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All Journal Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi dan Penelitian Hukum Islam Al-MARSHAD: Jurnal Astronomi Islam dan Ilmu-Ilmu Berkaitan Journal of Dedicators Community ELFALAKY: Jurnal Ilmu Falak Jurnal Altifani Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Al-Afaq: Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Fastabiq: Jurnal Studi Islam Mawaddah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam FAWAID: Sharia Economic Law Review Azimuth: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Proceeding of the International Conference on Law and Human Rights
Muhammad Himmatur Riza
Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Mas Said Surakarta
Religion Arts Humanities Astronomy Computer Science & IT Earth & Planetary Sciences Education Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Nursing Physics Public Health Social Sciences

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Sistem Penanggalan Istirhamiah dalam Tinjauan Astronomi Himmatur Riza, Muhammad; Izzuddin, Ahmad
Azimuth: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 1 No. 1 (2020): Januari
Publisher : Program Studi Ilmu Falak UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.15642/azimuth.v1i1.769

Abstract

Abstrak: Penanggalan Istirhamiah merupakan sistem penanggalan berbasis Matahari (Solar System) yang sama dengan penanggalan Masehi, yakni menggunakan peredaran Bumi mengelilingi Matahari yang berjumlah 365,2425 hari dalam satu tahun. Penanggalan Istirhamiah ini sangat melekat di dalam hati jamaah Majelis Istirhami. yang berpusat di Desa Padarincang, Cipanas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Perbedaan Penanggalan Istirhamiah dengan Penanggalan Masehi bukan hanya mengganti kata Masehi dengan Istirhamiah, tetapi juga awal tahunnya. Penanggalan Istirhamiah dimulai pada tahun 1998, tahun di mana mulai disusunnya selawat Istirham. Maka tahun 2019 Masehi adalah tahun 22 Istirhamiah. Begitu pula nama-nama bulan pada penanggalan Istirhamiah juga berbeda dengan bulan-bulan dalam penanggalan Masehi. Jika dianalisis dari kacamata Astronomi terdapat kesalahan-kesalahan dalam sistem Penanggalan Istirhamiah. Pertama, perbedaan antara Satu Tahun Tropis Matahari dengan Satu Tahun Penanggalan Istirhamiah. Kedua, penetapan tahun Epoch pada Penanggalan Istirhamiah. Ketiga, Penentuan Tahun Kabisat dalam Penanggalan Istirhamiah. Kata Kunci: Sistem Penanggalan, Tinjauan Astronomi, Penanggalan Istirhamiah. Abstract: The Istirhamiah date is the Solar System, which is the same as the Christian calendar, which uses the Earth's circulati on around the sun, which amounted to 365,2425 days in one year. This Istirhamiah calendar is deeply attached to the heart of Congregation of the Istirhami assembly. This is centered in Padarincang village, Cipanas, Cianjur, and West Java.The difference between the Istirhamiah date and the calendar is not only replacing the word CE (masehi) with Istirhamiah, but also the beginning of the year. The Istirhamiah calendar began in 1998, the year in which it began to be drafted Istirham. Then the year 2019 CE (masehi) was the year 22 Istirhamiah. Similarly, the names of the months on the calendar of Istirhamiah are also different from the months in the calendar of CE. If analyzed in an astronomical perspective there are some errors in the Istirhamiah date system which is, 1) the difference between one tropical year of the Sun and one year of Istirhamiah. 2) The determination of Epoch in the calendar of Istirhamiah. 3) The determination of leap year in Istirhamiah calendar. Keywords: System of Calendar, Astronomy Review, Istirhamiah Calendar.
Integrating Astronomical Observations and Islamic Law: The Case of Sunrise and the Ishrāq Prayer Time Riza, Muhammad Himmatur; Sabiq, Fairuz; Ardliansyah, Moelki Fahmi; Muflihun, Muhammad
Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025)
Publisher : Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum UIN Walisongo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21580/al-hilal.2025.7.2.27963

Abstract

This study discusses determining the initial time for the Ishrāq prayer based on a combination of classical Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and contemporary astronomical approaches. Traditionally, the time for Ishrāq is associated with the sun having risen to the height of one spear-length after sunrise, yet no standardized astronomical measurement exists for this term. This research employs a multidisciplinary qualitative method, utilizing library research, analysis of fiqh-based evidence, and astronomical calculation simulations (ḥisāb). The findings show that one spear-length can be converted to a solar altitude of approximately 3°30’ to 5°, or around 10–20 minutes after shurūq (sunrise). A case study conducted in Surakarta indicates that the ideal time for Ishrāq prayer on July 20, 2025, is 06:10 AM (GMT +7). In conclusion, determining the time of Ishrāq requires an astronomically-based formula aligned with shar‘i principles and standardization in digital applications to ensure valid and accurate worship.
KRITERIA KALENDER HIJRIYAH GLOBAL TUNGGAL TURKI 2016 PERSPEKTIF TIM HISAB RUKYAT KEMENTERIAN AGAMA RI Riza, Muhammad Himmatur
ELFALAKY: Jurnal Ilmu Falak Vol 2 No 1 (2018): Juni
Publisher : UIN ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/ifk.v2i1.14157

Abstract

                                                      AbstrakKalender hijriyah memiliki peran penting dalam sumbangsih perkembangan Ilmu Falak. Hal ini terbukti dengan diimplementasikannya konsep kalender hijriyah dalam penetapan awal bulan kamariah. Namun dalam penerapannya terdapat problematika yang sangat menarik, khususnya ketika penetapan awal Bulan Ramadhan, Syawal, dan Dzulhijjah. Perbedaan dalam penentuan awal bulan hijriyah memang bukan merupakan hal baru lagi. Sampai saat ini perdebatan masih berlanjut terus menerus. Persoalan yang semestinya klasik ini menjadi selalu aktual terutama ketika menjelang penentuan awal bulan-bulan tersebut. Bentuk usaha menyatukan perbedaan tidak hanya datang dari tingkat negara saja akan tetapi banyak bermunculan gagasan-gagasan penyatuan kalender hijriyah secara global di seluruh dunia. Meskipun diyakini mewujudkannya merupakan hal yang sangat sulit, namun upaya tersebut tidak berhenti begitu saja yaitu dengan diadakannya Kongres Kesatuan Kalender Hijriyah Global Tunggal yang diselenggarakan pada bulan Mei 2016 di Turki dengan dihadiri beberapa delegasi dari berbagai dunia. Dengan kriteria visibilitas hilal yang direkomendasikan dalam Kongres Turki 2016 perlu dikaji mengenai implementasinya di Indonesia. Tim Hisab Rukyat atau yang lebih sering dikenal dengan THR adalah suatu tim yang bekerja menangani permasalahan hisab dan rukyat di bawah kekuasaan Kementerian Agama RI. Munculnya rekomendasi kriteria baru penentuan kalender Islam global tentu Tim Hisab Rukyat mempunyai kedudukan strategis untuk menanggapi usulan tersebut.Kata Kunci: Kalender Hijriah Global Tunggal, Penyatuan Kalender Hijriyah, Tim Hisab Rukyat Kementerian Agama RI
FENOMENA SUPERMOON DALAM PERSPEKTIF FIQH DAN ASTRONOMI Riza, Muhammad Himmatur
ELFALAKY: Jurnal Ilmu Falak Vol 4 No 1 (2020): Juni
Publisher : UIN ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/ifk.v4i1.14163

Abstract

AbstrakSupermoon merupakan bulan purnama yang terjadi saat bulan berada pada jarak terdekatnya dari Bumi (perigee). Bulan purnama selalu terjadi. Demikian juga dengan posisi bulan saat berada di titik terdekat dengan Bumi. Saat mengelilingi Bumi, bulan melintasi orbitnya yang elips sehingga akan ada saat bulan berada jauh dari Bumi di titik apogee dan ada saat dimana bulan berada dekat dengan Bumi ketika bulan menempati titik perigee. Dalam tinjauan fiqh, fenomena Supermoon  termasuk di dalam ayyām al-bīḍ atau hari-hari putih, dimana melaksanakan puasa tiga hari setiap bulan pada hari-hari yang disebut dengan puasa ayyām al-bīḍ merupakan suatu kesunnahan. Keywords : Supermoon, Perigee, Ayyām al-Bīḍ .
UJI AKURASI BACKSTAFF DALAM PENENTUAN AWAL WAKTU SALAT DZUHUR DAN ASHAR Sari, Friska Linia; Riza, Muhammad Himmatur
ELFALAKY: Jurnal Ilmu Falak Vol 6 No 1 (2022): Juni
Publisher : UIN ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24252/ifk.v6i1.26686

Abstract

Seiring perkembangan teknologi, para praktisi falak menggunakan bahkan memodifikasi alat-alat pelayaran ke dalam khazanah keilmuan dalam Ilmu Falak. Salah satu alat pelayaran yang pernah digunakan dalam Ilmu Falak yaitu sextant. Ada lagi alat pelayaran kuno yang belum banyak orang ketahui yaitu backstaff. Namun di pelayaran tidak digunakan lagi, karena dianggap kuno dan sudah muncul banyak alat yang lebih canggih, modern dan akurat. Di Indonesia alat ini belum ada. Oleh karena itu penulis ingin memunculkan, mereformulasi backstaff dalam khasanah keilmuan dalam ilmu falak.  Backstaff adalah alat navigasi pelayaran yang digunakan untuk mengukur ketinggian benda langit, khususnya Matahari dan Bulan. Ketika mengamati Matahari, posisi pengamat membelakangi Matahari, hal ini sesuai dengan nama alatnya yaitu back-staff, kemudian pengamat mengamati bayangan yang dilemparkan oleh baling-baling bayangan pada baling-baling horizon. Dalam pengamatan tinggi Matahari sangatlah begantung pada keadaan cuaca yang cerah. Backstaff ini menggunakan metode langsung baca pada busur sehingga pengamat bisa langsung mengetahui ketinggian Matahari. Hasil penelitian dari Backstaff yang divalidasi dengan Mizwala dan hasil perhitungan Ephemeris 2020 dalam penentuan ketinggian Matahari yang berkaitan dengan awal waktu salat Dzuhur dan Ashar menunjukkan bahwa backstaff masih akurat karena nilai kemelencengan atau selisih tidak sampai 1 derajat.
Transformation of Prayer Time Schedules: from A Static-Passive to A Dynamic-Variative Perspective Riza, Muhammad Himmatur; Djamaluddin, Thomas; Izzuddin, Ahmad
Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi dan Penelitian Hukum Islam Vol 6, No 1 (2022): Vol. 6, No. 1, October 2022
Publisher : Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30659/jua.v6i1.22826

Abstract

Prayer times are extremely important for Muslims, as they serve as a guide for the beginning of prayer times. However, there are still people who do not fully understand the impact of changes in the position of the Sun, which causes the start of prayer times to change daily. Additionally, some people still use perpetual prayer time schedules. Although they use the term "perpetual," in reality, prayer time schedules are not everlasting, as they cannot be used over long periods. This research is a library study with a phenomenological-astronomical approach. The results of this study show that prayer times change every day. Someone who believes that the start of Maghrib prayer is always at 18:00 WIB and the start of Fajr prayer is always at 04:30 WIB may find that on some days, their prayer or fasting is invalid, as the start of Maghrib prayer may occur between 18:01 and 18:08 WIB and the start of Fajr prayer may occur between 04:31 and 04:34 WIB. These changes can serve as an understanding for the community that the correctness of prayer time schedules is not static-passive but dynamic-variable. This means that the start of prayer times each day and year is not always the same as the following days and years, and the changes vary. Therefore, this study provides a scientific guide for the community to better understand and be cautious in using prayer time schedules, considering that the beginning of prayer times determines the validity of a Muslim's prayer.
Analysis of the Early Determination of the Kamariah Month Perspectives of Fiqh and Astronomy Arsyita Baiti Musfiroh; Muhammad Himmatur Riza
Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy Vol. 1 No. 2 (2022): Astroislamica: Journal of Islamic Astronomy (Desember)
Publisher : Islamic Astronomy Department, Sharia and Law Faculty

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (464.725 KB) | DOI: 10.47766/astroislamica.v1i2.969

Abstract

The initial determination of the lunar month in Indonesia is carried out by the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia as a government representative, with the criteria currently used being a minimum of 2o height of the new moon, 3o of elongation and 8 hours of the new moon's age. Astronomers doubt the results of the sighting without visuals from the new moon, especially when the new moon is too low, while jurists hold on to the testimony of the explorer even though there are no visual results. One of the supporting factors for the visibility of the new moon is the weather. Therefore the author formulates the problem, namely how to determine the beginning of the lunar month according to the Indonesian Ministry of Religion and analysis according to fiqh and astronomy with the study of the Decree of the Minister of Religion (KMA) regarding the determination of the beginning of Ramadan, Shawwal and Zulhijah 1435 H/ 2014 M – 1440 H/ 2019 M. This research includes a qualitative research library. The primary data source for this research is the Decree of the Minister of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia (1 Ramadan, Shawwal and Dzulhijjah) in 1381 H -1440 H / 1962 AD - 2019 AD issued by the Directorate General of Islamic Community Guidance, Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia, while secondary data sources were obtained from documents , reports, manuscripts and technical instructions that support primary data. The determination of the beginning of the lunar month carried out by the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia is one of the government's ijtihad carried out to unite Muslims in Indonesia, the determination through an isbat meeting based on the results of reckoning and verification of the rukyatul hilal which is carried out throughout Indonesia. In fiqh terms, the determination made by the government is in accordance with fiqh principles, including hukm al-hakim ilzan wa yarfa'u al khilaf, tasharruf al-imam 'ala raiyatih manuthun bi al mashlahah, and yattabi' al mashlahah ar raajihah. Astronomically, weather factors such as air temperature, air humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction support the sighting of the new moon during the sighting.
The Relevance of the 2016 Turkish Criteria and its Implications for Determining the Beginning of the Lunar Months in Indonesia Fairuz Sabiq; Muhammad Himmatur Riza; Masjupri Masjupri; Andi Mardian
Proceeding of the International Conference on Law and Human Rights Vol. 2 No. 2 (2025): December : Proceeding of the International Conference on Law and Human Rights
Publisher : Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.62383/iclehr.v2i2.76

Abstract

The determination of the beginning of the lunar month is an important issue in religious practice and the establishment of the Hijri calendar in Indonesia. The diversity of imkan rukyat criteria used across countries necessitates an evaluation of international standards, including the 2016 Turkish Criteria, which are considered more progressive with parameters of a minimum crescent altitude of 5° and an elongation of 8°. This article examines the relevance of the 2016 Turkish Criteria within the astronomical and jurisprudential context of Indonesia, as well as its implications for the process of determining the beginning of the lunar month by the government and Islamic organizations. Through literature review, comparative astronomical analysis, and examination of hisab–rukyat practices in recent years, this study finds that the 2016 Turkish Criteria exhibit strong astronomical consistency and can enhance calendar predictability. However, its application in Indonesia may lead to discrepancies with the government’s criteria, which currently require a crescent altitude of 3° and an elongation of 6.4°. These implications include potential differences in month beginnings, the need for harmonizing criteria, and the importance of dialogue between national and international astronomical authorities. This study recommends strengthening astronomical and jurisprudential assessments prior to adopting new criteria and encourages the integration of global data to improve the accuracy of the Hijri calendar in Indonesia.
Tax Law Enforcement and Its Impact on Restorative Justice and Islamic Law in Tax Crime Cases Mubarok, Muhammad Husni; Mubarok, Muhamad Zaki; Riza, Muhammad Himmatur; Basir, Sayidah Asma
Fawaid : Sharia Economic Law Review Vol 8 No 1 (2026): Fawaid: Sharia Economic Law Review
Publisher : Fakultas Syariah IAIN Kendari

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31332/flr.v8i1.14151

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of tax law enforcement in Indonesia, which faces significant challenges in balancing legal certainty with the recovery of state financial losses. Specifically, this research explores the implementation of Article 44B of the Law on General Provisions and Tax Procedures as a crucial instrument reflecting a restorative justice approach in handling tax crime cases. Through content analysis of policies, law enforcement practices, and expert reviews, this study examines the mechanism of terminating investigations through the settlement of state losses The research findings indicate that a restorative justice approach in the fiscal realm is more effective in recovering state finances compared to a retributive approach solely oriented toward punishing the perpetrator. From an Islamic law perspective, this approach aligns with the principles of public interest (maslahah) and the restoration of circumstances; taxes function as a primary instrument to achieve social welfare in a just and sustainable manner. Nevertheless, this research notes limitations such as challenges in inter-agency coordination and differing perceptions among law enforcement officials, which could potentially reduce the deterrent effect. Overall, this mechanism offers an opportunity for the creation of a tax legal system that is more just, proportional, and oriented toward public benefit. Keywords: Islamic Law; Restorative Justice; Tax Crimes; Tax Law Enforcement.
The Validity of Hilal Sighting Testimony According to the Imams of the Madhhab: A Jurisprudential Study and Contemporary Issues Muhammad Himmatur Riza; Ahmad Izzuddin; Restu Trisna Wardani
AL - AFAQ : Jurnal Ilmu Falak dan Astronomi Vol. 8 No. 1 (2026): Juni 2026
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20414/afaq.v8i1.15040

Abstract

The determination of the beginning of lunar months, particularly Ramadan, Shawwal, and Dhu al-Hijjah, is a crucial issue in the religious life of Muslims as it is directly related to the performance of worship. One of the critical aspects in this determination is the validity of testimony in the sighting of the new crescent moon (rukyatul hilal). This article aims to comprehensively examine the perspectives of the Islamic legal schools (imam mazahib) regarding the requirements, number, and admissibility of witnesses in rukyatul hilal, as well as to analyze their implications in a contemporary context. The research method employed is a library study with a comparative fiqh analysis approach, by comparing the opinions of the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi‘i, and Hanbali schools based on classical fiqh literature and modern fatwas. The findings indicate that there are fundamental differences among the schools concerning the number of witnesses, the acceptance of individual testimony, and the criteria of witness credibility. These differences stem from distinct methodologies of legal reasoning (istinbat al-hukm) and approaches to interpreting hadith. Contemporary analysis emphasizes that such differences should be understood as part of the richness of Islamic jurisprudence, while also opening new avenues of ijtihad for the unification of the Hijri calendar in Indonesia. Thus, this study is expected to contribute to strengthening the discourse on hisab-rukyat fiqh in the modern era.
Co-Authors Ahmad Adib Rofiuddin Ahmad Izzuddin Ahmad Izzuddin Andi Mardian Ardliansyah, Moelki Fahmi Arsyita Baiti Musfiroh Basir, Sayidah Asma Chamami, Mukhamad Rikza Djamaluddin, Thomas Fairuz Sabiq Firdiansyah, Ahmad Roihan Fitriyani Fitriyani Hidayah, Vika Rachmania Ida Ayu Putu Sri Widnyani Masjupri Masjupri Moh Yusuf Faizin Mubarok, Muhamad Zaki Muflihun, Muhammad Muhammad Habibur Rahman MUHAMMAD HUSNI MUBAROK Nihayatul Minani Rahman, Muhammad Habibur Restu Trisna Wardani Sari, Friska Linia Syamkhotsaa, Wellaa Wardani, Restu Trisna