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ZEOLITE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY TO BECOME MATERIAL WITH HIGH ECONOMICAL VALUE Goenadi, Didiek Hadjar
Jurnal Zeolit Indonesia Vol 3, No 1 (2004)
Publisher : Jurnal Zeolit Indonesia

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Zeolite is a group of hydrated silical alumino mineral from alkaline specially sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), and Magnesium (Mg). More then 2000 years since it found the first time by Cronstedt on the year 1756 in Sweden have been found more then 50 type of natural zeolite and 150 type synthetic zeolite. The use of zeolite covers a wide range of field due to its ability as absorber, catalyst and ion exchange. However, the use of natural zeolite have several limitation such as limited source, a very high variation mineral composition, and crystal size, porosity and un uniform pore diameter. On the other hand, synthetic zeolite is created to overcome the difficulty and weaknesses of natural zeolite. Several technological research and development have been carried out to increases the economic value of zeolite by exploitation and modifying zeolite capacity as absorber, catalyst and ion exchanger. Zeolite have been used on agriculture, cosmetics, and other industries.

The Potential Use of Humic Acids Didiek Hadjar Goenadi
Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan Vol 2 No 2 (1999): Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan
Publisher : Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan, Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University

The potential use of humic acids has received a great deal of attention during the last decade. Many research workers have suggested the advantage one can expect in the application of humic acids to provide a better growth of plants. Although their characteristics are subjected to considerable variation according to the sources from which they were extracted, the common effect of their application shows very convincing phenomena. However, such information is stilt limited in Indonesia resulting in a somewhat ignorance among the scientists in the country about the remarkable potential of the humic acid application. The objective of this discussion is, therefore, to elaborate basic information regarding the extraction techniques, characteristics variation, potential use as organic-N sources in the form of amino acids for carrier component of microbial inoculants and tissue culture media of plants, ion uptake enhancer, promoter of proteins and nucleic acids synthesis, and enzyme activator.

ZEOLITE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY TO BECOME MATERIAL WITH HIGH ECONOMICAL VALUE Didiek Hadjar Goenadi
Jurnal Zeolit Indonesia Vol. 3 No. 1 (2004)
Publisher : Jurnal Zeolit Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Zeolite is a group of hydrated silical alumino mineral from alkaline specially sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), and Magnesium (Mg). More then 2000 years since it found the first time by Cronstedt on the year 1756 in Sweden have been found more then 50 type of natural zeolite and 150 type synthetic zeolite. The use of zeolite covers a wide range of field due to its ability as absorber, catalyst and ion exchange. However, the use of natural zeolite have several limitation such as limited source, a very high variation mineral composition, and crystal size, porosity and un uniform pore diameter. On the other hand, synthetic zeolite is created to overcome the difficulty and weaknesses of natural zeolite. Several technological research and development have been carried out to increases the economic value of zeolite by exploitation and modifying zeolite capacity as absorber, catalyst and ion exchanger. Zeolite have been used on agriculture, cosmetics, and other industries.

Solubilization of silicate from quartz mineral by potential silicate solubilizing bacteria (Pelarutan silika asal mineral kuarsa oleh bakteri pelarut silika potensial ) Laksmita Prima SANTI; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 85, No 2 (2017): Oktober 2017
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant materials, existing as a compound of several minerals in the soil varies from 50 to 400 g Si per kg of soil. Silicon has positive influence on the plant resistance to various abiotic and biotic stressors such as salinity, drought, heavy metal toxicities and diseases. Although Si is abundant in soil, most of its sources are not available for plant uptake due to low solubility of Si compounds in soil. To improve plant-available Si in the soil, silicate solubilizing bacteria (SSB) are potentially important in solubilizing insoluble forms of silicate. The objectives of this study were to determine: (i) biochemical characteristics of SSB, and (ii) silicate solubilizing activity of Burkholderia cenocepacia KTG, Aeromonas punctata RJM3020, and B. vietnamiensis ZEO3 in magnesium trisilicate (2MgO·3SiO2) and quartz mineral. A laboratory study was conducted at Microbiology and Environment Laboratory, the Indonesian Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioindustry, Bogor, in 2016. All SSB were grown on Bunt and Rovira media containing 0.25% magnesium trisilicate or quartz mineral as substrate, respectively. Silica solubilizing activities by SSB were determined by using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry while organic acid concentration in the culture were measured by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results indicate that no correlation between solubilizing silicate activity and clear zone on solid Bunt and Rovira media. B.cenocepacia KTG, A.punctata RJM 3020, and B. vietnamiensis ZEO3 isolates were capable of producing citric, acetic, and oxalic acid in various optimum incubation time and accelerating the solubilization of SiO2 originated from quartz with Si solubility at 96-hour incubation time are 0.76; 0.86; and 0.70 ppm respectively. [Key words: Silicate solubilizing bacteria (SSB); Burkholderia cenocepacia KTG, A. punctata RJM 3020, B. vietnamiensis ZEO3, and silisic acid]. Abstrak Silika (Si) merupakan unsur kedua paling banyak dijumpai di dalam tanah dengan konsentrasi yang sangat beragam antara 50-400 g Si per kg tanah. Silika memberikan pengaruh positif pada ketahanan tanaman terhadap berbagai cekaman abiotik dan biotik seperti salinitas, kekeringan, toksisitas logam berat, dan penyakit. Meskipun berlimpah, sebagian besar sumber Si tidak tersedia bagi tanaman, karena kelarutan senyawa Si di dalam tanah cukup rendah. Untuk meningkatkan kelarutan Si di dalam tanah, bakteri pelarut silika berperan penting melarutkan silika dalam bentuk tidak larut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan: (i)karakterisasi secara biokimia bakteri pelarut silika, dan (ii) kemampuan melarutkan silika dari sumber magnesium trisilika dan mineral kuarsa oleh Burkholderia cenocepacia KTG, Aeromonas punctata RJM3020, dan B. vietnamiensis ZEO3. Kegiatan penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Lingkungan, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Bioindustri Indonesia, Bogor, tahun 2016. Bakteri pelarut silika potensial ditumbuhkan di dalam medium Bunt dan Rovira yang mengandung masing-masing 0, 25% magnesium trisilikat atau kuarsa sebagai substrat. Aktivitas pelarutan silika oleh bakteri pelarut silika ditetapkan dengan spektrofotometer emisi atom dan produksi asam organik diukur dengan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (HPLC). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada korelasi antara aktivitas pelarutan silika dengan zona jernih yang terbentuk dalam medium padat Bunt dan Rovira. Isolat B. cenocepacia KTG, A. punctata RJM3020, dan B. vietnamiensis ZEO3 dapat menghasilkan asam sitrat, oksalat, dan asetat dengan waktu inkubasi optimum yang bervariasi. Ketiga isolat tersebut juga dapat melarutkan SiO2 yang berasal dari mineral kuarsa dengan nilai kelarutan Si pada inkubasi 96 jam masing-masing sebesar 0,76;0,86; dan 0,70 ppm. [Kata kunci: bakteri pelarut silika, Burkholderia cenocepacia KTG, A. punctata RJM 3020, B. vietnamiensis ZEO3, asam silikat.]

Optimasi simbiosis cendawan mikoriza arbuskula Acaulospora tuberculata dan Gigaspora margarita pada bibit kelapa sawit di tanah masam Optimizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis Acaulospora tuberculata and Gigaspora margarita with oil palm seedling in acid soil) Happy WIDIASTUTI; Edi GUHARDJA; Nampiah SOEKARNO; L K DARUSMAN; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI; Sally SMITH
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 70, No 2: Desember 2002
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

SummaryAM fungal symbiosis increase the uptake of P in oil palm seedlings. However the optimum condition of symbiosis has to be determined to get higher benefit of AM fungal symbiosis. Optimization of the symbiosis Acaulospora tuberculata and Gigaspora margarita with oil palm seedling in acid soil was determined. An experiment was conducted in polybag sized 40 x 60 cm contained sterilized Cikopomayak soil. Three factors studied were AM fungal species (A. tuberculata, G. margarita), inoculant dose (0.0; 12.5; 25.0; and 37.5% w/w), and fertilizer rate (0; 25; 50; and 100% recommended dose) and each treatment replicated three times. The result showed that optimum growth reached on the inoculant addition of 36% (w/w) in the form of infected roots, hypha, and spores and fertilizer dose of 25% for A. tuberculata, while for G. margarita was 40% (w/w) inoculant and 26% fertilizer. Efectivity of fertilizer and P uptake of oil palm seedling were significantly increased with AM fungi inoculation. P uptake of oil palm seedling inoculated with A. tuberculata increase. RingkasanSimbiosis cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA) dapat meningkatkan serapan P pada pembibitan kelapa sawit. Namun, untuk mendapatkan keuntungan simbiosis yang tinggi perlu diketahui kondisi optimum simbiosis. Simbiosis CMA dengan tanaman sangat dipengaruhi tingkat hara dan dosis inokulum. Percobaan dilakukan dalam polibag berukuran 40 x 60 cm berisi tanah Cikopomayak steril. Tiga faktor yang diuji ialah spesies CMA (A. tuberculata, G. margarita), dosis inokulum campuran (0,0; 12,5; 25,0; dan 37,5% b/b), dosis pupuk (0; 25; 50; dan 100% dosis rekomendasi) dan masing masing perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan optimum dicapai pada pemberian inokulum berupa akar terinfeksi, hifa, dan spora 36% (b/b) dan pupuk 25% untuk A. tuberculata, sedangkan untuk G. margarita ialah 40% (b/b) inokulum dan pupuk 26%. Keefektifan pupuk dan serapan P meningkat secara nyata dengan inokulasi CMA

Aktivitas fosfatase dan produksi asam organik di rhizosfer dan hifosfer bibit kelapa sawit bermikoriza *) Phosphatase activity and organic acid production in rhizosphere and hyphosphere of mycorrhizal oil palm seedling Happy WIDIASTUTI; Nampiah SUKARNO; Latifah Kosim DARUSMAN; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI; Sally SMITH; Edi GUHARDJA
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 71, No 2: Desember 2003
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

SummaryStudies on the mechanism of the higher Puptake of oil palm seedling colonized witharbuscular mycorrhizal fungi throughsolubilizing of fixed P by organic acid orhydrolysis of organic P by phosphatase activityhave not been reported yet. This experiment wasaimed to examine the phosphatase activity andproduction of organic acids in rhizosphere andhyphosphere, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizaloil palm seedling. Oil palm seedling were grownfor 26 weeks in sterilized Cikopomayak acid soilin 20.5 cm diameter pots with three compart-ments, a central one for root growth(rhizosphere) and two adjacent on both side nextto the root compartment for hyphal growth(hyphosphere). Compartmentation was accom-plished by a 0.25 mm stainless steel filter. Allcompartment received a uniform concentration ofphosphorus (300 P mg kg -1 soil) either in organic(Na-phytate) or inorganic NH 4 HPO 4 form.Acaulospora tuberculata inoculum was establish-ed in pot culture using Pueraria phaseoloides as ahost, while Gigaspora margarita was propagatedusing maize as a host. AM fungal inoculumapplied as mixed propagules in optimum dosage.The experiment was conducted to asses ninetreatments combination between AM inoculation(without, A. tuberculata, and G. margarita) andsources of P (without P, inorganic P NH 4 HPO 4 ,and organic P Na phytate). Factorial in completerandomized design with two factors and threereplications was used in this research. In thehyphal compartment acid phosphatase activitywas much higher than alkaline phosphataseactivity, while in the rhizosphere alkalinephosphatase activity was higher compared toacid phosphatase activity. Acid phosphataseactivity in rhizosphere of oil palm seedlingsinoculated with A. tuberculata was significantlyhigher compared to uninoculated seedlings.However, both acid phosphatase activity andalkaline phosphatase activity were slightlyenhanced by mycorrhizal inoculation. In contrast,organic acid production between inoculatedseedling and uninoculated seedling was notsignificantly different. It seems that AM fungalsymbiosis with oil palm enhance mineralizationof organic P in spite of solubilization ofinorganic P.RingkasanMekanisme peningkatan pertumbuhankelapa sawit bermikoriza khususnya yangdisebabkan aktivitas pelarutan P anorganik yangterfiksasi melalui pelarutan oleh asam organikatau hidrolisis P organik oleh aktivitas fosfataseelum dilaporkan. Percobaan ini bertujuanmenetapkan aktivitas fosfatase dan produksi asamorganik di rhizosfer dan hifosfer, bibit kelapasawit bermikoriza dan tidak bermikoriza. Kelapasawit ditumbuhkan selama 26 minggu pada tanahmasam Cikopomnayak steril pada pot ber-diameter 20,5 cm yang terbagi atas tiga daerah,ruang tengah untuk pertumbuhan akar (rhizosfer)dan dua daerah di sebelahnya untuk pertumbuhanhifa (hifosfer). Penyekatan pot menggunakanfilter stainless steel berukuran lubang 0,25 mm.Semua daerah dipupuk P pada konsentrasi300 P mg kg -1 tanah baik dalam bentuk organik(Na-phytate) maupun anorganik (NH 4 HPO 4 )Inokulum CMA merupakan hasil perbanyakandengan sistem kultur pot menggunakan inangPueraria phaseoloides untuk Acaulosporatuberculata sedangkan untuk Gigasporamargarita menggunakan inang jagung. InokulumCMA berupa propagul campuran pada dosisoptimum. Percobaan dilakukan untuk mengujisembilan perlakuan yang merupakan kombinasiantara inokulasi CMA (tanpa, A. tuberculata,dan G. margarita) dan sumber P (tanpa P,anorganik P NH 4 HPO 4 , dan organik P Naphytate). Rancangan percobaan ialah rancanganacak lengkap faktorial dengan tiga ulangan untukmasing-masing perlakuan. Di hifosfer aktivitasfosfatase asam lebih tinggi daripada fosfatasealkalin, sedangkan di rhizosfer aktivitas fosfatasealkalin lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan aktivitasfosfatase asam. Aktivitas fosfatase asam dirhizosfer bibit kelapa sawit yang diinokulasi A.tuberculata nyata lebih tinggi dibandingkandengan bibit yang tidak diinokulasi. Aktivitasfosfatase asam dan fosfatase alkalin sedikit lebihtinggi dengan inokulasi CMA. Sebaliknya,produksi asam organik antara bibit yangdiinokulasi dan bibit yang tidak diinokulasi tidakberbeda nyata. Tampak bahwa simbiosis CMAdengan kelapa sawit lebih meningkatkanmineralisasi P organik dan kurang meningkatkanpelarutan P anorganik.

Potensi fungi pelapuk putih asal lingkungan tropik untuk bioremediasi herbisida The potential white-rot fungi native of tropical environment for herbicides bioremediation Laksmita Prima SANTI; Lisdar Idwan SUDIRMAN; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 75, No 1: Juni 2007
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

SummaryFungal treatment by using white-rot fungito reduce a wide variety of herbicide com-pounds is a specialized bioremediation pro-cess. A laboratory experiment was conductedto determine the ability of Phanerochaetechrysosporium, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora,and Pleurocybella porrigens and seven white-rot fungi isolated from a native of tropicalenvironment to grow on yeast malt extractglucose (YMG) agar containing highconcentration of (I) 2,4-dichlorophenoxy aceticacid, (R) glyphosate, and (G) paraquat. Thedata indicated that P. chrysosporium couldgrow on YMG media containing 5000 ppm of(I) 2,4-D, whereas BPBPI 02/04 isolate onYMG 250 ppm of (R) glyphosate or (G)paraquat. Relative values of growth inhibitionof these fungi are 81.1; 27.8; and 50.0%respectively. Biodegradation capability ofherbicides by candidate inoculants in soil-sandmedia was also determined in greenhouseexperiment by using peanut, sorghum, corn,and Borreria alata as bio-indicators. Peanutand B. alata were found to be the bestresponsive seedlings as bio-indicator on thepresence of (I) 2,4-D herbicide in soil-sandmedia.RingkasanTeknologi bioremediasi dengan fungipelapuk putih (FPP) digunakan untuk me-reduksi sejumlah senyawa herbisida. Kegiatanpenelitian yang dilakukan di laboratoriumbertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan tum-buh Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Ceripo-riopsis subvermispora, dan Pleurocybellaporrigens serta tujuh isolat FPP yang diperolehdari lingkungan tropik secara in vitro padamedium agar yeast malt extract glucose(YMG) yang mengandung (I) 2,4-dikloro-fenoksi asam asetat, (R) glifosat, dan (G)parakuat konsentrasi tinggi. Dari data yangdiperoleh, diketahui bahwa Ph. chrysosporiummemiliki kemampuan tumbuh dalam mediumpadat YMG yang mengandung 5000 ppm (I)2,4-D dan isolat BPBPI 02/04 pada 250 ppm(R) glifosat dan (G) parakuat dengan nilaihambatan pertumbuhan relatif terhadap kontrol(HPR) masing-masing 81,1; 27,8; dan 50,0%.Pengujian isolat terpilih terhadap kemampuanmendegradasi herbisida di dalam mediumtanah dan pasir juga dilakukan di rumah kacadengan menggunakan kacang tanah, sorgum,jagung, dan Boreria alata sebagai bioindikator.Kacang tanah dan B. alata memberikan responterbaik terhadap keberadaan herbisida (I) 2,4-Ddi dalam medium tanah dan pasir .

Penggunaan spora cendawan mikoriza arbuskula sebagai inokulum untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan serapan hara bibit kelapa sawit Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore as inoculant to increase growth and nutrient uptake of oil palm seedling Happy WIDIASTUTI; Nampiah SUKARNO; Latifah Kosim DARUSMAN; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI; Sally SMITH; Edi GUHARDJA
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 73, No 1: Juni 2005
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

SummaryA green house experiment was conducted tostudy the effect of spore number and species ofAM fungi as inoculant of oil palm. Two species ofAM fungi was evaluated in this study namelyAcaulospora tuberculata and Gigaspora margaritaand three spore number were tested i. e 200, 350,and 500 spores. There two fungi have thepotential as AM fungi inoculant for oil palm. Thesoil used was acid soil from Cikopomayak, WestJava while the oil palm seedling was from OilPalm Research Institute, Medan. A polybag sized20 x 40 cm was used. Spores as type of inoculantaffect the oil palm growth in longer time. Thebest growth of the seedling in term of height,fresh, and dry weight was obtained byinoculation at 500 spores of A. tuberculata andG. margarita. However, at 500 spores perpolybag, growth and N, P, and K uptake ofseedlings inoculated with A. tuberculata andG. margarita were not significantly differentexcept for seedling and root fresh weight. Oilpalm seedling inoculated with A. tuberculata at500 spores per seedling resulted higher root andseedling fresh weight compared with thoseinoculated with G. margarita. The different effectof seedling on A. tuberculata and G. margaritainoculation at 200 and 350 spores per seedlingwere only observed in plant height, fresh and dryweight of seedlings. The plant height, fresh, anddry weight of seedlings inoculated withA. tuberculata at 200 and 350 spores per seedlingwere higher compared with those inoculatedwith G. margarita. In addition inoculation withA. tuberculata at 200 spores per seedling resultedhigher N and K uptake of seedling compared withthose inoculated with G. margarita.RingkasanSuatu penelitian rumah kaca telah dilakukanuntuk mempelajari pengaruh jumlah spora danspesies cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA)sebagai inokulum pada bibit kelapa sawit. Duaspesies CMA yang diuji ialah Acaulosporatuberculata dan Gigaspora margarita sedangkanjumlah spora yang diuji ada tiga tingkat yaitu200, 350, dan 500 spora. Bibit kelapa sawitberumur dua bulan ditanam di polibag berukuran20 x 40 cm yang berisi tanah yang bereaksimasam berasal dari Cikopomayak. Hasil yangdiperoleh menunjukkan bahwa spora sebaganokulum bibit kelapa sawit dapat mempengaruhipertumbuhan kelapa sawit namun diperlukanwaktu yang lebih lama untuk mendapatkanrespons inokulasi. Pertumbuhan tertinggi padapeubah tinggi bibit, bobot basah, dan bobotkering diperoleh pada inokulasi sebanyak 500spora per polibag baik untuk A. tuberculatamaupun G. margarita. Namun, pada inokulasisebanyak 500 spora per polibag, pertumbuhandan serapan N, P, dan K bibit yang diinokulasiA. tuberculata dan G. margarita tidak berbedanyata kecuali pada peubah bobot basah akar danbobot basah bibit. Bobot basah akar dan bobotbasah bibit kelapa sawit yang diinokulasiA. tuberculata sebanyak 500 spora, lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan bibit yang diinokulasidengan G. margarita pada jumlah spora yangsama. Pengaruh spesies hanya dapat ditunjukkanpada inokulasi 200 dan 350 spora khususnya padapeubah tinggi bibit, bobot basah, dan bobotkering bibit. Tinggi bibit, bobot basah dan bobotkering bibit yang diinokulasi A. tuberculata padajumlah spora 200 dan 350 per polibag lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan yang diinokulasiG. margarita. Tampak bahwa inokulasiA. tuberculata dengan 200 spora per polibagmenghasilkan serapan N dan K lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan yang diinokulasiG. margarita pada jumlah spora yang sama.

Penilaian mutu tanah secara cepat berdasarkan faktor penentu aktivitas biologinya Rapid assessment of soil quality as based on its biology activity determining factors Didiek Hadjar GOENADI
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 82, No 2: Desember 2014
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Abstract Agricultural practices are still heavily dependent on the use those socalled marginally-suitable soils with low soil fertility level. On the other hand, fertilization has been long known offering fertility solution, but it is indicative that its efficiency is low without soil amelioration. The conditions have been intensified by climatic change phenomena particularly increased atmospheric CO2 concentration which widely affects the soilbiological activity and crop performance as well. This review tries to discuss a thought to find the right method to assist management in determining the right solution for the problems encountered in the field based on soil and plant indicators. The method should be simple, fast, and reliable to express close relationship between soil characteristics and plant performance. The indicators should be those of very important soil characteristics determining soil biological activities as a measure for its fertility. Moreover, the indicators used must have highly sensitive to climatic change, anthropogenic activities, and their impacts on soil biological activity are significant. Soil organic matter (chemistry), bulk density, soil texture, and infiltration rate(physics), and worm population and soil respiration (biology) are main characters related to whole soil pro-ductivity. In addition, chlorophyll content and root density are the most potentiallyrelated indicators to crop performanceAbstrakKegiatan pertanian masih banyak tergantung pada pe-manfaatan tanah-tanah sub-optimal yang memiliki hambatan berupa rendahnya kesuburan tanah. Di sisi lain, pemupukan telah menawarkan solusi untuk mengatasinya, tetapi pada tanah-tanah seperti itu tidak akan banyak manfaatnya jika kemampuan tanah tidak diperbaiki. Kondisi ini diperparah dengan fenomena perubahan iklim, khususnya peningkatan kadar CO2 atmosfir yang berpengaruh luas terhadap aktivitas biologi tanah dan kinerja tanaman. Tulisan ini mengulas tentang perlunya perangkat pengambilan keputusan di lapangan untuk memilih solusi praktis yang tepat untuk me-nyelesaikan hambatan pertumbuhan dan/atau produksi tanaman dengan memanfaatkan indikator tanah dan/atau tanaman secara tepat. Metode yang dikembangkan adalah berdasarkan teknik penetapan yang mudah, cepat, dan cukup akurat dalam menggambarkan hubungan antara indikator terpilih dan kinerja tanaman. Indikator yang dimaksud adalah sifat tanah yang paling penting dalam menentukan aktivitas biologi di dalam tanah sebagai penanda dari kesuburan-nya.Selain itu, indikator yang digunakan harus cukup peka dalam menanggapi perubahan iklim dan perlakuan budidaya dan pengaruhnya nyata terhadap aktivitas biologi di dalam tanah. Kadar bahan organik tanah (kimia), bobot isi, tekstur tanah, dan laju infiltrasi (fisik), dan populasi cacing dan respirasi tanah (biologi) merupakan faktor tanah yang secara praktis mewakili daya dukung tanah secara keseluruhan. Di sisi lain, indikator tanaman yang diperkirakan memiliki hubungan erat dengan pertumbuhan dan produktivitas adalah kadar khlorofil daun dan kerapatan akar.

Arsitektur akar bibit kelapa sawit yang diinokulasi beberapa cendawan mikoriza arbuskula Root architecture of oil palm seedling inoculated with selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Happy WIDIASTUTI; Edi GUHARDJA; Nampiah SUKARNO; Latifah KOSIM DARUSMAN; Didiek Hadjar GOENADI; Sally SMITH
E-Journal Menara Perkebunan Vol 71, No 1: Juni 2003
Publisher : INDONESIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINDUSTRY

Summary Oil palm is mostly cultivated in acid soil. The growth constraint of plant in acid soil is the limited availability of phosphorus (P) nutrient. Improvement of root system morphology and architecture have an important aspect since P is immobilized nutrient. Colonization of oil palm by rrbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase the P uptake of plant. However, there is no information related to the effect of AM fungal colonization on oil palm root morphology and architecture. A research has been conducted to asses the effect of colonization of two species of AM fungi on root system morphology and architecture of oil palm seedling. The research was conducted using Cikopomayak acid soil as medium in simple glass chamber. The plant material was from Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Medan while AM fungal inoculum was produced using pot culture. Six treatments assesed are combination of three levels of AM fungi inoculation (without inoculation with, Acaulospora tuberculata and Gigaspora margarita) and two levels of fertilization (without, and with fertilizer). The result showed that colonization of AM fungi could change the root system morphology, and root architecture. The root fresh weight, root dry weight, length, and volume were significantly higher with the AM fungi colonization especially A. tuberculata inoculation. However, specific root weight was not significantly different between inoculated and uninoculated. The enhancement was significantly observed 26 weeks after inoculation. Biside that, proportion of secondary root of oil palm inoculated with AM fungi was higher compared to primary root. Fertilization tend to reduced root growth. Fertilization reduced significantly root shoot ratio of inoculated as well as uninoculated seedlings. The rooting volume was higher in inoculated seedling compared to uninoculated. The highest enhancement of N, P, and K uptake was observed 26 weeks after inoculation. The better root morphology and architecture might be one mechanisms of AM fungi colonized oil palm seedlings in increasing P uptake. Ringkasan Umumnya tanaman kelapa sawit ditanam pada tanah masam. Hambatan pertumbuhan tanaman pada tanah masam adalah terbatasnya ketersediaan nutrisi P (fosforus). Oleh sebab itu perbaikan sistem morfologi dan arsitektur akar memiliki aspek yang penting disebabkan P merupakan nutrisi yang tidak mudah bergerak. Kolonisasi tanaman kelapa sawit dengan cendawan mikoriza arbuskula (CMA) akan meningkatkan penyerapan P oleh tanaman. Namun, hubungan antara simbiosis CMA dengan arsitektur perakaran kelapa sawit belum diketahui. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh kolonisasi dua spesies CMA pada sistem morfologi dan arsitektur akar bibit tanaman kelapa sawit. Percobaan dilakukan menggunakan tanah masam Cikopomayak yang mengandung Al tinggi sebagai medium dalam kultur pot kaca yang sederhana. Kecambah kelapa sawit berasal dari Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS), Medan, sedangkan inokulum CMA diproduksi menggunakan kultur pot. Enam perlakuan yang diuji merupakan kombinasi tiga jenis inokulasi CMA ( tanpa inokulasi, inokulasi dengan Acaulospora tuberculata dan Gigaspora margarita) serta dua tingkat pemupukan (tanpa, dan dengan pemupukan). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa inokulasi CMA merubah sistem morfologi dan arsitektur perakaran. Bobot basah, bobot kering, panjang dan volume akar nyata lebih tinggi pada tanaman yang dikolonisasi CMA khususnya A. tuberculata. Namun berat akar spesifik tidak beda nyata antara yang diinokulasi dan tanpa inokulasi. Peningkatan berat akar sangat nyata setelah 26 hari diinokulasi. Di samping itu proporsi akar sekunder lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan akar primer pada tanaman kelapa sawit yang diinokulasi CMA. Pemupukan pada umumnya menurunkan pertumbuhan akar dan secara nyata menurunkan nisbah akar pucuk. Volume perakaran lebih besar pada bibit kelapa sawit yang diinokulasi dibandingkan dengan yang tidak diinokulasi. Peningkatan serapan N, P, dan K tertinggi teramati 26 minggu setelah inokulasi. Morfologi perakaran yang lebih baik demikian pula arsitektur perakaran mungkin merupakan mekanisme bibit kelapa sawit bermikoriza dalam meningkatkan serapan P.

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