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Restorative Justice in Islamic Criminal Law: A Comparative Study of Diyat and Modern Victimology Muhammad Jaelani; Fadhli Muhaimin Ishaq; Muhammad Yusuf
Jurnal El-Thawalib Vol 7, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : UIN Syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad Addary Padangsidimpuan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24952/el-thawalib.v7i3.19666

Contemporary criminal justice systems, largely influenced by retributive penal theory, have been criticized for their limited capacity to address victims’ interests. Indonesian positive law, including Law No. 31 of 2014 on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims and Law No. 20 of 2025 on Criminal Procedure Law, also continues to exhibit normative gaps in victim-centered justice mechanisms. This article examines diyat in fiqh jinayah as an instrument of restorative justice and analyzes its contribution to the development of Islamic victimology within contemporary criminal law. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Primary legal sources consist of the Qur’an, Hadith, and classical fiqh jinayah literature, while secondary sources include legislation, international legal instruments, books, and scholarly journal articles. Data were collected through library research and analyzed using qualitative descriptive and comparative methods. The study identifies four major contributions of diyat to contemporary victimology. First, diyat provides structural compensation guarantees through the institution of ‘aqilah, which distributes financial responsibility collectively. Second, it recognizes victim autonomy as a juridical right through haqq al-adami, granting determinative authority to victims or their legal heirs. Third, the mechanism of ‘afw (forgiveness) incorporates moral and relational restoration beyond conventional restitution. Fourth, diyat institutionalizes community participation through ‘aqilah and ‘asabiyyah (social solidarity). These principles constitute a coherent framework of Islamic victimology compatible with universal restorative justice principles and relevant to Indonesia’s criminal justice reform.

Restorative Justice in Islamic Criminal Law: A Comparative Study of Diyat and Modern Victimology Muhammad Jaelani; Fadhli Muhaimin Ishaq; Muhammad Yusuf
Jurnal El-Thawalib Vol 7, No 3 (2026)
Publisher : UIN Syekh Ali Hasan Ahmad Addary Padangsidimpuan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24952/el-thawalib.v7i3.19666

Contemporary criminal justice systems, largely influenced by retributive penal theory, have been criticized for their limited capacity to address victims’ interests. Indonesian positive law, including Law No. 31 of 2014 on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims and Law No. 20 of 2025 on Criminal Procedure Law, also continues to exhibit normative gaps in victim-centered justice mechanisms. This article examines diyat in fiqh jinayah as an instrument of restorative justice and analyzes its contribution to the development of Islamic victimology within contemporary criminal law. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Primary legal sources consist of the Qur’an, Hadith, and classical fiqh jinayah literature, while secondary sources include legislation, international legal instruments, books, and scholarly journal articles. Data were collected through library research and analyzed using qualitative descriptive and comparative methods. The study identifies four major contributions of diyat to contemporary victimology. First, diyat provides structural compensation guarantees through the institution of ‘aqilah, which distributes financial responsibility collectively. Second, it recognizes victim autonomy as a juridical right through haqq al-adami, granting determinative authority to victims or their legal heirs. Third, the mechanism of ‘afw (forgiveness) incorporates moral and relational restoration beyond conventional restitution. Fourth, diyat institutionalizes community participation through ‘aqilah and ‘asabiyyah (social solidarity). These principles constitute a coherent framework of Islamic victimology compatible with universal restorative justice principles and relevant to Indonesia’s criminal justice reform.

Rekonstruksi Norma Upaya Hukum terhadap Putusan Bebas dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia Rini Indhyra Khumaerah; Fadhli Muhaimin Ishaq
Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia Vol. 12 No. 1 (2026): Published 30 Juni 2026
Publisher : Universitas Suryakancana

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35194/jhmj.v12i1.6207

Berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2025 tentang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP 2025) sejak 2 Januari 2026 menandai perubahan fundamental dalam sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia, khususnya mengenai upaya hukum terhadap putusan bebas. Berbeda dengan KUHAP 1981 yang melahirkan perdebatan panjang dan dipengaruhi Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 114/PUU-X/2012, KUHAP 2025 membangun rezim baru yang secara sistematis menutup seluruh upaya hukum terhadap putusan bebas. Namun, ketiadaan norma pelarangan banding secara tersurat dalam Pasal 244 menimbulkan sengketa tafsir dalam praktik peradilan, sebagaimana tercermin dalam perkara Amsal Christy Sitepu dan Delpedro Marhaen. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif-doktrinal dengan pendekatan hermeneutika hukum melalui penafsiran gramatikal, sistematis, historis, dan teleologis, serta perbandingan hukum dengan Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Belanda, dan Jerman. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa putusan bebas dalam KUHAP 2025 berkekuatan hukum tetap sejak diucapkan, tanpa upaya banding maupun kasasi, berdasarkan Pasal 244 ayat (4), Pasal 299 ayat (2) huruf a, dan Pasal 361 huruf c KUHAP 2025.

Law Enforcement Barriers to Cross-Border Cybercrime in Indonesia: A Comparative Study with the Philippines Fadhli Muhaimin Ishaq
Al Ushuliy: Jurnal Mahasiswa Syariah dan Hukum Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Vol 5 No 1
Publisher : UIN Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Cross-border cybercrime poses significant challenges to national law enforcement because digital offenses transcend territorial jurisdictions and rely on volatile electronic evidence. In Indonesia, enforcement remains hindered by fragmented jurisdiction, limited digital forensic capacity, weak mutual legal assistance mechanisms, constrained extradition arrangements, and incomplete harmonization of domestic law with international standards. This article examines these challenges through Lawrence Friedman’s Legal System Theory, focusing on the dimensions of legal structure, legal substance, and legal culture. Employing normative legal research with statute and comparative approaches, the study analyzes primary legal materials, including Law No. 1 of 2024 amending the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection, Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Criminal Code, and the 2001 Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, supported by relevant secondary sources. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s enforcement difficulties arise not only from incomplete legal harmonization but also from weak procedural mechanisms for cross-border electronic evidence, limited institutional capacity, inadequate digital forensic resources, and ineffective international cooperation. A comparison with the Philippines, the only ASEAN member state to have ratified the Budapest Convention, shows that ratification facilitates access to international cooperation and capacity-building programs but does not automatically ensure effective enforcement, as significant implementation gaps remain. The study therefore recommends Indonesia’s conditional ratification of the Budapest Convention through reservation mechanisms that safeguard digital sovereignty, particularly regarding Article 32, accompanied by targeted amendments to the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and the Personal Data Protection Law to strengthen domestic enforcement capacity.

RECONSTRUCTING DEMOCRATIC MEDIA GOVERNANCE AMID PLATFORM DOMINANCE IN INDONESIA Tajudin Tajudin; Geofani Milthree Saragih; Ade Sathya Sanathana Ishwara; H. Muhamad Rezky Pahlawan MP; Fadhli Muhaimin Ishaq
Indonesia Media Law Review Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): January-June, 2026
Publisher : Universitas Negeri Semarang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15294/imrev.v5i1.48839

Digital platforms have become dominant actors in shaping public discourse, political communication, and democratic participation in Indonesia. While these platforms facilitate freedom of expression and access to information, their algorithmic governance also raises concerns regarding transparency, accountability, misinformation, and democratic integrity. This study aims to analyze the challenges of democratic media governance amid platform dominance and to formulate a legal reconstruction model that balances freedom of expression with algorithmic regulation. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. Legal materials were collected through library research, including legislation, legal doctrines, academic journals, and relevant international regulatory frameworks, and were analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-analytical methods. The findings demonstrate that Indonesia’s existing media regulatory framework remains inadequate in addressing the legal consequences of algorithmic control exercised by digital platforms. The absence of comprehensive standards concerning transparency, accountability, and public oversight has weakened democratic governance within the digital public sphere. This study concludes that democratic media governance in Indonesia requires a reconstructed legal framework that strengthens platform accountability, promotes algorithmic transparency, protects freedom of expression, and ensures democratic oversight in the digital era.

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