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All Journal Al Kindi Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Multidisipliner
Ansar Tohe
Institut Agama Islam Negeri Ternate, Indonesia
Religion Education

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Dunia Islam Abad 19 sampai 21: Penetrasi dan Pembebasan dari Kolonialisme Barat dan Kebangkitan Dunia Islam Raudatul Jannah; Ansar Tohe
Al-Kindi Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): Agustus
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The period spanning the 19th to the 21st centuries represents the most crucial phase in the modern history of the Islamic world, characterized by the dialectic between the collapse of traditional hegemony, the penetration of Western colonialism, and movements for liberation and renaissance. This study aims to map the geopolitical, intellectual, and socio-religious transformations within Muslim-majority regions over the last three centuries. In the 19th century, the decline of major empires—such as the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal—opened the way for the expansion of Western imperialism across military, economic, and cultural spheres. This penetration triggered an identity crisis while simultaneously spurring the emergence of early 20th-century liberation movements that successfully gave rise to new nation-states in the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Following decolonization, the Islamic world entered a 21st-century era of resurgence, marked by the repoliticization of Islam, institutional modernization, and active participation in the global economy through the Sharia finance sector and international diplomacy. The study employs a historical research method and a multidimensional approach (socio-historical and political-economic) to analyze Western penetration, liberation movements, and the resurgence of the Islamic world from the 19th to the 21st centuries. Data sources include primary data—such as colonial treaty documents (e.g., the Sykes-Picot Agreement), manuscripts and the thought of renaissance figures (Jamaluddin al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, Rashid Rida), and independence movement manifestos from Asia and Africa—and secondary data, comprising modern Islamic history textbooks, reputable scholarly journals on Middle Eastern and Islamic studies, and relevant dissertations and prior research reports. In conclusion, the transition from an era of colonial subjugation to modern independence demonstrates that Islam is not merely a religious identity but a civilizational force capable of adapting and responding dynamically to modernity.
Muawiyah Ibnu Abi Sufyan dan Pembentukan Dinasti Bani Umayyah, Kemajuan dan Kemunduran Dinasti Bani Umayyah Sahbi Diti; Ansar Tohe
Al-Kindi Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): Agustus
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This study aims to analyze the background of the establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty by Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, examine the transformation of the Islamic political system, identify the administrative and civilizational achievements of the dynasty, and explain the factors that led to its decline. The research employed a qualitative method using a historical approach through library research. Data were collected from classical historical sources, academic books, and relevant scientific journals, and were analyzed using historical analysis, including heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings indicate that the establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty marked a significant transformation in the Islamic political system from a consultative (shura) model to a hereditary monarchy. Under Muawiyah's leadership, the dynasty succeeded in strengthening state administration, developing bureaucratic institutions, expanding its territory, and promoting economic, cultural, and architectural advancement. However, internal political conflicts, social inequality, tribal rivalries, discrimination against mawali, and the emergence of opposition movements, particularly the Abbasids, gradually weakened the dynasty and led to its collapse in 750 CE. The study concludes that the sustainability of a government depends not only on political and military power but also on effective governance, social justice, and inclusive leadership.
Analisis Dampak dan Pengaruh Perang Salib terhadap Dunia Islam Rifaldi Ahmad; Ansar Tohe
Al-Kindi Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): Agustus
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The Crusades were one of the most significant events in world history, taking place between 1095 and 1291 AD and involving prolonged conflicts between Christian Europe and the Islamic world. This study aims to analyze the historical background of the Crusades, the factors that triggered the conflicts, and their impacts on both the Islamic world and Europe. The study employed a library research method with a historical approach by examining various sources, including books, scholarly journals, and other relevant historical references. The findings indicate that the Crusades were not solely driven by religious motives, particularly the desire to reclaim Jerusalem as a holy city, but were also influenced by political and economic factors, such as the struggle for power and control over strategic trade routes. The Crusades took place in three major phases: the initial success of the Christian forces, the resurgence of the Muslim forces under the leadership of Nur al-Din Zangi and Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi (Saladin), and the final phase marked by the decline of the Crusader states. The conflict had significant consequences for both civilizations. The Islamic world experienced political, economic, and intellectual decline due to prolonged warfare, while Europe benefited from the transfer of knowledge, the expansion of trade, cultural exchange, and the emergence of the Renaissance, which marked the beginning of the revival of Western civilization.
Analisis Historis Perkembangan Islam sebagai Kekuatan Politik di Masa Umar Bin Khattab Rizki A Ramadhani; Ansar Tohe
Al-Kindi Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): Agustus
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This study examines the transformation of Islam from a religious community into a global political force during the leadership of Umar bin Khattab (634–644 CE). As the second caliph, Umar inherited significant challenges following the Ridda Wars and was required to consolidate internal stability while simultaneously responding to regional geopolitical dynamics. This article aims to analyze Umar's political policies in strengthening the Islamic state, his administrative reforms, and their impact on stability and Islamic civilization. Employing a library research methodology with historical and Islamic political approaches, data were collected through a literature review and analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that Umar achieved fundamental breakthroughs by establishing state institutions—such as the *Diwan*, *Baitul Mal*, an independent judicial system, and a separation of powers—that reflected principles of good governance. Massive territorial expansion was managed through calculated diplomatic and administrative strategies. Fiscal policies and equitable wealth distribution fostered socio-economic stability. The study reveals that Umar’s political *ijtihad* (independent legal reasoning) was grounded in the principles of *maqāṣid al-sharī'ah* (the objectives of Islamic law) and demonstrated the flexibility of Islamic law in responding to social change. The relevance of Umar’s political system to modern governance lies in principles of accountability, justice, consultation (*shura*), and bureaucratic professionalism. In conclusion, Umar’s leadership laid the foundation for Islam’s development as a global political power and offers a model of visionary leadership that remains relevant in contemporary contexts. This study recommends further research into the implementation of Umar’s leadership principles within the context of modern governance.
Tantangan Khawarij, Thalhah, dan Muawiyah di Masa Ali Bin Abi Thalib: Analisis Politik, Sejarah, dan Dampaknya terhadap Dinamika Kepemimpinan Islam Awal Icksan Asry Fabanjo; Ansar Tohe
Al-Kindi Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): Agustus
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This article comprehensively analyzes the political challenges faced by Ali bin Abi Talib during his tenure as the fourth caliph (35–40 AH/656–661 CE), focusing on three primary opposition groups: Talha bin Ubayd-Allah and Zubayr bin al-Awwam, Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyan, and the Kharijites. Employing a library research approach with a descriptive-analytical qualitative method—grounded in historical and Islamic political perspectives—this study examines the causes of conflict, evolving political dynamics, Ali’s leadership strategies, and their impact on governmental stability and Muslim unity. The findings reveal that the challenges Ali faced were multidimensional, encompassing demands for retribution (*qisas*) for Uthman’s death, the political ambitions of the Umayyad family, divergent religious interpretations, economic disparities, and issues regarding leadership legitimacy. The conflict with Talha and Zubayr during the Battle of the Camel reflects the tension between the demand for justice and political stability, while the conflict with Mu'awiyah during the Battle of Siffin and the *Tahkim* (arbitration) event represents the clash between religious idealism and pragmatic political realities. The emergence of the Kharijites as an extremist group illustrates how differences of opinion can give rise to radical theological-political fragmentation. The study concludes that Ali’s leadership strategy—which prioritized consultation and the upholding of truth—encountered structural obstacles due to a weak power base and strong, organized opposition. The relevance of the conflicts during Ali’s era to contemporary Islamic political dynamics lies in the importance of managing differences, upholding balanced justice, fostering inclusive leadership, and remaining vigilant against extremism and identity politics to preserve the unity of the *Ummah*.
Kajian Historis tentang Islam di Spanyol dan Perkembangannya Ariyanti Alwan; Ansar Tohe
Al-Kindi Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): Agustus
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This study comprehensively examines the history of the arrival of Islam in Spain (Al-Andalus), as well as its development and decline over nearly eight centuries (711–1492 CE). Employing a historical-descriptive and analytical approach based on library research, the article explores the socio-political background of pre-Islamic Spain, the conquest led by Tariq ibn Ziyad and Musa ibn Nusayr, the political dynamics of Islamic rule—spanning the eras of the governors, the Umayyad Caliphate, the Almoravids, the Almohads, and the Nasrid dynasty—and the factors driving civilizational advancement and eventual decline. The findings indicate that the success of Islam in building a civilization in Spain was underpinned by social cohesion, intellectual vigor, and a policy of tolerance (*convivencia*) that facilitated cultural exchange among Muslims, Christians, and Jews. However, internal divisions, political conflicts, and the *Reconquista* movement were the primary factors leading to the collapse of Islamic rule. The legacy of Islamic civilization in Spain contributed significantly to the European Renaissance through the transfer of knowledge, philosophy, and technology. The study concludes that Islamic civilization in Spain was not merely a historical episode but a pivotal milestone that shaped modern European civilization.
Kerajaan Mughal di India: Telaah Historis Kebijakan Kekuasaan dalam Perspektif Kaidah Fiqh Siyasah Putri Humaira Djufri; Ansar Tohe
Al-Kindi Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): Agustus
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The Mughal Empire was one of the three great Islamic gunpowder empires that ruled the Indian subcontinent for more than three centuries, from 1526 to 1858 CE. This article examines the origins, development, golden age, and decline of the Mughal Empire, analyzing them through two principles of fiqh siyasah and ushul fiqh: tasharruf al-imam ‘ala ar-ra’iyyah manutun bi al-maslahah (a ruler’s policy toward the people must always be oriented toward the common good) and dar’u al-mafasid muqaddamun ‘ala jalb al-masalih (preventing harm takes precedence over pursuing benefit). This study employs a qualitative method with a historical-normative approach through library research. The findings show that the golden age under Akbar the Great was closely linked to maslahah-oriented policies such as the abolition of jizyah, the mansabdari system, and interfaith tolerance, consistent with the principle of tasharruf al-imam. Conversely, the decline under Aurangzeb reflects a departure from the principle of dar’u al-mafasid, as policies of religious intolerance generated greater socio-political harm in the form of widespread resistance and political disintegration. This study affirms the relevance of fiqh siyasah principles as a normative framework for reading the dynamics of Islamic political power throughout history, offering lessons for contemporary Muslim leadership.
Kerajaan Safawi di Persia: Pembentukan, Kemajuan, dan Kemunduran Abu Bakar Mustafa; Ansar Tohe
Al-Kindi Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): Agustus
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This study aims to analyze the establishment, development, golden age, decline, and collapse of the Safavid Dynasty, as well as its influence on the development of Islamic politics and the geopolitical dynamics of the Middle East. The research employed a qualitative approach using library research with historical and Islamic political perspectives. Data were collected through documentation of books, scientific journals, historical records, and other relevant academic sources, then analyzed using descriptive-analytical techniques involving data reduction, interpretation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the Safavid Dynasty successfully reunited Persia after prolonged political fragmentation and transformed its religious identity by establishing Twelver Shi'ism as the official state doctrine. Under Shah Abbas I, the dynasty reached its peak through military, administrative, economic, cultural, and scientific reforms. However, weak leadership, internal conflicts, economic decline, military deterioration, corruption, and external invasions led to its collapse. Despite its political downfall, the Safavid legacy continues to shape Iran's national identity and significantly influences contemporary Islamic politics, particularly Sunni-Shi'a relations and the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East.
Peran Nabi Muhmmad SAW sebagai Kepala Agama di Makkah dan Kepala Negara di Madinah Muhammad Faisal; Ansar Tohe
Al-Kindi Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): Agustus
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This study aims to analyze the transformation of Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) leadership from his role as a religious leader in Mecca to his dual role as both religious and political leader in Medina, as well as to examine its relevance to contemporary concepts of leadership and governance. The research employed a qualitative approach using library research by analyzing primary and secondary sources, including the Qur'an, Hadith, classical sīrah literature, books, and scholarly journal articles. Data were collected through documentation techniques and analyzed descriptively using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the Prophet's leadership developed in response to changing social and political circumstances without altering the fundamental objectives of Islam. During the Meccan period, his leadership emphasized faith, moral education, and spiritual development, while in Medina it evolved into an integrated model combining religious guidance with state administration through principles of justice, consultation (shūrā), equality, and social welfare, as reflected in the Constitution of Medina. The study concludes that the Prophet's leadership represents a contextual and adaptive model whose universal values remain relevant for contemporary governance while allowing institutional flexibility according to societal needs.
Perkembangan Islam di Asia Tenggara: Kajian Historis di Brunei Darussalam, Filipina, dan Thailand Isramijz Bayau; Ansar Tohe
Al-Kindi Vol. 2 No. 3 (2026): Agustus
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This study aims to analyze the historical development of Islam in Southeast Asia, focusing on Brunei Darussalam, the Philippines, and Thailand, and to identify the factors influencing the different patterns of Islamic development in these countries. The research employed a qualitative approach using library research combined with the historical method. Data were collected from books, scientific journals, historical documents, and other relevant academic sources, and were analyzed through descriptive, historical, and comparative approaches. The findings reveal that Islam spread across Southeast Asia primarily through peaceful penetration, including trade, da'wah, intermarriage, education, and diplomatic relations. The study also indicates that the Arab, Gujarat, and Persian theories complement one another in explaining the Islamization process. Furthermore, Brunei Darussalam demonstrates a distinctive model of Islamic development, where Islam functions not only as the religion of the majority but also as the ideological foundation of the state through the Melayu Islam Beraja (MIB) philosophy. The study concludes that the development of Islam in Southeast Asia has been shaped by historical, political, social, and cultural factors, resulting in diverse patterns of Islamic growth in each country.
Co-Authors Abu Bakar Mustafa Ariyanti Alwan Icksan Asry Fabanjo Isramijz Bayau Jufri Yusup Muhammad Faisal Putri Humaira Djufri Raudatul Jannah Rifaldi Ahmad Rizki A Ramadhani Sahbi Diti