibility of using immobilized cells system as alternative method for producing diosgenin. The main substance of this research is the mature seeds of C. speciosus (fam. Zingiberaceae) grown in RT-0 semisolid medium. The seedlings become explant for initiating calli by growing in RT 1 semisolid medium. After some passages of subculturing the calli, initiation of cell suspension culture was carried out by growing friable calli on RT-0,1 liquid medium. After some passages of subculturing cell suspesion culture, the biomass were collected and trapped in calcium alginate beads. The type of bioreactor used was shaking-flask. The immobilized cells were treated in RT liquid medium added with 0.1 ppm 2,4-D (RTA), second group in RTA added with 0.2% yeast extract (RTB), and the third group in RTA added with 0.2% yeast extract and 0.05% cholesterol. From this investigation can be concluded that diosgenin production in immobilized cell system treated with elicitor and precursor was increased four to ten times as great as its production without any addition for fine cells and for coarse cells about eight and three times fold. Key words: Costus speciosus cells, diosgenin production, immobilized cells, elicitation, precursor, spectro-densitometri.

COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS BETWEEN ASPIRIN AND CITICOLINE IN STROKE PATIENT IN PROF DR MARGONO SOEKARJO HOSPITAL PURWOKERTO Didik Setiawan
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 25 No 2, 2014
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Stroke is the third highest cause of death after heart disease and cancer. An appropriate therapy decision is important because it related to many factors such as cost and quality of life. Most of Indonesian physicians’ use citicoline and Aspirin for stroke patients. A Cohort Retrospective study was performed to 40 patients with aspirin and 77 patients with citicoline. Secondary data such as cost, length of stay (LoS) was collected from medical records. Furthermore, patient health level was measured by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) which was collected from patient directly. The average of patients’ age was 60.59±11.31 years old. The NIHSS showed no significant difference between aspirin (2.58±2.93) and citicoline (3.10±2.90) groups. Otherwise, LoS was different between two groups (p value 0.000). The average of total cost in aspirin group (IDR 2,593,250.00) was lower than citicoline groups (IDR 11,384,210.00) and the differences were statistically siginificant. The Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) between aspirin compared to citicoline was IDR 16,905,692.31 per quality of life. Aspirin was strongly dominated to citicoline in cost, LoS and NIHSS.

The stability of PGV-0 (Pentagamavunon-0) as an Antiinflammatory drug in liquid dosage forms Tedjo Yuwono; R. A. Oetari
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 15 No 1, 2004
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

PGV-0 is a curcumin derivate, a synthetic compound which may be a candidate of a new drug. This substance has a potent inflammatory effect with a very low toxicity.One of the first step which must be searched for a candidate of drug, is to perform a stability study. There are many degraded drugs causing the adverse reactions. Most of them could be the initiator in forming an antigen at anaphylactic reaction or allergic reaction. Further more some of the degraded drugs are very toxic. So, the study of degradation or the stability investigations of a new drug should be carried out.The PGV-0 stability in a buffer solution at pH 10,0 had been studied by an accelerated temperature method. The temperatures were held at 50°, 55° and 60° C. The intact PGV-0 has been analysed by HPLC. The results then were used to define the shelf-life, the half life and the activation energy of the degradation of PGV-0.It was evident that PGV-0 was unstable in aqueous solution, the shelf-life was only 45.3 hours, the half-life was 299 hours and the activation energy was 14,2 kkal mol-1. Because the PGV-0 was not stable in aqueous solution, it is suggested that this substance should be made into solid dosage forms instead of the liquid dosage forms.Key word : PGV-0, stability, solution

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