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All Journal IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) Journal of Applied Geospatial Information Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science Jurnal ULTIMA Computing Jorpres (Jurnal Olahraga Prestasi) Physical Activity Journal (PAJU) Takuana: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains, dan Humaniora Journal of Coaching and Sports Science Jurnal Keperawatan GSH
Santoso, Bayu
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The hematological responses of Indonesian elite rowing athletes to different altitude training protocols Dede Rohmat Nurjaya; Syahid, Angga M; Pitriani, Pipit; Agus, Herdiansyah; Santoso, Gafur Ammar; Santoso, Bayu; Cahyo, Dito Dwi
Journal of Coaching and Sports Science Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Journal of Coaching and Sports Science
Publisher : CV. FOUNDAE

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.58524/jcss.v5i1.1037

Abstract

Background: Altitude training is widely used to improve endurance performance through hematological adaptations, but inter-individual variability is substantial, and responses among Southeast Asian athletes are poorly documented. Aims: This study compared hemoglobin, hematocrit, and reticulocyte dynamics in Indonesian elite rowers undergoing continuous high-altitude (HA) versus intermittent Pangalengan (PGL) protocols to characterize temporal adaptation patterns, identify predictive biomarkers, and inform protocol optimization. Methods: A total of 23 national-team rowers (8 females, 15 males) completed a 33-day longitudinal observational study at 2,434 m. Blood samples were collected at baseline (T0), post-exposure (T1, day 22), and recovery (T2, day 31). The HA group (n=12) remained continuously at altitude; the PGL group (n=11) made periodic normoxic descents. Data were analyzed using mixed-model repeated-measures ANOVA and correlation analyses. Ethical approval was obtained before data collection in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: Contrary to expectations, the HA protocol produced significant hemoglobin reductions (males: −3.78%, p=0.008), whereas the PGL protocol elicited positive adaptations (males: +4.69%, p=0.026). Negative responders constituted 75% of the HA group versus 9.1% of the PGL group (χ²=11.52, p=0.003). Baseline ferritin did not predict hemoglobin responses (r=−0.122, p=0.579). Conclusion: Protocol design, particularly the inclusion of normoxic recovery periods, was a stronger determinant of hematological adaptation than individual iron stores or sex. These findings affirm the live-high-train-low principles across diverse populations and support recovery-oriented protocols for Indonesian elite rowers.
Co-Authors Abdulmajid, Muhammad W. Adi, Suko Prayitno Agung Setia Budi, Agung Setia Agus, Herdiansyah Aliansyah, Hadiat Ananda, Naufal Awwaludin, Patriana Nurmansyah Budiawan, Irvan Cahyo, Dito Dwi Dahnial Syauqy Deddy Kurniadi, Deddy Dede Rohmat Nurjaya Eko Putra Utama J Frhasty, Bianca Aalya Kalayo Hasibuan Muhammad Agung Prabowo, Muhammad Agung Mukhlish, Faqihza Patty, Maleaky Pitriani, Pipit Retno Ambarwati Ryan, Muhammad Santoso, Gafur Ammar Saputra, Yudhi Esa Saragih, Dearninta A. P. Soekirno, Santoso Syahid, Angga Muhamad Syahrul Humaidi, Syahrul Tarigan, Kerista Wicaksana, Haryas Subyantara Wijayanti, Maria Tri Winertah, Meisarah Yulizar, David