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INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

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Published by Universitas Gadjah Mada

ISSN : 23389427 EISSN : 23389486 DOI : -

Core Subject : Health,

Medicine & Pharmacology

Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy (ISSN-e: 2338-9486, ISSN-p: 2338-9427), formerly Majalah Farmasi Indonesia (ISSN: 0126-1037). The journal had been established in 1972, and online publication was begun in 2008. Since 2012, the journal has been published in English by Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta Indonesia in collaboration with IAI (Ikatan Apoteker Indonesia or Indonesian Pharmacist Association) and only receives manuscripts in English. Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy is Accredited by Directorate General of Higher Education (DGHE) DIKTI No. 58/DIKTI/Kep/2013.

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Articles 706 Documents

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ATTEMPTED SYNTHESIS OF BIS-SPIROEPOXIDE DITHIANEDIOXIDE Ritmaleni Ritmaleni; Varinder K. Aggarwal
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 23 No 3, 2012
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The bis-spiroepoxide dithiane dioxide has been attempted to be synthesised as its role as an intermediate in the synthesis of diaminopimelic acid (DAP). The first method was carried out by reacting the 3-dithiane-2-diethylphosphonate 4 with an aqueous solution of the commercially available glutaraldehide resulting the bis-ketene dithiane dioxide 5. The second alternative method was involving the ozonolysis of cyclopentene 7 in the synthesis of bis-ketene dithiane dioxide 5 in four step reactions which gave moderate to good yield. Unfortunately, epoxidation process for the bis-ketene dithiane dioxide 5 was still unsuccess yet.Key words: synthesis, diaminopimelic acid, bis-spiroepoxide dithiane dioxide

CAPABILITY OF WATER AND ETHYL ACETATE FRACTIONS OF BENALU (Dendrophthoe L.f Ettingsh) LEAVES TO DISSOLVE CALCIUM KIDNEY STONE IN VITRO, DETERMINED USING FAST NEUTRON ACTIVATION METHOD ., Sasmito; ., Darsono; Kamal, Zainul; Kristanto, Joko
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 12 No 3, 2001
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Kidney stone disease is the second major causal leading to kidney failure. Treatment to the disease could be by surgery, ultravibration and either traditional or modern medecines. Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f) Ettingsh grow, as a parasite, on the mindi (Melia azeradach), a plant has yet been used to cure kidney disorder caused by calcium kidney stone. Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f) Ettingsh leaves powder was extracted by ethanol (70%) and re-extracted by ethyl acetate. The compound content in water and ethyl acetate fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using cellulose as the stationary phase and a mixture of butanol: acetic acid: water (4:1:5) as mobile phase. The TLC data showed that water and ethyl acetate fractions contained flavonoid compounds. Kidney stone was analyzed using Infra Red Spectrophotometer to identify its chemical contents. The result showed that the kidney stone consisted of calcium and magnesium carbonate/phosphate. The Fast Neutron Activation analysis was utilized to determine the solubility of kidney stone. The result exhibited that the maximum solubility of kidney stone was achieved in water fraction with the concentration of 20 % or in ethyl acetate fraction with the concentration of 40 %. The solubility of kidney stone in water fraction was higher than that in ethyl acetate fraction.Key word : Kidney stone , Dendrophthoe falcata , Water fraction, Ethyl acetat fraction.

SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF C-9154 ANTIBIOTIC DERIVATIVES FROM VANILLIN ., Jumina; Siswanta, Dwi; Zulkarnain, Abdul Karim
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 12 No 2, 2001
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

This research was conducted in order to synthesize two derivatives of C-9154 antibiotic from vanillin and to evaluate their biological activities. The synthesis of these C-9154 derivatives was performed through alkylation of vanillin, preparation of the corresponding benzaldoxim, reduction of this benzaldoxim, treatment of the resulting substituted benzilamine with maleic anhydride and esterification of this C-9154 antibiotic derivative. The alkylation of vanillin was carried out using diethylsulfate and NaOH as the base to give 89% yield of ethyl vanillin. The oxim synthesis from ethyl vanillin was performed using hydroxylamine hydrochloride under alkaline condition at 50oC for 2 hours to yield 89% 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldoxim. Reduction of this benzaldoxim with metallic Na in absolute ethanol afforded 82% yield of 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzylamine. This benzylamine derivative was then reacted with maleic anhydride in benzene to give the acid-form of C-9154 antibiotic derivative (6) in 74% yield. Esterification of this acid conducted Jumina using absolute ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid at reflux for 4 hours gave the ethyl ester-form of C-9154 antibiotic derivative (7) in 87% yield. Antimicrobial activity evaluation was conducted using Staphyllococcus aureus and Eschericia coli. Based on the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) data determined using aqueous methanol as the reference, it was observed that the acid-form (6) and the ethyl ester-form (7) of C-9154 antibiotic derivative obtained respectively gave MIC values of 2000-3000 g/ml and 500-1000 g/ml respectively either towards Staphyllococcus aureus or Eschericia coli.Key words: antibiotics, vanillin, oxim, benzylamine, C-9154 derivative, antimicrobe.

PREFORMULATION OF DICLOFENAC SODIUM SUSTAINED RELEASE BY ION EXCHANGER RESINE A. Karim Zulkarnain; Tedjo Yuwono; Sumarno .
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 12 No 1, 2001
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The aim of the study was to find out a formula of granules giving a constant release of drug and also to search for the influence of pH on the drug release from the formula. One type of drug-resin complexes was used in this study ion exchanger the complex of diclofenac sodium and dowex. After 12 hours mixing the drug-resin complex was dried at 40 oC in an oven for 3 days. Afterwards, they were granulated and shieved. The particle size used were 20-40 mesh. The granules were tested for the dissolution of diclofenac sodium from the granules. The dissolution experiments were performed in a modified model of USP XX and the dissolution media used were phosphate buffer with the pHs of 5,8; 6,8 and 7.6 and the temperature was maintained at 37 oC. The amount of diug released in to the medium was assayed spectrophotometrically. The extent of dissolution was expressed as dissolution efficiency in 8 hours (DE8, % ). The results showed that the extent of dissolution of dtclofenac sodium from the granules complexed with the resin were low. The correlation between the amount of drug release from the complex and time was linier with the highest coefficient correlation having the ratio of l:5. The higher the pH values of the media, the higher the drug release from granules was. The drug release from drug-resin complex was well controlled which may be used for making a sustained release dosage form.Key Word : sustained release, diclofenac sodium, ion exchanger resin, granules

The Anticarcinogenic Activity Of Plants Compounds Sugiyanto .; B. Sudarto; Edy Meiyanto; Agung Endro Nugroho
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 14 No 3, 2003
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The study was conducted to observe the effect of extracts of ngokilo (Gynura procumbens), beluntas (Pluchea indica), murbei (Morus alba) dan tapak doro (Vinca alba) leaves. Showed anticarcinogenic activity on lung tumor growth of mice. In the nex step, compounds having anticarcfinogenic effect was isolated and identified, and evaluated on the cultures of meiloma and Vero cells. The results showed that non-polar fraction of ethanol extract of ngokilo leaves did not have anticarcinogenic activity, whereas the polar fraction show anticarcinogenic activity. At least there were three flavonoids (flavon or flavonol groups) in this polar fraction. It was only two of these flovonoids which could inhibit the growth of myeloma and Vero cells.Key words : ngokilo, Gynura procumbens, anticarcinogenic, flavonoid.

Economic evaluation of antibiotic usage for cesarean section in PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Hospital Tri Murti Andayani; Riswaka Sudjaswadi
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 16 No 2, 2005
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

In the developed countries, the incidence of cesarean section year by year increases by 7 –10 %. There have been various kinds of cesarean section in several hospitals. In PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta hospital, the incidence of cesarean section in 2001 increased up to 21 %. There are also various kinds of antibiotics used to deal with cesarean section cases which caused various kinds of medical cost. Therefore, identification of antibiotics cost, which used to deal with cesarean section in PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta hospital was studied.The study was performed by epidemiological survey of cesarean section via patient’s medical record, medicinal cost for treatment and surgery, and patient’s invoice in the year 2000. The study involved recording identification of patients and physicians identities, antibiotics and other medicines used, surgical equipment, cesarean section indications, pharmacy and other cost, duration of staying related to cesarean section.Results showed that the majority of cesarean section has prolonged labour (26%). The majority of antibiotics used in cesarean section is Sulbenicillin injection with Klindamicin oral (31%) and Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate injection with Amoxicillin oral (23%). Cost of antibiotics were 12.5% - 44.4% of pharmacy expenses and 6.7% - 14.8% of total expenses. No correlation between antibiotics cost and hospital stays.Key words : cost, antibiotic, cesarean section

Efek flavonoid daun srikaya (Annona squamosa (L)) terhadap pemacuan ekspresi P53 sel HeLa Laela Hayu Nurani; Suwidjiyo Pramono; Sudjadi .
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 22 No 4, 2011
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14499/indonesianjpharm0iss0pp273-278

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites with many activities such as an anticancer and an antioxidant. Annona squamosa L. leave are reported contain flavonoids. Annona squamosa flavonoids were isolated from ether fraction and separated by paper chromatography with acetic acid 15% as mobile phase. Four flavonoids with Rf value of 0.11, 0.23, 0.46 and 0.78 were detected as 5-hydroxy-7-R-flavonol (1), 5,3’,4’-trihydroxy-7-R-flavonol (2), 5-hydroxy-7-Rflavanone (3) and 7-R-flavanone (4), respectively. The cytotoxicity of each flavonoid on Hella cell line was carried out using direct counting method and the p53 expression was done with immunocytochemistry. The result showed that LC50 of flavonoid 1, 2, 3 and 4 was 12.63±3.4, 18.47±3.4, 75.74±6.2 and 204.4±14.0 µg/mL. Twelve µg/mL of 5-hydroxy-7-R-flavonol (1) increased p53 expression of eleven fold than control.Keywords: Annona squamosa, HeLa, flavonoid, p53

PREDICTORS OF THE USE OF GASTROPROTECTIVE AGENTS IN PATIENTS USING NSAID IN YOGYAKARTA INDONESIA Ady Bagus Indrianto; Jarir At Thobari; Agung Endro Nugroho
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 23 No 1, 2012
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Non Steroid Anti-Inflammatory (NSAID) is one type of AntiInflammatory drug that is used to treat pain in patients of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The use of NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal side effects. To prevent the side effects, NSAIDs are prescribed in combination with gastroprotective agent (GPA). The aim of the study is to determine the factors considered in the GPA prescription by the doctors in patients who have risk factors for gastric disorder due to NSAIDs use. This study was performed using a cross-sectional observational design. The data were collected retrospectively during a period of January to December 2010. The subjects were OA and RA patients considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data included patient characteristics (gender, age, occupation, payment method, the primary diagnosis), prescription of NSAID, prescription of GPA, history of gastrointestinal disease, NSAID prescription with corticosteroids, prescription with antiplatelet. The data were processed descriptively and quantitatively, and analyzed statistically using chi-square and log. regression with 95% Confidence Interval. The results showed that there were correlation between some predictor factors with prescription of gastroprotective agent. These factors were women patient, patient age of ≥ 65 years, oxicam prescribing, diclofenac sodium prescribing, prescribing >1 type of NSAIDs, prescription of NSAID concomitant with corticosteroids, prescription of NSAID concomitant with antiplatelet, patients with history of gastrointestinal, prescribing NSAIDs with duration of ≥ 3 months. Patient with a history of gastrointestinal disease was the most predictor influential factor, with OR (odds ratio) of 3.6 (95% CI: 2.79 - 4.66). Predictor factor of patients with a history of dyspepsia possessed the highest OR {OR=4,29 (CI 95%: 3.23–5.7)}. It means that patients with a history of dyspepsia prescribed NSAIDs would have greater risk of 4.29 times to get GPA prescription than patients without a history of dyspepsia. Prescribing NSAIDs > 1 DDD (defined daily dose) had p value of 0.777, which means there was no relationship between GPA prescription with NSAIDs > 1 DDD prescription.Key words: Gastroprotective Agent, Non-steroid anti-inflammatory, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis

Antibacterial activity of ten medicinal plants obtained from some selected villages in the states of Kedah and Penang, Malaysia Othman Abd Samah; Nurdiana Zainol Abidin
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 20 No 2, 2009
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

The antimicrobial activities of ten plant extracts showed some degree of variation among Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Nineteen crude plant extracts were active against Gram positive bacteria as compared to only 9 against Gram negative bacteria. The most resistant bacteria was K. pneumoniae K6 which showed no sign of susceptibility towards any of the plant extracts. This might be due to the presence of ß-lactamase, which had been reported recently. S. epidermidis* showed susceptibility towards all plants except for M. citrifolia L. The highest zone of inhibition was 14.67 mm which was found in P. guajava extracts against S. epidermidis and this is closely followed by M. indica (at 13.67 mm ) against the same bacteria. Among all the plants which have been studied only M. citrifolia L. extract did not show any sign of antimicrobial activity. The result showed that means of inhibition zones between each plant extract were significantly different.Key words: Antibacterial; Gram positive; Gram negative; medicinal plants.

Sub chronic toxicity asssay of aqueous extract of the leaves of Nerium indicum Mill. on male white mice (Ratus norvegicus) strain wistar Prasetyawati, Citra; Argo D, Imono; Hartati W, Mae Sri; Wahyuono, Subagus
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 15 No 1, 2004
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Aqueous extract of the leaves of Nerium indicum Mill. is traditionally used to treat cancer. The extract has been consumed for relatively a long time, consequently major organs are often intoxicated. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine sub chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract on male mice. Toxic symptoms, major organs intoxicated and haematological changes due to treatment of aqueous extract of the leaves of N. indicum are determined.Twenty male mice (185-250 g, strain wistar) are divided into 4 groups [I, treated with aquadest (3 ml/200 g BW); II, treated with water extract (5%, 3ml/200 g BB); III, treated with water extract (10%, 3 ml/200 g BB); and IV, treated with water extract (20%, 3 ml/200 g BB)]. Toxic symptoms are observed after 3 hours of treatment; body weight, haematological measurement, food intake, urine chemistry, SGPT, ureum, and histopathological pictures are also observed. The results of the study do not show any toxic symptoms, the body weight and food intake of the mice increase (I-IV). There are no major organs intoxicated; however a slight increase of leukocyte (WBC, white blood cell) count is clearly showed by group IV.It is concluded that consuming aqueous extract (20%, the highest concentration) of N. indicum for 30 days does not elicit toxic effect in mice. Any changes occur are still at the normal range.Keywords: Nerium indicum Mill., water extract, toxicity, sub chronic

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