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All Journal JURNAL LITIGASI (e-Journal) Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Global Health Management Journal Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology AS-SIYASI JOURNAL OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW Prosiding Seminar Hukum Aktual Fakultas Hukum Universitas Islam Indonesia Journal of Law and Legal Reform The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education Pandecta : Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Hukum (Research Law Journal) Jurnal Jurisprudence
Pujiyono
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Religion Humanities Education Health Professions Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Medicine & Pharmacology Nursing Public Health Social Sciences

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Online Child Sexual Exploitation And Abuse As Organized Crime: Towards a New International Legal Framework Septianita, Hesti; Pujiyono; Cahyaningtyas, Irma
LITIGASI Vol. 27 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Faculty of Law, Universitas Pasundan

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23969/litigasi.v27i1.43221

Abstract

Online child sexual exploitation and abuse (OCSEA) has developed as an important manifestation of transnational organized crime, constituting a systematic violation of children's fundamental rights under international law. This study considers the structural transformation of OCSEA — starting from local, offline incidents to coordinated darknet operations characterized by hierarchical criminal networks, role specialization, cryptocurrency-based financial flows, and cross-border coordination. Employing a doctrinal legal approach, blended with comparative jurisdictional analysis and concrete review of law enforcement data, this research carefully evaluates the capacity of existing international legal regimes to address OCSEA as organized crime. The analysis shows substantial normative and institutional deficiencies across key international instruments — including UNTOC, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, the Lanzarote Convention, and relevant ASEAN frameworks — encompassing definitional inconsistencies, fragmented jurisdictional authority, inadequately harmonized criminal standards, and enforcement gaps that organized criminal networks systematically exploit. The study further shows that OCSEA satisfies the defining criteria of transnational organized crime, as offenders across multiple jurisdictions collaborate in the production, distribution, and financial exploitation of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) through advanced technical infrastructure. Accordingly, this research develops a normative argument for a binding global legal framework that standardizes criminal definitions, establishes universal jurisdiction, strengthens cross-border cooperation, and institutionalizes international monitoring. In doing so, it contributes theoretically by reconceptualizing OCSEA within the transnational organized crime paradigm, and normatively by proposing a coherent direction for international legal reform.
Constitutional Recognition of Living Law in Criminal Law: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Southeast Asia Ganjar Patria Lugina; Abdullah, Rahmat; Pujiyono; Sukirno; Ota Musashi
As-Siyasi: Journal of Constitutional Law Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): As-Siyasi: Journal of Constitutional Law
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Intan Lampung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24042/as-siyasi.v61.30999

Abstract

Criminal-law systems grounded in the principle of nullum crimen sine lege face a doctrinal challenge in accommodating unwritten societal norms as a source of criminal liability. Post-colonial states in Southeast Asia with pluralistic populations have developed divergent constitutional architectures for recognising living law within their criminal justice systems. Systematic comparative scholarship on the constitutional models through which Southeast Asian jurisdictions recognise living law remains limited. This article compares the constitutional construction of living law recognition in the criminal law of Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and the Philippines, identifying the constitutional bases, normative mechanisms, and implications of each model for the principle of legality, human-rights protection, and state legal sovereignty. The study employs normative legal research with the functional method of comparative law as articulated by Zweigert and Kötz. The analysis yields a typology of four constitutional limitation models: substantive limitation (Indonesia), jurisdictional limitation (Malaysia), authoritative limitation (Brunei Darussalam), and communitarian limitation (Philippines). Indonesia's dual-legality model under Article 2 of Law No. 1 of 2023 occupies the most complex position relative to the formal legality principle, while incorporating substantive human-rights safeguards absent from religion-based models. Implementation in Indonesia requires national standardisation of subnational formalisation, operationalisation of limitation clauses, safeguards against discriminatory application, and strengthening constitutional oversight.
Co-Authors Adi Sulistiyono Arief Hidayatullah Khamainy Asep Syarifuddin Hidayat, Asep Syarifuddin Budi Ispriyarso Feka, Mikhael Fernando, Zico Junius Fikri, Wildan Azkal Ganjar Patria Lugina Hari Purwadi Indri Asra Ismanto Irma Cahyaningtyas Irma Cahyaningtyas, Irma Khamami Mahrus Ali Mikhael Feka Muhammad Azil Maskur Muhammad Ishar Helmi, Muhammad Ishar Nyoman Serikat Putra Jaya Ota Musashi Pareke, JT. Pratiwi, Rizky Ika R.B Sularto Rahmat Hi. Abdullah, Rahmat Hi. Rani Tiyas Budiyanti Reny Suryanti Septianita, Hesti SUKIRNO Sularto, R.B. Taufik Hidayat Yitawati, Krista Zadataqi, Faikar Sir