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All Journal Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Science Majalah Obat Tradisional INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY Majalah Farmaseutik Indonesian Journal of Chemistry Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (PSR) Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Abdul Karim Zulkarnain
Faculty Of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Indonesia
Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Bioengineering Chemistry Health Professions Immunology & microbiology Materials Science & Nanotechnology Medicine & Pharmacology Neuroscience Public Health

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STABILITAS FISIK SEDIAAN LOTION O/W dan W/O EKSTRAK BUAH MAHKOTA DEWA SEBAGAI TABIR SURYA DAN UJI IRITASI PRIMER PADA KELINCI Zulkarnain, Abdul Karim; Susanti, Meiroza; Lathifa, Aliva Nur
Majalah Obat Tradisional Vol 18, No 3 (2013)
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (351.974 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/mot-TradMedJ18iss3pp141-150

Abstract

Ekstrak buah mahkota dewa mengandung phalerin dan memiliki aktivitas sebagai tabir surya. Formula optimum lotion o/w didapat berdasarkan metode Simplex Lattice Design (LSD) menggunakan software Design Expert® versi 8.0.7 dengan variasi  setil alkohol, asam stearat, dan trietanolamin sedangkan lotion w/o menggunakan cera alba, span 80 dan setil alkohol. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui stabilitas fisik kedua sediaan lotion hasil optimasi serta keamanannya secara in vivo pada kulit kelinci betina. Sediaan lotion o/w dan w/o dibuat dalam 10 formula lalu diuji sifat fisiknya. Data sifat fisik digunakan untuk penentuan formula optimum. Perbedaan sifat fisik formula optimum percobaan dengan prediksi yang ditetapkan dengan uji t, taraf kepercayaan 95 %. Lotion yang optimum dilakukan uji stabilitas fisik dan uji iritasi primer pada kulit kelinci. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa formula optimum lotion o/w adalah setil alkohol 2,690%; asam stearat 4,146%; dan trietanolamin 3,164%, sedangkan lotion w/o adalah sera alba 12,136%; span 80 7,181%; dan setil alkohol 3,683%. Hasil uji-t menunjukkan hasil yang tidak berbeda signifikan antara respon sifat fisik hasil percobaan dengan prediksi software. Viskositas lotion o/w kurang stabil, tetapi daya sebar, daya lekat, rasio volume pemisahan, relatif stabil sedangkan semua lotion kurang stabil selama penyimpanan pada suhu ekstrim. Lotion secara kualitatif tidak mengiritasi kulit kelinci.
SUN PROTECTOR FACTOR (SPF) IN VITRO AND THE PHYSICAL STABILITY OF O/W CREAM OPTIMAL FORMULA FROM THE PARTITION PRODUCT OF MAHKOTA DEWA LEAVES [Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl] Zulkarnain, Abdul Karim; Marchaban, Marchaban; Wahyuono, Subagus; Susidarti, Ratna Asmah
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 26 No 4, 2015
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1137.832 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/indonesianjpharm26iss4pp210

Abstract

The leaves Mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl) contains a benzophenoic glycoside (Phalerin) which is active for sun screen. Some formula and designed on the Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method then its physical characteristics were investigated. The physical characteristics will be used to determine the optimum formula. In present study, the optimum formulation was evaluated to determine chemical stability and the in vitro SPF. The doses of partition product of P. macrocarpa was used 6%. The optimal formulation cream was determined by SLD version 9.0.1 with variety of Cetyl alcohol, mineral oil, and Tween 80. The difference of physical characteristics between experimental and software was analyzed using T-test, P= 95 %. The physical stability and in vitro SPF of the optimum formula was observed. he study exhibits that the combination of cetyl alchodol 9,71%, mineral oil 29%, and tween 80 3,29% was the optimum formula of o/w cream with the desirability test 0,924. The T-test result test shows that there is no significant difference (p>0.05) on physical characteristics between experimental and software prediction. During the storage, the viscosity, spread ability, adhesive ability, separation volume ratio of cream was relatively stable however the stability started to decline on the week IV in the extreme temperature. The SPF of the cream of the CFR, CPHR and CBZP partition were 21,32; 33,12 and 42,49, respectively.Keywords: Mahkota dewa, cream, optimum, SPF
FORMULASI DAN UJI STABILITAS FISIK SEDIAAN LOTION O/W PATI KENTANG (Solanum tuberosum L.) SERTA AKTIVITASNYA SEBAGAI TABIR SURYA Oktaviasari, Luky; Zulkarnain, Abdul Karim
Majalah Farmaseutik Vol 13, No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Abstract

Pati kentang memiliki sifat opaque yang tidak dapat ditembus cahaya tetapi dapat memantulkan sinar, bermanfaat untuk mencegah penetrasi radiasi sinar ultraviolet pada kulit. Secara umum, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh suatu produk tabir surya dari bahan alam, yaitu pati kentang dalam bentuk sediaan lotion.Percobaan menggunakan pati kentang yang dibuat sediaan lotion oil in water dengan variasi konsentrasi pati kentang 10; 12.5; 15; 17.5; dan 20% b/b. Evaluasi fisik formulasi lotion yang telah dibuat dilakukan selama penyimpanan dengan pemeriksaan mutu  fisik, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, uji daya sebar, uji daya lekat, serta stabilitas sediaan dengan siklus freeze thaw. Aktivitas tabir surya dilakukan dengan mencari nilai faktor pelindung surya atau Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) sediaan lotion pati kentang yang ditentukan secara in vivo menggunakan kelinci albino yang sebelumnya diinduksi dengan pemberian 8-MOP atau methoksalen, kemudian disinari dengan lampu UV.Variasi konsentrasi pati kentang sebesar 15% memberikan lotion yang stabil berdasarkan dari parameter organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, viskositas, daya sebar, daya lekat dan stabilitas sediaan yang dipercepat. Peningkatan konsentrasi pati kentang memberikan pengaruh terhadap stabilitas fisik selama penyimpanan. Lotion oil in water pati kentang dengan konsentrasi 15% memiliki aktivitas sebagai tabir surya dengan nilai SPF sesuai nilai standar yaitu sebesar 15.
Preparation and antibacterial activity of p-Anisyl ethyl fumarate and ethyl n-phenyl fumaramate ., Jumina; Zulkarnain, Abdul Karim; Mulyono, Panut
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 16 No 2, 2005
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (189.073 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/indonesianjpharm0iss0pp116-123

Abstract

In order to generate potent C-9154 antibiotic derivatives, it has been conducted the synthesis and antibacterial activity evaluation of p-anisyl ethyl fumarate and ethyl N-phenyl fumaramate. These target molecules were chosen as the former would be a para-methoxy substituted C-9154 derivative, whereas the latter would be an example of unsubstituted C-9154 derivative bearing an amido-ester fumaric side chain.p-Anisyl ethyl fumarate was synthesized from p-anisaldehyde by reduction with NaBH4, condensation of p-anisyl alcohol with maleic anhydride, and esterification of the resulting p-anisyl maleic acid with ethanol in the presence of benzenesulfonic acid as the catalyst. These reactions gave satisfactorily yields (55-81 %) in all steps involved. In the case of ethyl Nphenyl fumaramate, this molecule was synthesized in 84 % yield through condensation of aniline with maleic anhydride, followed by esterification with ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid.The antibacterial activity test showed that the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of p-anisyl ethyl fumarate and ethyl N-phenyl fumaramate towards Staphyllococcus aureus were 15 and 25 μg/mL. Interestingly, the MIC values of these two compounds towards Eschericia coliwere also 15 and 25 μg/mL respectively. Thus, the data showed that the two C-9154 derivatives obtained are sufficiently potent and possess antibacterial activities which are comparable to the antibacterial activity of C-9154 itself towards Staphyllococcus aureus (12.5 – 37.5 μg/mL) and Eschericia coli (25 – 50 μg/mL).Key words: synthesis, antibacterial activity, fumarate and fumaramate.
SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF C-9154 ANTIBIOTIC DERIVATIVES FROM VANILLIN ., Jumina; Siswanta, Dwi; Zulkarnain, Abdul Karim
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 12 No 2, 2001
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (68.404 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/indonesianjpharm0iss0pp85-91

Abstract

This research was conducted in order to synthesize two derivatives of C-9154 antibiotic from vanillin and to evaluate their biological activities. The synthesis of these C-9154 derivatives was performed through alkylation of vanillin, preparation of the corresponding benzaldoxim, reduction of this benzaldoxim, treatment of the resulting substituted benzilamine with maleic anhydride and esterification of this C-9154 antibiotic derivative. The alkylation of vanillin was carried out using diethylsulfate and NaOH as the base to give 89% yield of ethyl vanillin. The oxim synthesis from ethyl vanillin was performed using hydroxylamine hydrochloride under alkaline condition at 50oC for 2 hours to yield 89% 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzaldoxim. Reduction of this benzaldoxim with metallic Na in absolute ethanol afforded 82% yield of 4-ethoxy-3-methoxybenzylamine. This benzylamine derivative was then reacted with maleic anhydride in benzene to give the acid-form of C-9154 antibiotic derivative (6) in 74% yield. Esterification of this acid conducted Jumina using absolute ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid at reflux for 4 hours gave the ethyl ester-form of C-9154 antibiotic derivative (7) in 87% yield. Antimicrobial activity evaluation was conducted using Staphyllococcus aureus and Eschericia coli. Based on the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) data determined using aqueous methanol as the reference, it was observed that the acid-form (6) and the ethyl ester-form (7) of C-9154 antibiotic derivative obtained respectively gave MIC values of 2000-3000 g/ml and 500-1000 g/ml respectively either towards Staphyllococcus aureus or Eschericia coli.Key words: antibiotics, vanillin, oxim, benzylamine, C-9154 derivative, antimicrobe.
STABILITAS FISIK SEDIAAN LOTION O/W dan W/O EKSTRAK BUAH MAHKOTA DEWA SEBAGAI TABIR SURYA DAN UJI IRITASI PRIMER PADA KELINCI Abdul Karim Zulkarnain; Meiroza Susanti; Aliva Nur Lathifa
Majalah Obat Tradisional Vol 18, No 3 (2013)
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (351.974 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/tradmedj.8216

Abstract

Phalerin in extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit has activity as a sunscreen. The aims of this research was to discover the physical stability of extract in lotion  and primary irritation test. The optimal formulation o/w was determined by Simplex Lattice Design (LSD) method using software Design Expert® version 8.0.7 with variety of cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, and triethanolamine and lotion w/o with variety of cera alba, span 80 and cetyl alcohol. Lotion was made in 10 optimum formula then the physical characteristics were measured. The phycical characteristics was employed to create the optimum formula. The difference of physical characteristic between experimental and software was analyzed by one sample t-test analysis statistics. Optimum formula of lotion was determined on skin white rabbit. The optimum formula lotion o/w were cetyl alcohol 2,690%, stearic acid 4,146%, and triethanolamine 3,164% and lotion w/o were cera alba 12,136%; span 80 7,181%; and cetyl alkohol 3,683%. The result of one sample t-test gave no signifficant differences on physical characteristics between experimental and software. Optimum formula of lotion o/w was not irritant at topical on white rabbit skin.
SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF ETHYL SALICYL FUMARATE AND ETHYL FURFURYL FUMARATE Jumina .; Iqbal Tahir; Abdul Karim Zulkarnain
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 13 No 4, 2002
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (118.116 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/indonesianjpharm0iss0pp207-214

Abstract

This research was conducted in order to synthesize and investigate the antimicrobial activity of ethyl salicyl fumarate and ethyl furfuryl fumarate. These two target molecules were chosen as the former is the derivative of C-9154 antibiotic containing phenolic hydroxyl group, whereas the latter is an example of C-9154 antibiotic derivative bearing furan ring instead of benzene.Ethyl salicyl fumarate was synthesized from methyl salicylate through reduction with LiAlH4, condensation of salicyl alcohol with maleic anhydride, and esterification of salicyl maleic acid with ethanol in the presence of benzenesulfonic acid as the catalyst. These reactions gave satisfactory yields (76-92 %) in all steps involved. Similar to this procedure, ethyl furfuryl fumarate was prepared from furfural through reduction with NaBH4 followed by condensation of the resulted furfuryl alcohol with maleic anhydride and esterification of furfuryl maleic acid with ethanol in the presence of benzenesulfonic acid. Although the reduction of furfural and the condensation of furfuryl alcohol with maleic anhydride could be performed smoothly, the esterification of furfuryl maleic acid with ethanol only gave 38 % yield of ethyl furfuryl fumarate.The results of antimicrobial activity test showed that the value of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of salicyl maleic acid and ethyl salicyl fumarate towards Staphyllococcus aureus were 500 and 100 μg/mL, whereas towards Eschericia coli were 2000 and 4000 μg/mL respectively. In contrast, the MIC values of furfuryl maleic acid and ethyl furfuryl fumarate towards Staphyllococcus aureus and Eschericia coli were 150 and 100 μg/mL respectively.Keywords: synthesis, activity, C-9154 antibiotic, fumarate
The influence of tween 80 and polyethylen glycol 400 on piroxicam absorption from rat intestinal lumen in situ Abdul Karim Zulkarnain; Arundita Kusumawida; Triani Kurniawati
Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy Vol 19 No 1, 2008
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Skip Utara, 55281, Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (191.007 KB) | DOI: 10.14499/indonesianjpharm0iss0pp25-31

Abstract

Oral drug absorption administered is highly influenced by dissolution rate, especially for poorly and insoluble drugs. Tween 80 and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as surfactant an increase drug solubility by means of a micelle forming mechanism. The aim of the study wasto know the influence of addition and variation of Tween 80 and PEG 400 on the absorption of piroxicam from rat intestinal lumen in situ. Piroxicam solution in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer was prepared with the same concentration in three kinds based on the addition concentration of Tween 80 and PEG 400, they were 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 % respectively. The male rats of 130-180 grams body weight fasted were for 24 hours before treatment. The rats were anaesthetized with 5x10-3 mL/g BW 40% urethan subcutaneously. Piroxicam unabsorbed fraction was measured in a spectrophotometer at 353 nm, and then calculate Papp (Appear Permeability). The data obtained were calculated according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov and one-way ANAVA then continued by a t-test (95% confidence level). Tween 80 at 10% and 1.5% increased piroxicam absorption from the phosphate buffer pH 7.5 but decreased with Tween 80 2.0%. According to Papp, thevalues were 0.3929 cm/minute (1.5% Tween 80), 0.3507 cm/minute (1.0% Tween 80) and 0.2593 cm/minute (2.0% Tween 80) respectively. PEG 400 at 2.0 % rised piroxicam absorption from the phosphate buffer pH 7.5 but no with influence PEG 400 1.5 % concentration one way ANAVA. Key words : Tween 80, Polyethylen glycol 400, piroxicam, in situ absorption
ANALISIS KEPUASAN PASIEN RAWAT JALAN TERHADAP PELAYANAN DI RS. PKU MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA PERIODE MARET-MEI 2009 Khairul Ikhsan; Abdul Karim Zulkarnain
Majalah Farmaseutik Vol 7, No 2 (2011)
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (1186.574 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/farmaseutik.v7i2.24053

Abstract

Seiring dengan meningkatnya tuntutan dan harapan konsumen terhadap pelayanan kesehatan, perlu adanya peningkatan pelayanan yang berkualitas oleh pihak penyedia jasa kesehatan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar tingkat kepuasan pasien terhadap pelayanan Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode accidental sampling sebanyak 100 pasien. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan Indeks Kepuasan Konsumen (IKK) dan uji GAP untuk menggambarkan tingkat kepuasan pasien. Chi-square untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya perbedaan yang signifikan antara karakteristik pasien dengan kepuasan pasien, analisi tersebut menggunakan bantuan program SPSS for windows version 13.0. Hasil uji IKK (tingkat kesesuaian antara harapan dan kinerja) dan uji GAP menunjukkan kinerja yang dilakukan RSU PKU Muhammadiyah bagian instalasi rawat jalan belum memenuhi harapan pasien atas rumah sakit tersebut,dilihat dari nilai GAP sebesar -0.79 dan dari nilai IKK sebesar 0,95. Dari uji Chi-square, memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan signifikan distribusi kepuasan berdasarkan profil (karakteristik), pasien pada dasarnya tetap ingin mendapatkan pelayanan yang terbaik.
PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN POLIETILEN GLIKOL 400 TERHADAP ABSORPSI PIROKSIKAM SECARA IN SITU Triani Kurniawati; Abdul Karim Zulkarnain
Majalah Farmaseutik Vol 8, No 1 (2012)
Publisher : Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (405.15 KB) | DOI: 10.22146/farmaseutik.v8i1.24066

Abstract

Absorpsi obat dapat terjadi dan dapat ditentukan dengan beberapa cara yaitu metode in vitro, metode in situ, dan metode in vivo. Absorpsi in situ melalui usus halus didasarkan atas penentuan jumlah hilangnya obat dari lumen usus halus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh PEG 400 sebagai surfaktan terhadap absorpsi piroksikam secara in situ. Uji kecepatan absorpsi piroksikam secara in situ oleh pengaruh penambahan PEG 400 dilakukan dengan menggunakan tiga macam larutan piroksikam dengan penambahan surfaktan PEG 400 1,0%, 1,5%, dan 2,0%. Larutan dimasukkan ke dalam lumen usus halus tikus jantan dengan berat 130-180 gram yang sudah dipuasakan (kira-kira 24 jam) dan dianestesi dengan uretan 40% b/v secara subkutan sebanyak 5.10-3 mL/g berat badan tikus. Cairan yang melewati usus halus ditampung dengan volume tertentu dan interval waktu tertentu. Kadar obat dalam larutan ditentukan secara spektrofotometri dengan panjang gelombang maksimal 353 nm kemudian dihitung Papp (tetapan permeabilitas semu). Data yang didapat diuji dengan analisis variansi satu jalan dan diteruskan dengan uji t jika terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna (taraf kepercayaan 95%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa absorpsi piroksikam dengan penambahan PEG 400 secara in situ pada usus tikus putih jantan mengalami sedikit penurunan pada konsentrasi 1,5% kemudian meningkat pada konsentrasi 2,0%. Menurut hasil analisis variansi satu jalan, absorpsi tersebut menunjukkan hasil yang tidak berbeda secara statistik.
Co-Authors ., Jumina ., Jumina Agustinus Winarno Aliva Nur Lathifa Aliva Nur Lathifa, Aliva Nur Amira Fawwaz Tsabitah Arundita Kusumawida Bambang Purwono Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih Dwi Siswanta Dwi Siswanta Emmy Yuanita Fatimi, Hana Anisa Feela Faridhotu Ifthary Naqsya PR Ikhsan Nursalim Indri Dwi Rahasasti Iqbal Tahir Jeriko Sinurat Johan Syafri Mahathir Ahmad Joko Waluyo Jumina . Jumina Jumina Jumina Jumina Khairul Ikhsan Kinuyo Matsumoto Luky Oktaviasari Lusty Grace Toding Mae Sri Hartati Wahyuningsih Marchaban Marchaban Marchaban, Marchaban Marlyn Dian Laksitorini, Marlyn Dian Meiroza Susanti Meiroza Susanti, Meiroza MM Woro Endah Tyashapsari Naemi Kajiwara Nela Fatmasari Oktaviasari, Luky Panut Mulyono Priatmoko Priatmoko Putri Rahmani , Sanubari Indah Ratna Asmah Susidarti Ratna Asmah Susidarti Ribka Elcistia Ritmaleni, Ritmaleni Sari, Silvia Lila Septina Virgonita Shanendra Ulfa F Subagus Wahyuono Sugeng Triono Syach, Muhammad Ferdian Triani Kurniawati Triani Kurniawati Wahyuono, Subagus Wiweka Adi Pratama Yehezkiel Steven Kurniawan