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Gambaran Perilaku Masyarakat dalam Pencarian Pengobatan Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut di Wilayah Kejadian Luar Biasa Avian Influenza Pada Unggas di Jawa Barat Tahun 2014 rachim, widyani; Mutiara, kuswandewi; Murad, Chrysanti
Jurnal Sistem Kesehatan Vol 2, No 1 (2016): Volume 2 Nomor 1 September 2016
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (257.01 KB) | DOI: 10.24198/jsk.v2i1.10408

Abstract

Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut (ISPA) masih menjadi penyebab utama morbiditas pada anak di dunia, dengan insidensi sebesar 17% pertahun di Indonesia. Virus utama penyebab ISPA adalah virus Influenza, yang memiliki daya mutasi yang cepat dan dapat menyebabkan penyakit endemik seperti infeksi Avian Influenza. Cara masyarakat dalam mencari pengobatan berpengaruh terhadap morbiditas dan mortalitas penyakit ini, sehingga penting untuk diketahui agar dapat dilakukan intervensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pemilihan pengobatan pada masyarakat dengan ISPA di daerah endemik Avian Influenza pada unggas. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain survey potong lintang deskriptif kuantitatif dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder pada penelitian di Kabupaten Indramayu dan Majalengka bulan Juli-Desember 2014. Pola pengobatan responden sangat bervariasi. Lebih dari setengah responden (50-70%) memilih mengobati sendiri penyakit mereka dan ke tenaga medis saat penyakit tidak sembuh atau gejala yang dirasakan berat. Pengobatan tahap pertama yang paling banyak dipilih adalah pengobatan sendiri menggunakan obat bebas. Sebagian besar (±80%) mengakhiri pengobatan setelah menemui tenaga medis. Tidak terdapat perbedaan dalam pola pengobatan antar kategori umur balita, anak, dan dewasa. Faktor yang mempengaruhi pemilihan pengobatan antara lain faktor biaya, jarak, dan kondisi sakit keluarga.Kata Kunci. Avian Influenza, Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan Akut, pola pencarian pengobatan.
Gambaran Pengetahuan Masyarakat mengenai Influenza pada Manusia di Kabupaten Indramayu dan Majalengka sebagai Wilayah Kejadian Luar Biasa H5N1 pada Unggas di Jawa Barat Tahun 2014 rahma, shofia safira; Mutiara, kuswandewi; Murad, Chrysanti
Jurnal Sistem Kesehatan Vol 1, No 3 (2016): Volume 1 Nomor 3 Maret 2016
Publisher : Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (268.935 KB) | DOI: 10.24198/jsk.v1i3.10357

Abstract

Berdasarkan data WHO tahun 2015, Indonesia merupakan negara dengan kasus influenza A H5N1 pada manusia yang terbanyak kedua setelah Mesir. Virus H5N1 dikhawatirkan dapat menimbulkan pandemi berikutnya karena kemampuan virus dalam bermutasi secara cepat dan mengalami perubahan gen. Kurangnya pemahaman dan kesadaran masyarakat mengenai flu burung dan kemungkinan risikonya perlu ditangani untuk mencegah terjadinya pandemi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengetahuan masyarakat mengenai influenza pada manusia di Kabupaten Indramayu dan Majalengka. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain survei potong lintang deskriptif kuantitatif. Peneliti menggunakan data sekunder pada penelitian yang sudah dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Indramayu dan Majalengka pada Juli – Desember 2014. Subjek penelitian ini adalah penghuni rumah dengan kasus indeks di daerah KLB flu burung dan rumah tangga yang berada di area 200 meter dari rumah tersebut. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara terstruktur berdasarkan kuesioner pengetahuan mengenai influenza dan kuesioner pengetahuan mengenai flu burung pada manusia. Mayoritas responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan kurang mengenai influenza (65,5%) dan flu burung pada manusia (74,5%). Banyak responden yang tidak mengetahui penyebab influenza dan flu burung pada manusia, serta gejala flu burung pada manusia. Pemerintah masih perlu meningkatkan pendidikan kesehatan mengenai influenza dan flu burung pada manusia melalui televisi dan penyuluhan.Kata kunci: flu burung, influenza, pengetahuan
Handwashing among Schoolchildren in Jatinangor, West Java Faye, Cheryl May Chong Sue; Chrysanti, Chrysanti; Gondodiputro, Sharon
Althea Medical Journal Vol 3, No 2 (2016)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journal

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Abstract

Background: Diarrhea and pneumonia accounts for an estimated 40% of all child deaths around the world each year. Handwashing with soap could protect about 1 out of every 3 young children who get sick with diarrhea and almost 1 out of 6 young children with respiratory infections like pneumonia. Although people around the world clean their hands with water, very few use soap to wash their hands. Washing hands with soap removes germs much more effectively. This study was undertaken to determine the level of knowledge and practice regarding proper handwashing among elementary school children.Methods: A descriptive study was conducted from August to October 2014 in Jatinangor using primary data from respondents who are 5th graders from four schools. A total of 49 males and 50 females were chosen using cluster random sampling. Schoolchildren who were present, able and well were given questionnaires after written informed consent was obtained from the schoolchildren and their guardians. Then, respondents demonstrated hand-washing techniques which were evaluated using a checklist.Results: Overall, 52% of the schoolchildren had moderate level of hand washing knowledge and 66% had bad handwashing practices.Conclusions: Despite having a moderate level of handwashing knowledge, the majority still had poor handwashing practices. Handwashing programs should be carried out extensively to improve knowledge and practice.[AMJ.2016;3(2):170–4]DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n2.795
Nurses’ Knowledge of Blood Culture Sampling Procedure Iswari, Wulan Ardhana; Murad, Chrysanti; Parwati, Ida
Althea Medical Journal Vol 2, No 2 (2015)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journal

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Abstract

Background: False-positive blood culture results due to contaminated samples have shown to increasepatients’ health costs, including the use of broad spectrum antibiotics and prolonged hospital length ofstay. While previous research have suggested that increasing staff knowledge on proper specimen collectionlowers contamination rates significantly, staff’s current knowledge of hospital-recommended samplecollection procedure have yet to be assessed in Dr. Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia.Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study on 81 Emergency Department nurses in Dr. HasanSadikin General Hospital, Indonesia. Subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire in order to measuretheir knowledge of blood culture sampling procedure in accordance with the hospital’s standard operatingprocedure.Results: Among 81 subjects enrolled, 51 managed to adequately describe the prerequisites in proper bloodculture sampling procedure and their purpose as dictated by Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital’s standardoperating procedure.Conclusions: Up to 67% of nurses conducting blood sampling procedure in Dr. Hasan Sadikin GeneralHospital’s Emergency Department understood the prerequisites of hospital-recommended blood culturesampling procedure and their purpose.
Health Belief Model Theory Application on Voluntary Counseling and Testing among Homosexual Men in Bandung Greater Area Nareswara, Argya; Murad, Chrysanti; Afriandi, Irvan
Althea Medical Journal Vol 3, No 4 (2016)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journal

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Abstract

Background: The number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases is high and is constantly increasing. Homosexual men as a transmission niche is not only significant in terms of numbers, but also in natural aspects of anal sex, tropism of HIV-1, and high-risk behavior. Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) is important for accelerating diagnosis and management plan; yet the uptake on high-risk population in Indonesia is low. A behavior-reasoning theory, Health Belief Model (HBM), attempts to explain whether or not individuals engage in certain health behavior. This study tries to assess participation rate of VCT, to portray HBM variables perception, and to depict significance of HBM variables towards VCT uptake or VCT intention. Methods: This study was conducted in October-November 2014 using cross-sectional design; 127 respondents were gathered according to Respondent Driven Snowball Sampling. This study used an internet-based questionnaire derived from Champion’s 1984 mammogram HBM questionnaire. Privacy and compensation were obtained. The Chi square test and logistic regression of HBM variables were done. Results: The VCT uptake was low (15.7%). Certain sexual experience and commitment were significant (Commitment to Men p=0.027, Oral Sex experience with men p=0.001, Anal Sex Experience with men p=0.038). Chi Square test revealed significance on Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Benefit, and Cues to Action. Conclusions: Uptake of VCT is considerably low compared with total high risk population and other similar studies. Personal Susceptibility to HIV/AIDS is recommended to be emphasized; while VCT Benefit and Cues to Action in young homosexual men communities are better encouraged. [AMJ.2016;3(4):595–604]DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n4.945
Streptococcus pneumoniae Drugs Resistance in Acute Rhinosinusitis Hao, Chong Jie; Chrysanti, Chrysanti; Nugrahadi, Trias
Althea Medical Journal Vol 3, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journal

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Abstract

Background: Acute rhinosinusitis that usually caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae becomes the reason why patients seek for medical care. Drugs resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae is increasing worldwide. This study was conducted to determine drugs resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia from acute rhinosinusitis in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital.Methods: A descriptive laboratory study was conducted in June–October 2014 at the Laboratory of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran. The sample was taken using nasopharyngeal swabbing from 100 acute rhinosinusitis patients in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital and planted on tryptic soy agar containing 5% sheep blood and 5 μg/ml of gentamicin sulphate and then incubated in 5% CO2 incubator at 37°C for 24 hours. The identification of Streptococcus pneumonia was performed by optochin test. The susceptibility test against Streptococcus pneumoniae was done using disk diffusion method.The antibiotic disks were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, oxacillin, levofloxacin, azithromycin, and doxycycline.Results: Out of 100 samples, 8 of them were tested positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae. Three of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates died with unknown reason after it were stored at -80 .The drugs resistance test showed the resistance of Streptococcus pneumonia to oxacillin, azithromycin and trimethoprim were 6, whereas levofloxacin and doxycycline are 4.Conclusions: Streptococcus pneumonia drugs resistance in acute rhinosinusitis shows the resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to oxacillin, azithromycin and trimethoprim are 6, whereas the resistance to levofloxacin and doxycycline are 4. [AMJ.2016;3(1):64–8]DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n1.722
Predictor of Mortality in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Patients with Central Nervous System Opportunistic Infections Lestari, Agustina; Dian, Sofiati; Murad, Chrysanti
Althea Medical Journal Vol 3, No 4 (2016)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journal

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Abstract

Background: Indonesia’s increase of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases is one of the fastest. Mortality cases of AIDS also increase per year. Central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic infection is one of the most likely manifestations on advanced stage of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS patients. Common CNS opportunistic infections are toxoplasma infection and tuberculous meningitis (TBM). The study aimed to analyze the predictor of mortality in AIDS patients with CNS opportunistic infections.Methods: This study reviewed 151 medical records from AIDS patients with CNS opportunistic infection admitted to the Department of Neurology, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung from 2007-2012. This study was conducted from April to November 2013. Patients’ clinical manifestations (seizure, headache, altered consciousness), laboratory examination (CD4+ level count) and treatment history (antiretroviral or ART and cotrimoxazole) were collected. Chi-square and logistic regression test were used to determine the mortality predictor in patients.Results: Mortality rate was 37.7%. Clinical manifestations from patients were seizure 29.8%, altered consciousness 66.2%, and headache 88.7%. Patients had cotrimoxazole treatment 44.4% and 38.4% patients had ART. CD4+ level count data from 86 patients were obtained, 94% had CD4+ level count ≤200. Bivariate analysis showed altered consciousness had significant mortality predictor (Odd ratio (OR): 29.944; 95% Confidence interval (CI) 6.9–129.945; p<0,0). Multivariate analysis showed ART had highest predictive mortality value (OR: 2.968; 95% CI 1.236–7.126; p=0.015).Conclusions: Altered consciousness and no antiretroviral treatment are mortality predictors in AIDS patients with CNS opportunistic infections. [AMJ.2016;3(4):577–82] DOI: 10.15850/amj.v3n4.942
Application of Scoring System Components in Children Diagnosed with Tuberculosis in Jatinangor Primary Health Care, Sumedang Nurwanti, Mutiara Azhara; Chrysanti, Chrysanti; Sudarwati, Sri
Althea Medical Journal Vol 4, No 4 (2017)
Publisher : Althea Medical Journal

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (641.271 KB) | DOI: 10.15850/amj.v49n4.1185

Abstract

Background: Diagnosis of tuberculosis in children is very difficult. Scoring system is used to diagnose tuberculosis in children in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the application of scoring system components in children diagnosed with tuberculosis in the primary health care.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in  Jatinangor Primary Health Care, Sumedang in September–October 2013. Data were obtained from 59 medical records of pediatric patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010–2012, and recorded on the application of scoring system components including tuberculosis contact history, tuberculin skin test, fever, cough, nutritional status, lymph node enlargement, swelling of bones or joints, and chest X-ray. Results: All scoring system components either with tuberculosis contact history, fever, cough, nutritional status, lymph node enlargement, swelling of bones or joints, and chest X-ray were performed on all of the children diagnosed with tuberculosis, except the tuberculin skin test was performed only on 38 (64%) children. Most frequent clinical symptoms were cough (97%), while fever and malnutrition occurred in 69% and 19% of children, respectively.Conclusions: The application of scoring system components in children diagnosed with tuberculosis in Jatinangor primary health care is not having problems, except for the tuberculosis skin test. Most frequent clinical symptoms of childhood tuberculosis in this study are cough.
Daya Antibakteri dan Waktu Kontak Infusa Teh Hijau (Camellia sinensis) Terhadap Salmonella typhi Secara In Vitro Setiawan, Dione Margareth; Masria, Sadeli; Chrysanti, Chrysanti
Majalah Kedokteran Bandung Vol 42, No 2
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran

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Abstract

The hijau (Camellia sinensis) memiliki beragam efek farmakologik, di antaranya sebagai antibakteri. Salmonella typhi penyebab demam tifoid, masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di negara tropis terdapat 20 juta kasus dan 600.000 kematian per tahun di seluruh dunia. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui daya antibakteri dan lamanya waktu kontak infusa teh hijau dari berbagai merek kemasan terhadap Salmonella typhi secara in vitro dengan menggunakan teknik difusi sumur, selanjutnya data dianalisis dengan ANAVA dan uji t-independen. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung pada bulan Maret-April 2009. Hasil menunjukkan infusa dengan konsentrasi 40% (b/v) kemasan komersial Indonesia memberikan rata-rata diameter daerah hambat 3,376±0,334 mm dan 3,571± 0,217 mm pada kemasan Jepang (p<0,05); 0,707±0,000 mm pada konsentrasi di bawah 40% rata-rata daerah hambat. Tidak terdapat perbedaan antara kemasan Indonesia dan Jepang (p>0,551). Terdapat kekeruhan pada media cair Muller-Hinton dibandingkan dengan media kontrol pada konsentrasi di bawah 40% Teramatinya pertumbuhan koloni S. typhi pada agar Muller-Hinton konsentrasi 5% dan 10%. Tidak teramati penurunan jumlah koloni S. typhi konsentrasi kurang atau sama dengan 40% pada pengamatan waktu kontak 0 sampai 60 menit (p>0,05; á=0,05). Kesimpulan menunjukkan teramatinya daya antibakteri infusa teh hijau pada kemasan dengan konsentrasi 40%. Belum teramatinya daya antibakteri infusa dan pengaruh waktu kontak positif pada reduksi pertumbuhan koloni S. typhi pada kemasan dengan konsentrasi di bawah 40%.Antibacterial Activities and Time Contact Green Tea Infussion (Camellia Sinensis) Againsts Salmonella Typhi by In VitroGreen tea (Camellia sinensis) contains cathecin which has been reported to have various pharmacologic properties, such as an antibacterial agent. Salmonella typhi, as agent of typhoid fever, remains a public health problem in tropical countries; about 20 million cases and 600.000 deaths annually all over the world. Objectives of this research were to observe the antibacterial activities and contact time of green tea infusion againsts Salmonella typhi by in vitro experiment. The experiment took place in Microbiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, March-April 2009. Methods: In vitro laboratory analytic study has been conducted on green tea infusion of Indonesian and Japanese commercial package againsts Salmonella typhi. The study used agar well diffusion method and analyzed by ANAVA and t-independent test. Results: Only at concentration of 40% (w/v), Indonesian green tea infusion gave an average inhibition area of 3.376±0.334 mm diameter, and 3.571±0.217 mm on Japanese package, while below 40% were 0.707±0.000 mm with no differences between both packages (p>0.551). There has been observed any turbidity in all Muller Hinton liquid media on both packages compared with control medium, also any growth of Salmonella typhi collony in all Muller Hinton agar at concentrations below 40%. Green tea infussion on both packages has been observed to have antibacterial activities at 40% but neither been observed at concentration below 40%.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v42n2.10
Daya Antibakteri Filtrat Asam Laktat dan Bakteriosin Lactobacillus bulgaricus KS1 dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain ATCC 700603, CT1538, dan S941 Fauziah, Prima Nanda; Nurhajati, Jetty; Chrysanti, -
Majalah Kedokteran Bandung Vol 47, No 1 (2015)
Publisher : Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran

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Abstract

Lactobacillus bulgaricus menghasilkan asam laktat dan bakteriosin yang memiliki efek farmakologik, di antaranya sebagai antibakteri. Klebsiella pneumoniae penyebab pneumonia masih merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di negara tropis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya antibakteri asam laktat dan bakteriosin L. bulgaricus terhadap berbagai strain K. pneumoniae secara in vitro dengan menggunakan teknik agar tuang dan difusi cakram, selanjutnya data dianalisis dengan ANAVA yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Rumah Sakit Pendidikan Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung pada bulan Agustus­–Oktober 2012. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi 30% filtrat asam laktat dan 20% filtrat bakteriosin L. bulgaricus bersifat bakterisidal terhadap berbagai strain K. pneumoniae. Semakin besar konsentrasi filtrat asam laktat dan bakteriosin L. bulgaricus menunjukkan pengaruh peningkatan daerah hambat berbagai strain K. pneumoniae. Analisis data dengan ANAVA yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh konsentrasi filtrat terbesar terhadap daerah hambat K. pneumoniae diperoleh pada perlakuan konsentrasi 90% filtrat asam laktat L. bulgaricus, sedangkan daerah hambat terbesar diperoleh K. pneumoniae strain ATCC 700603 pada konsentrasi 90% filtrat bakteriosin sebesar 16,667 mm. Simpulan, filtrat asam laktat dan bakteriosin L. bulgaricus memiliki daya antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan K. pneumoniae. Besar daya antibakteri L. bulgaricus  terhadap pertumbuhan K. pneumoniae dipengaruhi oleh jenis filtrat, konsentrasi filtrat L. bulgaricus, dan strain bakteri K. pneumoniae. [MKB. 2015;47(1):35–41]Kata kunci: Antibakteri, asam laktat, bakteriosin, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Lactobacillus bulgaricusAntibacterial Effect of Lactic Acid Filtrate and Bacteriocins of Lactobacillus bulgaricus KS1 on Inhibiting the Growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603, CT1538, and S941 StrainsLactobacillus bulgaricus produces lactic acid and bacteriocin which have been reported to have various pharmacologic properties, including their role  an antibacterial agent. Klebsiella pneumoniae, as an agent of pneumonia, remains a public health problem in tropical countries. This study was aimed to observe the antibacterial activities of lactic acid filtrate and bacteriocins of L. bulgaricus toward againsts K. pneumoniae strains by in vitro experiment. The experiment took place in Microbiology Laboratory, Teaching Hospital, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, August–October 2012. In vitro laboratory analytic study has been conducted on lactic acid filtrate and bacteriocins of L. bulgaricus against the K. pneumoniae strains. The study used agar pour plate and agar disk diffusion method and analyzed by ANAVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). The 30% lactic acid filtrate and 20% bacteriocins filtrate concentrations of L. bulgaricus showed bactericidal characteristics againts the growth of K. pneumoniae strains. Greater concentration of lactic acid filtrate and bacteriocins of L. bulgaricus led toincreasing effect of growth inhibition zones of K. pneumoniae strains. Statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the greatest concentration effect of L. bulgaricus filtratefor inhibiting K. pneumoniae strains was achieved in 90% lactic acid filtrate concentration treatment, whereas the greatest inhibition zones for K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 was obtaubed in 90% bacteriocins filtrate concentration, amounting 16.667 mm. In conclusion, lactic acid filtrate and bacteriocins L. bulgaricus have antibacterial effects on K. pneumoniae. The level of antibacterial effect of L. bulgaricus against the growth of K. pneumoniae strains depends on the type of  filtrate, L. bulgaricus filtrate concentration, and K. pneumoniae strain. [MKB. 2015;47(1):35–41]Key words: Antibacterial, bacteriocins, Klebsiella pneumoniae, lactic acid, Lactobacillus bulgaricus DOI: 10.15395/mkb.v47n1.395  Â