Garuda - Garba Rujukan Digital

Research Strategy in Nutrition and Feeding Systems for Meat Goat Production Ginting, Simon P; Batubara, Leo P
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 13, No 1 (2003)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The capability of ruminant animals, including goats to transform the non-food materials into high quality animal proteins for human consumption through a complex digestive and metabolic system put these animals into a unique position in the food- chain system. However, this comparative advantage is not without cost, since when compared to mono-gastric animals, the ruminant is less efficient in producing every unit of protein or energy from each unit of feed they consumed. Therefore, research programme or technology that aims to improve the efficiency of utilization of the various non-food materials by goats should be the priority. Basically, the research programmes in goat feeding and nutrition should be oriented into the real needs of the potential beneficiaries or users. In accordance to this, it is a pre-requisite to identify and to understand the structure and the characteristics of goat production systems that existed. Most of goat production system in Indonesia is typically small scale operation (92%), which operates in a low input system. It is common that under this type of production system, the flow products such as manure or/and kids Â are the main goals. Consequently, the stability of feed supply throught the year to at least maintain the existing population become more important than the quality of feeds that fulfill the standard requirement for nutrients. The research programme for this group of goat production should be oriented to (1) developing production system that guarantees the supply Â of Â feed Â throughtÂ the Â year; Â (2) Â maximizing the Â potential Â benefit Â of Â the Â âcompensatory growthâ Â phenomenon; (3) minimising the effects of anti nutritional factors contained in various forages. Under the commercial production type that operates in a high input system, the final products such as meat is the main goal. Under this production system the rate of productivity of (growth rate, reproduction rate, feed conversion) of individual animas become very important. The research program for this commercial operation should be oriented into (1) developing of various formulae based on non-conventional feeds; (2) optimising rumen function to support maximum fermentative digestion; (3) optimising the protein/energy ratio in the rumen; (4) stimulating the production of glucogenic volatile fatty acid production in the rumen; (5) manipulating the microbial population in the rumen (defaunation); and (6) stimulating the development and colonization of microbial for fiber fermentation. Â Key words: Goats, feeding system

Synchrony of Protein and Energy in The Rumen to Maximize The Production of Microbial Protein Ginting, Simon P
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 1 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Justification for continued use of ruminants for competitive meat production reside in I) their ability to hydrolyse structural carbohydrate (not used by non ruminant animals) as a source of energy, 2) their ability to transform non protein nitrogen substances into ruminal microbial protein, and 3) their ability to use microbial protein as their main protein sources for production . Through fermentation in the rumen, microbial protein supply 70-100 percent of total protein available and 70-85 percent of energy to the animal . Therefore, the role of efficient rumen fermentation to yield microbial protein is vital to the ruminants . Fermentation efficiency does not only depend on the nutrient contents of the diets, but is strongly influenced by the rate of degradation of the nutrients in the rumen, particularly protein and carbohydrate (CHO) . Significant improvement in the fermentation efficiency could be achieved when protein and energy (CI-IO) degradations occur in harmony (synchrony) during the fermentation period . The Cornell system could be used in accommodating the synchrony of protein and energy degradation in ration formulation . For this, fractionation of CHO and protein based on their degradability is required . This system fractionates the CFIO into fraction A (fastly degraded), fraction B I ( intermediate), fraction B2 (slowly degraded) and fraction C (not degraded) . The same fractionation is applied to protein nainely fraction A (soluble ; non protein nitrogen), fraction B t (soluble protein), fraction B2 (mostly degradable protein), fraction B3 (not degradable protein) and fraction C (not available protein) . Alternatively, synchronization of protein and CHO degradation in ration formulation could use Synchronization Index (SI) as an i ndicator . S I describes the ratio between the degradation of N and organic matter (OM) or CHO . St of 1 .0 indicates perfect synchrony, while SI<1 .0 indicates the degree of asynchrony . Data on the degradation rate of protein and CHO of agricultural wastes or by-products as well as agroindustry by-products in Indonesia is very limited . It is urged to develop the data base on these degradation characteristics in order to fully use the phenomenon of protein and energy synchrony to formulate rations based on the locally available feedstuffs . Key words : Synchronization, energy . protein, fermentation, efficiency

Development of Goat - Palm Oil Integrated Production System : An Assessment Based on Feed Availability and Nutrient Requirements Ginting, Simon P
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 16, No 2 (2006)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The integration of goats and palm oil plantation is prospective agricultural production systems that exploit the complement relationship among various components in the system . The main components are the oil palm trees, vegetation underneath the trees, processing plant of palm oil bunch, and the goat . The estimation of carrying capacity of the plantation system is based on the quantitative analysis on nutrient supply from various feed resources in the plantation system and nutrient requirements for goat production . The goat demographic parameters, such as, prolificacy, fertility and fecundity are used to estimate the goat population size, dynamics and structures . The development of production model could be based on a certain production target, such as the number of animals sold or the amount of income (demand driven approach), or based on the availability of certain resources such as feed supply (supply driven approach) . Using the demand driven approach, and considering 6000 heads of oneyear old goats to fill the Malaysian market as the production target, it is calculated that a population size of 3,636 does and 810 ha of palm oil plantation are required to meet this production target . In a typically medium-size oil palm plantation system (500 ha of oil palm plantation) with one unit of small-scale palm oil bunch processing plant ( l ton/hour), the potency to supply metabolisable energy from various feed resources in the system is 2,778,800 Mcal/year, equivalent to a carrying capacity of 5,155 Goat Units/year . This system could carry 2,951 does and 295 bucks to produce 1,116 heads of one-year old goats annually . A medium-size oil palm plantation without processing plant unit, is potential in supplying metabolisable energy of 1,983,300 Mcal/year, equivalent to a carrying capacity of 3,680 Goat Units/year . In order to fill the export market to Malaysia, a number of 10 units of medium sized plantation with small scale plant processing or a number of 17 units medium scale plantation without processing unit are required . Using similar approach, the potential of either large-scale or small-scale plantation system to produce goat in an integrated-production system could be estimated . Key words : Integration, palm oil plantation, carrying capacity, goat

Boerka Goat: A Meat Type Goat of Boer X Kacang Crossbred Ginting, Simon P; Mahmilia, Fera
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 3 (2008)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The world goat population has for three main types, namely meat goats, dairy goats and fiber goats. In Indonesia, goat meat is produced mainly the Kacang goat, a small-size type with low growth rate, but prolific. The development of new goat breed with Â larger Â mature Â weightÂ andÂ greater Â growthÂ rateÂ is important Â to Â promote Â and Â increaseÂ the Â goat Â meat productionÂ and consumption as well. The acceleration of meat goat production in Indonesia need to be stimulated due to the large potential of the international market. The healthy goat meat due to its higher polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio compared to those of beef or lambs should be more promoted to encourage the consumption rate. The Boerka goat which has been developed by mating the male Boer goat to Kacang does has good characteristics of meat goat type. The average birth weight, weaning weight, weight at 6, 9, 12, 18 months old, and mature weight of Boerka goats are greater 33 â 48% compared to those of Kacang goat. The average pre-weaning (0 â 90 days) and post-weaning growth rate (3 â 12 months) of Boerka in average are 39 and 46%, respectively higher than those of Kacang goats. Under intensive management system, the kidding interval is 233 days, equal to that of Kacang goat. Carcass characteristics such as carcass weight and length are greater in Boerka compared to Kacang goat. The pH and protein content of carcass are comparable, while the fat content is lower in Boerka carcass. It is important to design proper schemes for the dissemination of this Boerka goats to stakeholders. These schemes should be able to provide the Boerka goats in a sustainable pattern, so that the production, supply and quality of this crossbred goat could be maintained continuously. Several alternative schemes based on the nucleus-based breeding principles are proposed and discussed. Â Key words: Goat, meat type, crossbreeding, development

The Prospect of Using Complete Feed in Goat Production: A Review on its Utility and Physical Form and Animal Responses Ginting, Simon P
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 2 (2009)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Complete feed is a strategic feeding system that has been widely adopted by the dairy cattle industry, but it has been rarely practised in goat enterprises. The prospect of using complete feed for goat production could be considered from two aspects, namely 1) its relevancy to the goat metabolic requirement, and 2) its potential as an effective means for maximal utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts as alternative feeds. Metabolically, the higher energy requirement and the lower gut capacity of goats due to its relatively smaller body size make this animal more adapted to feedstuffs with denser nutrient contents as typified by the complete feed. As complete feed is characteristically dry, it has potential to cause hypovolemia and induce later a lower feed consumption when fed to goats. But, this event occurs only during the initial meal and the condition returns to the normal state thereafter. Total saliva secretion tend to decrease by consuming dry feed which can cause parakeratosis, laminitis or acidosis. However, these metabolic disorder could be prevented by formulating complete feed with optimal roughage/concentrate ratio. Review from literatures showed that, when used in complete feed, the inclusion rate of several low palatability crop residues or agro-industrial ranged from 15 to 60%. The roughage/concentrate ratio was in the range of 0.25 to 3.0. Some physical characteristics are important for effective complete feed such as the particle size of roughage, the content of physically effective fibre and the form of the complete feed. Complete feed processed into pellet generally resulted in better performances. The ME and CP content of complete feed used ranged from 1800 to 2800 kcal/kg DM and from 15 to 20%, respectively. The rate of feed intake by goats receiving complete feed ranged from 2.0 to 4.9% BW, the ADG ranged from 40 to 145 g, FCR ranged from 5.2 to 13.0 and DM digestibility ranged from 62 to 81%. These parameters are all influenced by the age and physiological state and the genotype of the goat as well as the physical form and the roughage/concentrate ratio of the complete feed. The carcass quality, characteristics and fatty acid compositions of goat fed complete feed are comparatively similar to those fed conventional feed. It is concluded that complete feed for goat production should be considered as an alternative and effective feeding method to Â maximize Â the Â utilization Â of Â local Â feed Â resources. Â This Â feeding Â method Â has Â huge Â potential Â for Â theÂ acceleration Â of Â the development of commercial goat entrepisesÂ in the future in Indonesia. Â Key words: Complete feed, goats, physical characteristics, nutritive quality

Enhancing the Feed Capacity of Horticulture Agro-Ecosystem Through Technology for Goat Production Ginting, Simon P
Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 21, No 3 (2011)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The availability of feed and their efficiency of use throughout the year represent the most important constraint affecting the productivity of animals in any agro-ecosystems. Beside being the largest contributor to the total production cost, logistically feeds need to be available on a daily basis across the animalâs life time. In order to be competitive, goat production system must be directed toward the optimum utilization of inconventional feedstuffs such as crop residues and agro-industrial by-products. The horticulture crops provide various crop-residues and by products from the processing of its main products. These biomass are potential feedstuffs that could be used to support the production of goats. The processing of passion fruits (Passiflora edulis) yield by products such as fruit shells and seeds. These products are good energy and protein sources for growing goats. Oriental radish (Raphanus sativus) by-products composed by damaged root parts and culls have high digestible energy and low ether extract content, but have very high moisture content. The pineapple by-products composed by the peel and bagasse of the fruit could be used as energy source for goats. Other horticulture by-products or residues such as citrus pulp, abandoned citrus fruit, forages from Ipomea batatas are of great potential as feeds for goat production. Preserving technology like ensiling could be implemented in utilising those biomass categorized as wet by-products such as pineapple and oriental radish by-products. The technology of complete feed is an effective means in utilizing some of those products with relatively low palatability or to increase its inclusion level in diets. Introducing shade-tolerant forage species as intercrops such as Stenotaphrum secundatum,Â Brachiaria humidicola and Arachis pintoi in the citrus plantation should increase feed capacity of the area. The multi-purpose trees such as Indigofera sp. and Calliandra calothyrsus both are adaptable to the high altitude area are valuable feeds due to their high nutritional quality. Generation of technology that could maximize the utilization of those biomass as feeds for goat production is necessary. Some technologies that are relevant to that purposes including: 1) ensiling with appropriate inoculants that create optimal fermentation to preserve the product and to prolong the aerobic stability of the silages; 2) ensiling with appropiate absorbants for maximum effluent retention, intake and preference of the silage; 3) the utilization of fibrolytic bacteria; 4) utilization of fibrolytic enzymes in complete feed; and 5) supplementation strategy to optimize the rumen function for maximum utilization of basal diets. Because most of the feedstuffs mentioned above relatively vary in their nutritional quality and quantity, it is suggested that feed budget system, which is based on the availability of feed rather than the feeding standard system which is based on the animalâs nutrient requirement is a more relevant feeding system for goat production. Key words: Feeds, horticultures, technology, goats

Effects of grazing systems on pasture production and quality of Brachiaria brizantha and liveweight gain of lambs . Ginting, Simon P; Pond, K.R
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 2, No 2 (1996)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

Grazing cycle beyond parasite survival time can reduce the level of parasite contamination, but at the same time it may depress the quality of available forage for animal production . A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of grazing management systems on the production and quality of Brachiaria brizantha and the performance of lamb grazing this pasture . A total of 72 male lambs aged from 3 to 4 months were used . The lambs were divided into 3 groups and randomly allocated to receive one of the following grazing treatments : GMl-pastures were grazed for 6 weeks and then rested for 6 weeks, GM2-pastures were grazed for 1 week and then rested for 6 weeks, and GM3-pastures were grazed for 12 weeks and then rested for 12 weeks . The herbage mass measured before and after grazing was greatest (P<0.01) forGM3. Canopy compositions before grazing Â Â as not different (P>0 .10) among the three grazing methods, while after grazing, the proportion of stem fraction was highest and leaf fraction was lowest for GM3 (P<0 .01) . The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of plucked samples were not different (P>0 .10) among the grazing methods. The crude protein (CP) concentration was lower (P<0 .05) for GM3 as compared for GM 1 and GM2, and a difference of two percentage unitmay be of biological important. The changes in IVDMD and CP concentration of the plucked samples collected throughout grazing cycle remained reasonably steadily . Average daily gains (ADG) were low and not different (P>0 .10) across grazing treatment and ranged from 29 to 35 g. It was concluded that a 12-week grazing cycle while could increase the herbage mass of Brachiaria brizantha did not decrease feed intake, the digestibility and the crude protein concentration of the consumed forage . Therefore, this gazing system could be considered as a means to control parasite establishment on pastures. Â Key words : Grazing systems, herbage mass, forage quality, sheep

Effects of grazing management and levels of concentrate supplementation on parasite establishment in two genotypes of lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus Ginting, Simon P; Pond, K.R; ., Subandriyo
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 2, No 2 (1996)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The effects of grazing systems, levels of feed supplementation and genotypes of sheep on the establishment ofHaemonchus contortus were studied in 36 St . Croix x Sumatra crosses (HC) and 36 Sumatra (S) male lambs . The lambs were artificially infected with Haemonchus larvae (L3) at a rate of 3,000 L3 per animal and fed concentrate supplement at 0 .5% body weight (BW) or at 1 .6% BW. The animals grazed clean Brachiaria brizantha pastures . Lambs grazing GM1 (grazing system with a 6-week rotational cycle) had egg counts of 3,936 t 1 .525 at week 18, and 29% of the lambs had PCV ranging from 7 .8 to 14 .6% . Lambs in GM3 (grazing system with a 12-week grazing cycle) had egg counts of 6,714 t 2,075 at week 28, and 24%ofthe lambs had PCV ranging from 7 .9 to 13.3% At these periods, all lambs in both GMI and GM3 were dosed with anthelmintics to prevent the death of the animals . Although the overall mean egg counts (4,543 t 318) of lambs on GM2 (grazing system with a Â 1-week grazing and 6-week resting periods) were higher (P<0 .001) than on GMI (2,944 t 325) or on GM3 (2,159 t 418), it was achieved without dosing with anthelmintics, since only I 1%ofthe Iambs in GM2ever reached PCV values less than 15%. Lambs fed supplements at 1.6%BW had lower (P<0.001) egg counts and higher (P<0 .001) PCV and serum protein than lambson 0.5 %BW supplement group . Egg counts and PCV values were not different (P>0 .10) between HC and the S lambs when fed supplement at 0.5% BW, but on 1 .6% supplement BW group, the egg counts were lower (P<0.001) in HC. It is concluded that a one-week grazing and a six- week resting system was superior than grazing systems with a 6- or 12-week rotational cycle . Improving the nutritional status of lambs by increasing the level of supplement offered could depress the establishment of Haemonchus in the Iambs . The HC and S lambs showed similar response to supplements at 0 .5% BW, but at 1 .6% BW the HC responded better than the S. Â Key words: Grazing management, Haemonchus contortus, feed supplement, sheep

The nutritional quality of herbaceous legumes on goats: Intake, digestibility and nitrogen balances Ginting, Simon P; Tarigan, Andi
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 10, No 4 (2005)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The availability of forages is a critical factor that determine the sustainability of the animal-plantation production system. In this typical production system, cover crops could be an important sources of forages to support the animal production. The study is aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality (chemical compositions, intake, digestibility and N balances) of herbaceous legumes namely Arachis pintoi and Arachis glabrata having potential for used as alternative cover crops in plantation. Centerocema pubescens, a conventional cover crops used in plantation, was used as control. Twenty-one mature male goats (16-18 kg) were used in this experiment. The animals were put in individual metabolism cages, divided into three groups (7 animal per group) based on the body weight, and were randomly allocated into one of the three forages. The experiment was run in a Completely Randomized Design. The animals were allocated to an adaptation period for 14 days, followed by intake measurement for 5 days and fecal and urine collection for the next 7 days. During the fecal and urine collection forages were offered at 90% of the maximum intake. Chemical analyses showed that the DM and OM contents were relatively equal among the forages, but the crude protein content of C. pubescens (23.56%) are relatively higher than those of A. pintoi (16.94%) or of A. glabrata (15.19%) The fiber (NDF) content was also relatively higher in C. pubescens (59.37%) than in A. pintoi (16.94%) or A. glabrata (41.50%). The forage intake was highest (P<0.05) in goats fed C. pubescens (493 g/d), and were not different (P>0.05) between goats fed A. pintoi (466 g/d) or A. glabrata (453 g/d). A similar trend was seen when intake was expressed as % BW (3.80, 3.50 and 3.40, respectively) or as g/kg BW0.75 (42.4, 39.5 and 38.4, respectively). The digestion coeficient of DM (81.3%) or OM (83.5%) were highest (P<0.05) in A. pintoi and were not different (P>0.05) between A. glabrata (71.9 and 73.2%, respectively) and C. pubescens (73.7 and 74.2%, respectively). The trends were the same with the digestion coeficient of ADF and the energy. The ADF digestibility were 67.8, 55.9 and 54.5% in A. pintoi, A. glabrata and C. pubescens, respectively). The energy digestibility were 81.8, 67.5 and 69.4% in A. pintoi, A. glabrata and C. pubescens, respectively. The N balances were positive in goats fed these three forages, but the highest (P<0.05) N retention was observed in goats offered C. pubescens (17.7 g/d) as compared to those fed A. pintoi (9.4 g/d) or A. glabrata (7.7 g/d). The higher intake level in goats fed C. pubescens and its higher N content seemed to be the main reason for the highest N retention. It is concluded that based on these nutritive parameters, C. Pubescens has superior nutritive quality compared to A. pintoi and A. glabrata, while the A. pintoi seemed to be better than the A. glabrata. Â Â Key Words: Legumes, Cover Crops, Nutritive Quality, Goats

Pineapple waste-silages as basal feed for growing Boer X Kacang cross goats Ginting, Simon P; Krisnan, Rantan; Simanihuruk, Kiston
Indonesian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 12, No 3 (2007)
Publisher : Indonesian Animal Sciences Society

The study was aimed: 1) to evaluate the effects of using different additives on the quality of pineapple waste-silage (SLN), and 2) to investigate the responses of goats fed with PAS as a basal feed. Pineapple processing wastes include skins and the pulp left after cannery wastes are pressed to extract the juice. Six additive treatments were used in the processing of pressed pineapple wastes, namely 1) urea (5% DM), 2) Urea (2% DM) and cassava meal (3% DM), 3) molasses (5% DM), 4) urea (2.5% DM) and molasses (2.5% DM), 5) fermented-juice lactic acid bacteria (5% DM), and 6) without additives. Fermentation periode were set at 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days. The best SLN obtained from those treatments was then used in feeding trials. Twenty male Boer x Kacang crosses with an initial body weight averaging 13.2 Â± 1.9 kg were used in this experiment. The animals were allocated to one of the following feed treatments, in DM: A) Grasses (75%) + SLN (25%), B) SLN (75%) + Concentrates (25%), C) SLN (50%) +Concentrate (50%), and D) SLN (25%) + Concentrates (75%). Using molasses as additive material at 5% and 15 days of fermentation period gave the best chemical and physical characteristics of the SLN. Its crude fiber content decreased and it showed the lowest pH (4.7) The silage showed temperature at 280C, and its taste was sour, and no fungi contamination. The DM and OM intakes and DM, OM and N digestibility were not different (P>0.05) between the animals fed 75% Grass/25% CON and 75% SLN/25% CON. When the proportion of concentrates in the rations was increased, the feed intake and digestibility were increase significantly (P<0.05). ADG (71.3 vs 68.8 g) and feed efficiency (11.2 vs 13.4) was similar between the 75% Grass/25% CON and 75% SLN 25% CON groups. ADG increased significantly (P<0.05) when the proportion of concentrates in ration was increased to 50% (82.6 g) or to 75% (89.1 g). N retention was positive in all treatments, and it was increased significantly (P<0.05) as the proportion of concentrates in ration increased. It is concluded that pineapple wastes could be preserved to silages using molasses as additive material. Pineapple waste silage could be used as roughage to substitute grass in ration. When fed with the pineapple waste silage the responses of goats will increase as the proportion of concentrates in the ration increased. Key Words: Pineapple Wastes, Silages, Goats

Title

Found 35 Documents
Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title Search

Found 35 Documents Search

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Abstract

Title

Found 35 Documents
Search