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All Journal Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Veteriner WARTAZOA Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Animal Production
Simon P Ginting
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Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Economics, Econometrics & Finance Veterinary

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The Prospect of Using Complete Feed in Goat Production: A Review on its Utility and Physical Form and Animal Responses Simon P Ginting
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 19, No 2 (2009): JUNE 2009
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (175.83 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v19i2.923

Abstract

Complete feed is a strategic feeding system that has been widely adopted by the dairy cattle industry, but it has been rarely practised in goat enterprises. The prospect of using complete feed for goat production could be considered from two aspects, namely 1) its relevancy to the goat metabolic requirement, and 2) its potential as an effective means for maximal utilization of crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts as alternative feeds. Metabolically, the higher energy requirement and the lower gut capacity of goats due to its relatively smaller body size make this animal more adapted to feedstuffs with denser nutrient contents as typified by the complete feed. As complete feed is characteristically dry, it has potential to cause hypovolemia and induce later a lower feed consumption when fed to goats. But, this event occurs only during the initial meal and the condition returns to the normal state thereafter. Total saliva secretion tend to decrease by consuming dry feed which can cause parakeratosis, laminitis or acidosis. However, these metabolic disorder could be prevented by formulating complete feed with optimal roughage/concentrate ratio. Review from literatures showed that, when used in complete feed, the inclusion rate of several low palatability crop residues or agro-industrial ranged from 15 to 60%. The roughage/concentrate ratio was in the range of 0.25 to 3.0. Some physical characteristics are important for effective complete feed such as the particle size of roughage, the content of physically effective fibre and the form of the complete feed. Complete feed processed into pellet generally resulted in better performances. The ME and CP content of complete feed used ranged from 1800 to 2800 kcal/kg DM and from 15 to 20%, respectively. The rate of feed intake by goats receiving complete feed ranged from 2.0 to 4.9% BW, the ADG ranged from 40 to 145 g, FCR ranged from 5.2 to 13.0 and DM digestibility ranged from 62 to 81%. These parameters are all influenced by the age and physiological state and the genotype of the goat as well as the physical form and the roughage/concentrate ratio of the complete feed. The carcass quality, characteristics and fatty acid compositions of goat fed complete feed are comparatively similar to those fed conventional feed. It is concluded that complete feed for goat production should be considered as an alternative and effective feeding method to  maximize  the  utilization  of  local  feed  resources.  This  feeding  method  has  huge  potential  for  the  acceleration  of  the development of commercial goat entrepises  in the future in Indonesia.   Key words: Complete feed, goats, physical characteristics, nutritive quality
Boerka Goat: A Meat Type Goat of Boer X Kacang Crossbred Simon P Ginting; Fera Mahmilia
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 18, No 3 (2008): SEPTEMBER 2008
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (321.787 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v18i3.896

Abstract

The world goat population has for three main types, namely meat goats, dairy goats and fiber goats. In Indonesia, goat meat is produced mainly the Kacang goat, a small-size type with low growth rate, but prolific. The development of new goat breed with  larger  mature  weight  and  greater  growth  rate  is important  to  promote  and  increase  the  goat  meat production  and consumption as well. The acceleration of meat goat production in Indonesia need to be stimulated due to the large potential of the international market. The healthy goat meat due to its higher polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio compared to those of beef or lambs should be more promoted to encourage the consumption rate. The Boerka goat which has been developed by mating the male Boer goat to Kacang does has good characteristics of meat goat type. The average birth weight, weaning weight, weight at 6, 9, 12, 18 months old, and mature weight of Boerka goats are greater 33 – 48% compared to those of Kacang goat. The average pre-weaning (0 – 90 days) and post-weaning growth rate (3 – 12 months) of Boerka in average are 39 and 46%, respectively higher than those of Kacang goats. Under intensive management system, the kidding interval is 233 days, equal to that of Kacang goat. Carcass characteristics such as carcass weight and length are greater in Boerka compared to Kacang goat. The pH and protein content of carcass are comparable, while the fat content is lower in Boerka carcass. It is important to design proper schemes for the dissemination of this Boerka goats to stakeholders. These schemes should be able to provide the Boerka goats in a sustainable pattern, so that the production, supply and quality of this crossbred goat could be maintained continuously. Several alternative schemes based on the nucleus-based breeding principles are proposed and discussed.   Key words: Goat, meat type, crossbreeding, development
Research Strategy in Nutrition and Feeding Systems for Meat Goat Production Simon P Ginting; Leo P Batubara
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 13, No 1 (2003): MARCH 2003
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (134.878 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v13i1.791

Abstract

The capability of ruminant animals, including goats to transform the non-food materials into high quality animal proteins for human consumption through a complex digestive and metabolic system put these animals into a unique position in the food- chain system. However, this comparative advantage is not without cost, since when compared to mono-gastric animals, the ruminant is less efficient in producing every unit of protein or energy from each unit of feed they consumed. Therefore, research programme or technology that aims to improve the efficiency of utilization of the various non-food materials by goats should be the priority. Basically, the research programmes in goat feeding and nutrition should be oriented into the real needs of the potential beneficiaries or users. In accordance to this, it is a pre-requisite to identify and to understand the structure and the characteristics of goat production systems that existed. Most of goat production system in Indonesia is typically small scale operation (92%), which operates in a low input system. It is common that under this type of production system, the flow products such as manure or/and kids  are the main goals. Consequently, the stability of feed supply throught the year to at least maintain the existing population become more important than the quality of feeds that fulfill the standard requirement for nutrients. The research programme for this group of goat production should be oriented to (1) developing production system that guarantees the supply  of  feed  throught  the  year;  (2)  maximizing the  potential  benefit  of  the  “compensatory growth”  phenomenon; (3) minimising the effects of anti nutritional factors contained in various forages. Under the commercial production type that operates in a high input system, the final products such as meat is the main goal. Under this production system the rate of productivity of (growth rate, reproduction rate, feed conversion) of individual animas become very important. The research program for this commercial operation should be oriented into (1) developing of various formulae based on non-conventional feeds; (2) optimising rumen function to support maximum fermentative digestion; (3) optimising the protein/energy ratio in the rumen; (4) stimulating the production of glucogenic volatile fatty acid production in the rumen; (5) manipulating the microbial population in the rumen (defaunation); and (6) stimulating the development and colonization of microbial for fiber fermentation.   Key words: Goats, feeding system
Synchrony of Protein and Energy in The Rumen to Maximize The Production of Microbial Protein Simon P Ginting
WARTAZOA, Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Vol 15, No 1 (2005): MARCH 2005
Publisher : Indonesian Center for Animal Research and Development

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (824.658 KB) | DOI: 10.14334/wartazoa.v15i1.833

Abstract

Justification for continued use of ruminants for competitive meat production reside in I) their ability to hydrolyse structural carbohydrate (not used by non ruminant animals) as a source of energy, 2) their ability to transform non protein nitrogen substances into ruminal microbial protein, and 3) their ability to use microbial protein as their main protein sources for production . Through fermentation in the rumen, microbial protein supply 70-100 percent of total protein available and 70-85 percent of energy to the animal . Therefore, the role of efficient rumen fermentation to yield microbial protein is vital to the ruminants . Fermentation efficiency does not only depend on the nutrient contents of the diets, but is strongly influenced by the rate of degradation of the nutrients in the rumen, particularly protein and carbohydrate (CHO) . Significant improvement in the fermentation efficiency could be achieved when protein and energy (CI-IO) degradations occur in harmony (synchrony) during the fermentation period . The Cornell system could be used in accommodating the synchrony of protein and energy degradation in ration formulation . For this, fractionation of CHO and protein based on their degradability is required . This system fractionates the CFIO into fraction A (fastly degraded), fraction B I ( intermediate), fraction B2 (slowly degraded) and fraction C (not degraded) . The same fractionation is applied to protein nainely fraction A (soluble ; non protein nitrogen), fraction B t (soluble protein), fraction B2 (mostly degradable protein), fraction B3 (not degradable protein) and fraction C (not available protein) . Alternatively, synchronization of protein and CHO degradation in ration formulation could use Synchronization Index (SI) as an i ndicator . S I describes the ratio between the degradation of N and organic matter (OM) or CHO . St of 1 .0 indicates perfect synchrony, while SI<1 .0 indicates the degree of asynchrony . Data on the degradation rate of protein and CHO of agricultural wastes or by-products as well as agroindustry by-products in Indonesia is very limited . It is urged to develop the data base on these degradation characteristics in order to fully use the phenomenon of protein and energy synchrony to formulate rations based on the locally available feedstuffs . Key words : Synchronization, energy . protein, fermentation, efficiency
The Effect of Salak (Salacca zalacca) Leaf Silage in Complete Feed on Digestibility and Characteristics in Vitro Fermantation Nasution, Riska Romaito; Trisna, Ade; Ginting, Simon P
ANIMAL PRODUCTION Vol. 25 No. 2 (2023)
Publisher : Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University in associate with the Animal Scientist Society of Indonesia (ISPI) and the Indonesian Association of Nutrition and Feed Science (AINI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20884/1.jap.2023.25.2.230

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to establish the best proportion of salakleaf silage utilisation in complete feed based on dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, pH value, VFA generation, and NH3 concentration. The method used in this study was experimental with a 4 x 4 Randomized Block Design (RBD), using four distinct treatment ratios and 4 times rumen fluid collection as a repeat group. The percentage of salakleaf treatments in complete feed were: P0 (15% elephant grass in complete feed), P1 (15% salakleaf in complete feed), P2 (30% salakleaves in complete feed) and P3 (45% salak leaves in complete feed). The observed variables consisted of dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, pH value, VFA production, and NH3 concentration. The mathematical model used is an analysis of variance and if there are differences between treatments it is continued with the DMRT (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) test (Steel and Torrie, 1991). The results revealed that the treatment ration had no significant (P>0.05) influence on pH value and had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, VFA production, and NH3 concentration. This study concluded that using 30% silage of salakleaves in complete feed could maintain the pH value and increase the dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, pH value, VFA production, and NH3 concentration.
Co-Authors A Tarigan Ade Trisna Andi Tarigan Antonius . Aron Batubara Aron Batubara Endang Romjali Fera Mahmilia I Komang Gede Wiryawan Juniar Sirait Juniar Sirait K.R Pond Kiston Simanihuruk Kiston Simanihuruk Komang G Wiryawan L.P Batubara Leo P Batubara M Rangkuti M.D Sanchez R Krisnan Rantan Krisnan Riska Romaito Nasution Subandriyo .