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Penapisan Fitokimia, Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Analisis Profil KLT Ekstrak Kunyit Hitam Hilda Amaniroffi; Dadang Juanda; Yani Lukmayani
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 603 - 610
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25271

Abstract. Black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) rhizome is a medicinal plant with the potential to be developed as a raw material for traditional medicine due to its diverse secondary metabolites. Prior to its utilization, the simplicia must be characterized to ensure its quality and safety. This study aimed to characterize the simplicia, perform phytochemical screening, conduct sequential extraction, and monitor the extracts of black turmeric rhizomes. Simplicia characterization included the determination of moisture content, total ash content, acid-insoluble ash content, water-soluble extractive value, and ethanol-soluble extractive value. Phytochemical screening was carried out qualitatively, while sequential extraction was performed using the reflux method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvents. The extracts were monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with silica gel GF254 as the stationary phase, chloroform as the mobile phase, and AlCl₃ 5%, FeCl₃ 10%, and H₂SO₄ 10% as spray reagents. The results showed that the black turmeric simplicia met the quality requirements for use as a raw material for traditional medicine. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, monoterpenoids/sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids/steroids, and quinones, while alkaloids were not detected. The methanol extract produced the highest extraction yield (8.6255%), and TLC analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in all extracts. These findings indicate that black turmeric rhizomes have good simplicia quality and considerable potential as a raw material for traditional medicine. Abstract. Black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) rhizome is a medicinal plant with the potential to be developed as a raw material for traditional medicine due to its diverse secondary metabolites. Prior to its utilization, the simplicia must be characterized to ensure its quality and safety. This study aimed to characterize the simplicia, perform phytochemical screening, conduct sequential extraction, and monitor the extracts of black turmeric rhizomes. Simplicia characterization included the determination of moisture content, total ash content, acid-insoluble ash content, water-soluble extractive value, and ethanol-soluble extractive value. Phytochemical screening was carried out qualitatively, while sequential extraction was performed using the reflux method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvents. The extracts were monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with silica gel GF254 as the stationary phase, chloroform as the mobile phase, and AlCl₃ 5%, FeCl₃ 10%, and H₂SO₄ 10% as spray reagents. The results showed that the black turmeric simplicia met the quality requirements for use as a raw material for traditional medicine. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, monoterpenoids/sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids/steroids, and quinones, while alkaloids were not detected. The methanol extract produced the highest extraction yield (8.6255%), and TLC analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in all extracts. These findings indicate that black turmeric rhizomes have good simplicia quality and considerable potential as a raw material for traditional medicine. Abstrak. Rimpang kunyit hitam (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) merupakan tanaman obat yang berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku obat tradisional karena mengandung berbagai senyawa metabolit sekunder. Sebelum dimanfaatkan, simplisia perlu dikarakterisasi untuk menjamin mutu dan keamanannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan karakterisasi simplisia, penapisan fitokimia, ekstraksi bertingkat, dan pemantauan ekstrak rimpang kunyit hitam. Karakterisasi meliputi penetapan kadar air, kadar abu total, kadar abu tidak larut asam, kadar sari larut air, dan kadar sari larut etanol. Penapisan fitokimia dilakukan secara kualitatif, sedangkan ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode refluks menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol. Pemantauan ekstrak dilakukan menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) dengan fase diam silika gel GF254, fase gerak kloroform, serta penampak bercak AlCl₃ 5%, FeCl₃ 10%, dan H₂SO₄ 10%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa simplisia memenuhi parameter mutu sebagai bahan baku obat tradisional. Penapisan fitokimia menunjukkan adanya flavonoid, fenol, tanin, saponin, monoterpenoid/seskuiterpenoid, triterpenoid/steroid, dan kuinon, sedangkan alkaloid tidak terdeteksi. Ekstrak metanol memberikan rendemen tertinggi sebesar 8,6255%, dan hasil KLT menunjukkan seluruh ekstrak positif mengandung flavonoid dan fenol. Rimpang kunyit hitam berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku obat tradisional.

Formulasi Face Mist Fraksi Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam.) dan Uji Antioksidan Casilda Athaya Ruzaira; Purwaeni Purwaeni; Yani Lukmayani
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 655 - 662
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25330

Abstract. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera L.) contain bioactive compounds with potential as antioxidants, making them suitable for development into a face mist. This study aimed to formulate a face mist preparation from the ethyl acetate fraction of moringa leaves that meets quality evaluation requirements, as well as to determine its antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The research was conducted through the preparation of simplicia, standardization of simplicia, extraction using the maceration method with 96% ethanol, fractionation via liquid-liquid extraction, formulation of face mist with ethyl acetate fraction concentrations of 0,1%(F1), 0,5%(F2), 1%(F3), quality evaluation of the preparations including organoleptic testing. homogeneity, pH, spray spreadability, and specific gravity, as well as antioxidant testing using the DPPH method with vitamin C as a comparator. The results showed that all formulas met the quality requirements for the preparation. The IC50 value of vitamin C was 4.08 ppm, while F1, F2, and F3 had IC50 values of 92,146 ppm; 80,4515 ppm; and 66,4109 ppm, respectively. All three formulas exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with F3 showing the highest antioxidant activity due to its lowest IC50 value. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the face mist formulated from the ethyl acetate fraction of moringa leaves was successfully developed, met the quality requirements for the preparation, and possessed strong antioxidant activity. Abstrak. Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam.) mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan sehingga dapat dikembangkan menjadi face mist. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan sediaan face mist fraksi etil asetat daun kelor yang memenuhi persyaratan evaluasi mutu serta mengetahui aktivitas antioksidannya menggunakan metode 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH).Penelitian dilakukan melalui pembuatan simplisia, standarisasi simplisia, ekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 96%, fraksinasi secara ekstraksi cair-cair, formulasi face mist dengan konsentrasi fraksi etil asetat 0,1% (F1), 0,5% (F2), dan 1% (F3), evaluasi mutu sediaan yang meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, daya sebar senprot, dan bobot jenis serta pengujian antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH dengan vitamin C sebagai pembanding. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa seluruh formula memenuhi persyaratan mutu sediaan. Nilai IC50 Vitamin C sebesar 4,08 ppm, sedangkan F1, F2 dan F3 berturut turut sebesar 92,146 ppm; 80,4515 ppm; dan 66,4109 ppm. Ketiga formula memiliki aktivitas antioksidan kategori kuat, dengan F3 menunjukan aktivitas antioksidan paling tinggi karena memiliki nilai IC50 paling rendah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa face mist fraksi etil asetat daun kelor berhasil diformulasikan, memenuhi persyaratan mutu sediaan, dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat.

Optimasi Sintesis Nanopartikel Tembaga menggunakan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kelor sebagai Bioreduktor Wafa Laily Anggraini; Hilda Aprilia Wisnuwardhani; Yani Lukmayani
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 745 - 752
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25685

Abstract. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) are a natural source of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and other secondary metabolites that have the potential to serve as bioreducing agents in the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). This study aims to investigate the potential of moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera) ethanol extract as a reducing agent in the green chemistry process for copper nanoparticles and to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the resulting copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). The synthesis of CuNPs was carried out by reacting the ethanol extract of Moringa leaves and the precursor solution CuSO4.5H2O at a ratio of 8:2 using a precursor concentration of 0.2M, then reacted at a temperature of 60°C for 3 hours. The formation of nanoparticles was observed through changes in the solution’s color and then analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Particle size characterization was performed using a particle size analyzer (PSA). The results of the study showed that ethanol extract of moringa leaves is capable of reducing Cu2+ ions into copper nanoparticles, as indicated by a color change and the formation of a UV-Vis absorption peak characteristic of nanoparticles at 651 nm, which indicates the formation of CuNPs. PSA analysis revealed a particle size of 153 nm with a PDI value of 0.2, indicating a relatively homogeneous particle size distribution. The FTIR results showed a shift in the C-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O indicating the involvement of bioactive compounds from the ethanol extract of moringa leaves in the reduction process of CuNPs. Abstrak. Daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) merupakan salah satu bahan alam yang mengandung senyawa bioaktif seperti flavonoid, polifenol dan metabolit sekunder lainnya yang dapat berpotensi sebagai agen bioreduktor dalam sintesis nanopartikel tembaga (CuNPs). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat potensi ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) sebagai agen pereduksi dalam proses green chemistry nanopartikel tembaga serta menentukan karakteristik fisikokimia nanopartikel tembaga (CuNPs) yang dihasilkan. Sintesis CuNPs yang dilakukan dengan mereaksikan ekstrak etanol daun kelor dan larutan prekursor CuSO4.5H2O pada perbandingan 8:2 menggunakan konsenstrasi prekursor 0,2M, kemudian direaksikan pada suhu 60°C selama 3 jam. Pembentukan nanopartikel diamati melalui perubahan warna larutan lalu dianalisis menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Karakterisasi ukuran partikel dilakukan menggunakan particle size analyzer (PSA). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun kelor mampu mereduksi ion Cu2+ menjadi nanopartikel tembaga yang ditandai dengan perubahan warna, dan terbentuknya puncak serapan UV-Vis khas nanopartikel yaitu 651 nm yang mengindikasikan terbentuknya CuNPs. Analisis PSA menunjukan ukuran partikel 153 nm dengan nilai PDI 0,2 yang mengindikasikan distribusi partikel relatif homogen. Hasil FTIR menunjukan adanya perubahan pita serapan C-H, C=O, C=C, dan C-O yang mengindikasikan adanya keterlibatan senyawa bioaktif ekstrak etanol daun kelor dalam proses reduksi CuNPs.

Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kemangi dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Amalia Nurhalida; Yani Lukmayani; Vinda Maharani Patricia
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 827 - 834
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25801

Abstract. Free radicals are moleculs with unpaired electrons, making them highly reactive. If there free radicals are present in the body and trigger a chain rraction, they can cause ongoing damage. Antioxidants can reduce or halt this chain reaction by donating a atom. Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a plant commonly used as a fresh vegetable by the local community and can serve as an antioxidant. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract of basil leaves. It also aims to determine total flavonoid content of the ethanol extract of basil leaves. In this study, antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH method, while total flavonoid content was determined using a colorimetric method. The result showed that the ethanol extract exhibited very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 28,47 µg/mL. The total flavonoid content od the ethanol extract was 10,66 mgQE/g extract. Abstrak. Radikal bebas merupakan molekul yang memiliki elektron tidak berpasangan sehingga sangat reaktif. Jika radikal bebas ini berada dalam tubuh yang mengadakan reaksi berantai, dapat menimbulkan kerusakan yang berlanjut. Antioksidan dapat menurunkan atau menghentikan reaksi berantai dengan mendonorkan atom hidrogen. Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) merupakan tanaman yang biasa digunakan sebagai lalapan oleh masyarakat, dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun kemangi. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menetapkan kadar flavonoid total dari ekstrak etanol daun kemangi. Pada penelitian ini, uji aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH sedangkan kadar flavonoid total menggunakan metode kolorimetri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol yang sangat kuat dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 28,47 µg/mL. Kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etanol sebesar 10,66 mgQE/g ekstrak.

Penetapan Kadar Fitosterol Ekstrak Bertingkat Daun Katuk (Phyllanthus androgynus (L.)) Raisha Desta Alifiyah; Yani Lukmayani; Esti Rachmawati Sadiyah
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 887 - 896
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.26021

Abstract. Katuk leaves (Phyllanthus androgynus (L.) Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr.) are a plant known to contain phytosterol compounds with various biological activities. This study aimed to determine the phytosterol content in a multi-stage extract of katuk leaves using a colorimetric method with UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The multi-stage extraction was performed using a multi-stage maceration method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol as solvents. The presence of phytosterols was monitored using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with β-sitosterol as a reference, while the concentration was determined colorimetrically using the Liebermann–Burchard reagent with β-sitosterol as the standard solution, and then measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The TLC results showed spots in the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol extracts with Rf values close to those of β-sitosterol. The quantification results showed that the ethyl acetate extract had the highest phytosterol content at 125.93 mg/g, followed by the n-hexane extract at 94.07 mg/g, and the 96% ethanol extract at 71.13 mg/g. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the multi-layered katuk leaf extract contains phytosterols, with the highest concentration found in the ethyl acetate extract. Abstrak. Daun katuk (Phyllanthus androgynus (L.) Chakrab. & N.P. Balakr.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang diketahui mengandung senyawa fitosterol dengan berbagai aktivitas biologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan kadar fitosterol pada ekstrak bertingkat daun katuk menggunakan metode kolorimetri dengan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Ekstraksi bertingkat dilakukan dengan metode maserasi bertingkat menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol 96%. Keberadaan fitosterol dipantau menggunakan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT) dengan β-sitosterol sebagai pembanding, sedangkan penetapan kadar dilakukan secara kolorimetri menggunakan pereaksi Liebermann–Burchard dengan β-sitosterol sebagai larutan standar, kemudian diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Hasil KLT menunjukkan adanya bercak pada ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol 96% dengan nilai Rf yang mendekati β-sitosterol. Hasil penetapan kadar menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etil asetat memiliki kadar fitosterol tertinggi sebesar 125,93 mg/g, diikuti ekstrak n-heksana sebesar 94,07 mg/g, dan ekstrak etanol 96% sebesar 71,13 mg/g. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak bertingkat daun katuk mengandung fitosterol dengan kadar tertinggi pada ekstrak etil asetat.

Karakterisasi dan Penapisan Fitokimia terhadap Simplisia serta Pemantauan Ekstrak Daun Kenikir Audia Putri Anjani; Yani Lukmayani; Dadang Juanda
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 933 - 940
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.26126

Abstract. Cosmos caudatus Kunth. leaves are rich in secondary metabolites and have the potential to be developed as raw materials for traditional herbal medicine. This study aimed to characterize the simplicia, perform phytochemical screening, extract the bioactive compounds, and monitor the extract of Cosmos caudatus leaves. Simplicia characterization was conducted based on specific and non-specific parameters according to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Second Edition (2017). Phytochemical screening was performed qualitatively, extraction was carried out by maceration using 96% ethanol, and extract monitoring was conducted using Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC). The characterization results showed moisture content of 7.00%, loss on drying of 8.83%, total ash of 5.36%, acid-insoluble ash of 0.31%, water-soluble extractive value of 30.26%, and ethanol-soluble extractive value of 24.29%, all complying with pharmacopoeial requirements. Phytochemical screening revealed flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, quinones, monoterpenes/sesquiterpenes, and steroids/triterpenoids. Extraction of 200 g of simplicia yielded 13.8971 g of concentrated extract with a yield of 6.95%. TLC analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoid and phenolic compounds through positive reactions with aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) and ferric chloride (FeCl₃). These findings indicate that C. caudatus leaf simplicia meets quality standards, contains diverse secondary metabolites, and is suitable for further pharmacological and phytochemical investigations. Abstrak. Daun kenikir (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) merupakan tanaman yang kaya metabolit sekunder dan berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku obat tradisional. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan karakterisasi simplisia, penapisan fitokimia, ekstraksi, dan pemantauan ekstrak daun kenikir. Karakterisasi simplisia dilakukan berdasarkan parameter spesifik dan nonspesifik sesuai Farmakope Herbal Indonesia (FHI) Edisi II Tahun 2017. Penapisan fitokimia dilakukan secara kualitatif, ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96%, sedangkan pemantauan ekstrak dilakukan menggunakan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan kadar air 7,00%, susut pengeringan 8,83%, kadar abu total 5,36%, kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,31%, kadar sari larut air 30,26%, dan kadar sari larut etanol 24,29%, yang seluruhnya memenuhi persyaratan FHI. Penapisan fitokimia menunjukkan adanya flavonoid, polifenolat, tanin, saponin, kuinon, monoterpene/seskuiterpen dan steroid/triterpenoid. Ekstraksi 200 g simplisia menghasilkan 13,8971 g ekstrak kental dengan rendemen 6,95%. Pemantauan KLT menggunakan fase diam silika gel GF254 menunjukkan adanya senyawa flavonoid dan fenolik berdasarkan respons positif terhadap pereaksi AlCl₃ dan FeCl₃. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa simplisia daun kenikir memenuhi standar mutu, mengandung berbagai metabolit sekunder, dan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 96% efektif menghasilkan ekstrak yang sesuai untuk penelitian lebih lanjut.

Optimasi Sintesis Nanopartikel Tembaga (CuNPs) Menggunakan Bioreduktor Ekstrak Daun Pandan Wangi Nur Apriliani; Hilda Aprilia Wisnuwardhani; Yani Lukmayani
Bandung Conference Series: Pharmacy 321-330
Publisher : UNISBA Press

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29313/bcsp.v6i2.25029

Abstract. The use of hazardous chemicals in the conventional production of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) causes environmental problems, making it necessary to innovate through a safe “green synthesis” approach. This study aims to synthesize copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using pandan leaf extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius) as a reducing agent and to analyze the physicochemical characteristics of the resulting CuNPs. Data were obtained through laboratory testing. The extraction process used the maceration method with 96% ethanol, followed by phytochemical screening. The synthesis involved reacting the liquid extract with a 0.2 M copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄·5H₂O) precursor at a 4:1 ratio. Characterization was performed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The screening results confirmed the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. The success of the reaction was indicated by a color change in the suspension to dark green or brownish, which was confirmed by a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 652 nm. PSA analysis showed an average particle size of 153 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.3. The FTIR spectrum confirms that the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups of secondary metabolites act as both reducing agents and stabilizers in the formation of CuNPs. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that pandan extract has proven to be highly effective as a bioreductant in the synthesis of environmentally friendly metal nanoparticles. Abstrak. Penggunaan bahan kimia berbahaya dalam sintesis nanopartikel tembaga mendorong perlunya pengembangan inovatif melalui pemanfaatan green synthesis yang aman dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis nanopartikel tembaga (CuNPs) menggunakan ekstrak daun pandan wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius) sebagai agen pereduksi, serta menganalisis karakteristik fisikokimia CuNPs yang dihasilkan. Ekstraksi daun pandan wangi dilakukan melalui metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% yang dilanjutkan dengan skrining fitokimia. Proses sintesis dilakukan dengan mereaksikan prekursor bersama ekstrak etanol daun pandan wangi dari hasil maserasi. Nanopartikel yang dihasilkan kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis, Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), dan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Hasil skrining fitokimia mengonfirmasi keberadaan flavonoid, polifenol, alkaloid, tanin, dan saponin di dalam ekstrak. Keberhasilan pembentukan CuNPs ditandai oleh perubahan warna larutan menjadi hijau gelap atau kecoklatan dan dikonfirmasi oleh puncak serapan Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) pada 652 nm. Karakterisasi Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) menunjukan ukuran partikel rata-rata sebesar 153 nm dengan nilai polydispersity index (PDI) sebesar 0,3. Analisis Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) mengonfirmasi bahwa gugus hidroksil, karbonil beserta gugus fungsi dari metabolit sekunder ekstrak berperan dalam proses reduksi dan stabilisasi nanopartikel. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun pandan wangi dapat berpotensi sebagai bioreduktor yang efektif dalam green synthesis CuNPs.

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