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CROSS-BORDER BUSINESS COMPETITION: KEABSAHAN DAN HAMBATAN PENERAPAN PRINSIP EKSTRATERITORIAL DALAM PENEGAKAN HUKUM PERSAINGAN USAHA DI INDONESIA Darmawan, Irma Ambarini; Ikhwansyah, Isis; Faisal, Pupung
Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Vol 3, No 1 (2018): Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran

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ABSTRAKPeningkatan aktivitas perdagangan lintas batas negara mengantarkan Indonesia pada ekonomi internasional yang terintegrasi. Perkembangan tersebut menghadirkan tantangan bagi sistem hukum persaingan usaha sebab kegiatan usaha tidak lagi hanya melibatkan perorangan atau badan usaha yang berkedudukan di satu negara saja. Pendefinisan “Pelaku Usaha” dalam UU No. 5 Tahun 1999, sebagai perorangan atau badan usaha yang berkedudukan atau melakukan kegiatan dalam wilayah Indonesia, belum memproyeksikan perkembangan demikian. Namun dalam beberapa perkara, KPPU telah menjatuhkan sanksi yang bersifat ekstrateritorial, yakni kepada pelaku usaha dan perbuatan di luar wilayah Indonesia. Sebagai bagian dari penelitian yuridis normatif, artikel ini membahas mengenai keabsahan penerapan prinsip ekstrateritorial persaingan usaha di Indonesia serta hambatan hukum dan implikasinya terhadap pelaksanaan putusan persaingan usaha yang bersifat ekstrateritorial. Disimpulkan bahwa prinsip ekstrateritorial persaingan usaha tidak dapat diterapkan di Indonesia karena definisi Pelaku Usaha dalam UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 tidak dapat menjangkau aktor dan perbuatan yang dilakukan di luar wilayah Indonesia sekalipun menimbulkan dampak persaingan usaha tidak sehat di Indonesia. Implikasi dari hambatan hukum yang muncul, antara lain: Pertama, tidak dapat dijatuhkannya sanksi kepada badan usaha asing yang melakukan kegiatan di luar wilayah Indonesia. Kedua, sulitnya pengeksekusian putusan di luar negeri karena tidak adanya kerjasama antar negara dalam hal tersebut.Kata kunci: ekstrateritorial; lintas batas; penegakan hukum; persaingan usaha. ABSTRACTThe increase of cross-border trade activities brings Indonesia to an integrated international economy. This development presents challenges to the business competition legal system because business activities no longer involve individuals or business entities domiciled in one country only. The definition of “Business Actors” in Law No. 5 of 1999, as individuals or business entities that are domiciled or carry out activities within the territory of Indonesia, has not projected such a development. However, in several cases, KPPU has imposed extraterritorial sanctions, namely on business actors and acts outside the territory of Indonesia. As part of normative juridical research, this article discusses the validity of extraterritorial principles application in business competition in Indonesia and the legal obstacles and its implications for the enforcement of extraterritorial business competition decisions. It was concluded that the extraterritorial principle cannot be applied in business competition in Indonesia because the definition of Business Actors in Law No. 5 of 1999 could not reach actors and actions outside the territory of Indonesia even though they had effect of unfair business competition in Indonesia. The implications of legal obstacles to the implementation of extraterritorial business competition decisions are: First, the sanction cannot be imposed on foreign business entities that carry out activities outside the territory of Indonesia. Second, the difficulty of executing decisions abroad because of the absence of cooperation between countries.Keywords: business competition; cross-border; extraterritorial; law enforcement. DOI : https://doi.org/10.23920/jbmh.v3n1.10

KONSISTENSI PENGUKUHAN KEDUDUKAN KEKAYAAN NEGARA YANG DIPISAHKAN PADA BADAN USAHA MILIK NEGARA MENURUT PELAKU KEKUASAAN KEHAKIMAN DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN DOKTRIN BUSINESS JUDGEMENT RULE Lestari, Rani; Ikhwansyah, Isis; Faisal, Pupung
ACTA DIURNAL Vol 1, No 2 (2018): ACTA DIURNAL, Volume 1, Nomor 2, Juni 2018
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran

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ABSTRAKKedudukan kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan pada Badan Usaha Milik Negara pada ketentuan Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 19 Tahun 2003 tentang Badan Usaha Milk Negara dan Undang-Undang Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2003 tentang Keuangan Negara terdapat pertentangan. Demi tercapainya kepastian hukum maka perlu peran pelaku kekusaan kehakiman untuk mengukuhkan kedudukan tersebut. Namun pada Praktiknya Mahkamah Agung dengan Fatwa Nomor WKMA/Yud/20/VIII/2006 dan Mahkamah Konstitusi dengan kedua Putusannya dengan Nomor 48/PUU-XI/2013 dan Nomor 62/PUU-XI/2013 juga masih terdapat pertentangan. Artikel ini membahas kedudukan kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan pada Badan Usaha Milik Negara menurut pelaku kekuasaan kehakiman dan implikasi terhadap direksi Persero apabila melakukan keputusan bisnis yang dapat merugikan perseroan dalam kaitannya dengan doktrin Business Judgement Rule. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitis dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif, dengan simpulan pertama, Pengukuhan kedudukan kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan pada Badan Usaha Milik Negara oleh pelaku kekuasaan kehakiman adalah bertentangan. Secara formil dengan melihat sifat fatwa Mahkamah Agung yang tidak mengikat dan sifat Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi yang bersifat final dan mengikat “erga omnes”, maka yang harus diterapkan adalah Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi yang pada prinsipnya menyatakan bahwa kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan pada Badan Usaha Milik Negara adalah termasuk dalam lingkup keuangan negara. Kedua, Implikasi pengukuhan tersebut terhadap direksi Persero khususnya dalam hal melakukan pengambilan keputusan bisnis yang merugikan Persero maka direksi dianggap pula merugikan negara, namun dengan adanya doktrin Business Judgement Rule, Direksi dalam menjalankan segala tindakan dan kebijakan yang diambil tetap mendapat perlindungan hukum sepanjang direksi dapat membuktikan bahwa kerugian yang disebabkan bukan karena kesalahannya, telah melakukan pengurusan dengan itikad baik dan kehati-hatian, tidak mempunyai benturan kepentingan, dan telah mengambil tindakan untuk mencegah timbul atau berlanjutnya kerugian.Kata kunci: bussines judgement rule keuangan negara, pelaku kekuasaan kehakiman, uji materil. ABSTRACTThere are discrepancies between the position of separated state assets in the State Owned Enterprise within the provisions in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2003 concerning State Owned Enterprise and within the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 17 of 2003 concerning State Finances. The role of judiciary authority is needed in order to attain legal certainty in such position. Nonetheless, the practice has shown that there are still discrepancies between the Supreme Court Opinion Number WKMA/Yud/20/VII/2006 and the Constitutional Court Decision Number 48/PUU-XI/2013 and Number 62/PUU-XI/2013. The purpose of this research is to find and obtain solution from the problem in relation to the discrepancies between the position of separated state assets in the State Owned Enterprises and its implication to the Company directors in case he made errors in business decisions, that might cause damages to the Company in relation with the ‘Business Judgment Rule’ doctrine. This research use descriptive-analytical method with juridical-normative approach based on the legal principle and the result is there are discrepancies throughout Confirmation on the position of the separated state assets in the State Owned Enterprises by the juridical authority. Seeing that the Supreme Court Opinion is naturally not binding, while the Constitutional Court Decision has a final and binding “erga omnes” character, then against the discrepancies, the latter shall formally be prevailed, which in principle affirms that the separated state assets in State Owned Enterprises shall be included within scope of state finances. Second, the said confirmation has an implication to the directors particularly in case of damages to the Companies occurred due to the error in taking business decision, in such case, then the directors shall also be deemed as putting damages to the state. Hence, all regulations related to the state finances gives layered supervision and regulation to the directors. However, the existence of ‘Business Judgment Rule’ doctrine that is universally applied in management of a company, has also give legal protection to the directors of the State Owned Enterprises in performing all of their acts and policies.Keywords: business judgment rule. judiciary authority, material examination, state finances.

TANGGUNG JAWAB PERGURUAN TINGGI NEGERI BADAN HUKUM TERHADAP PERJANJIAN YANG DIBUAT PERKUMPULAN IKATAN ALUMNI YANG BERBADAN HUKUM DENGAN PIHAK KETIGA BERDASARKAN HUKUM PERDATA INDONESIA Nugraha, Sandy Dwi Nugraha; Ikhwansyah, Isis; Wahjuni, Sari
ACTA DIURNAL Vol 2, No 1 (2018): ACTA DIURNAL, Volume 2, Nomor 1, Desember 2018
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Padjadjaran

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Setiap alumni Perguruan Tinggi Badan Hukum (PTN BH) membentuk pekumpulan ikatan alumni, dalam hal ini Ikatan Alumni (IA) jenis perkumpulannya yaitu perkumpulan berbadan hukum. IA dapat melakukan hubungan perdata dengan pihak ketiga untuk memenuhi komitmen mendukung sepenuhnya baik moril dan materil kepada almamaternya yang dicantumkan di dalam Anggaran Dasar IA. Status keduanya merupakan badan hukum sehingga dianggap subyek hukum dan mandiri. Kedudukan dan tanggung jawab PTN BH terhadap perkumpulan IA berbadan hukum tersebut dapat menimbulkan conflict of interest. Tujuan penelitian ini menemukan pemahaman dan menganalisis kedudukan dan tanggung jawab Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum terhadap perjanjian yang dibuat perkumpulan ikatan alumni yang berbadan hukum dengan pihak ketiga berdasarkan hukum perdata Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yuridis normative dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil bahwa Kedudukan PTN BH dengan unit usaha dan IA berbadan hukum yang didirikannya dapat diartikan sebagai perusahaan kelompok dan bertindak sebagai pimpinan sentral. PTN BH dalam setiap perjanjian yang dibuat IA akan selalu terkait dan bertanggung jawab dalam keadaan apapun, dikarenakan beberapa faktor yaitu rektor sebagai pimpinan PTN BH secara ex-officio menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Penasehat Pusat yang bertugas dan berwenang sesuai AD/ART IA, tercantumnya nama institusi PTN BH dan adanya Pasal 43 AD/ART Ikatan Alumni PTN BH. Maka dapat dikatakan adanya kepentingan PTN BH didalam IA. Hal tersebut berbenturan dengan Pasal 27 ayat (7) huruf c Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 65 Tahun 2013 Tentang Statuta PTN BH bahwa rektor dilarang merangkap jabatan yang dapat menimbulkan pertentangan kepentingan dengan PTN BH.

Optimalisasi Peran Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) pada Era Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean (MEA) Ikhwansyah, Isis; Chandrawulan, An An; Amalia, Prita
Jurnal Media Hukum Vol 25, No 2, December 2018
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmh.2018.0110.150-161

ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) which came into effect since 2015 requires the creativity of the Indonesian society in competing with other ASEAN countries. One of the necessary strategies in dealing with AEC is to optimize the role of the State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN). With regards to the implementation of the AEC, it is important to provide adequate regulation in order to ensure legal certainty for BUMN. The main purpose of this research is to discover form of national regulation that can maximize business opportunity for BUMN in AEC era. It is found that the existing regulations have not yet given business opportunity for BUMN in AEC era. The existing regulations are contradictory one to another especially relating to the status of the state finance inserted as capital into BUMN. In addition, the Constitutional Court decision Number 48/PUU-XI/2013 maintained that the capital inserted into BUMN is considered as part of the state finance. Therefore, this brings about fundamental impact on future cases since the nature of the Constitutional Court decision is erga omnes.

The Implementation of Insolvency Test on Debtorsâ€™ Bankruptcy in Performing the Principle of Justice Ikhwansyah, Isis; Sidabutar, Lambok Marisi Jakobus
Jurnal Media Hukum Vol 26, No 2, December 2019
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmh.20190137

Bankruptcy requirements as a legal basis for bankruptcy applications are only based on the burden of proof in a simple manner which results in the debtor being easily declared bankrupt by the court. This impedes the realization of the principle of justice that has been mandated in Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (SDPO). This article aims to analyze the basis of justice related to the bankruptcy of the debtor and the implementation of the bankruptcy test in relation to the request for bankruptcy submitted to the debtor. This study is a normative juridical research method that uses descriptive-analytic research. This study also uses library research to collect data andÂ analyzes data with qualitative juridical methods. The results show that the debtor's bankruptcy application did not apply the Bankruptcy test. It is believed that insolvency testÂ on the debtor's bankruptcy petition is as a manifestation of the principle of justice that is in accordance with Pancasila by providing balanced protection among creditors, debtors and other stakeholders.

The Implementation of Insolvency Test on Debtorsâ€™ Bankruptcy in Performing the Principle of Justice Ikhwansyah, Isis; Sidabutar, Lambok Marisi Jakobus
Jurnal Media Hukum Vol 26, No 2, December 2019
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jmh.20190137

Bankruptcy requirements as a legal basis for bankruptcy applications are only based on the burden of proof in a simple manner which results in the debtor being easily declared bankrupt by the court. This impedes the realization of the principle of justice that has been mandated in Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (SDPO). This article aims to analyze the basis of justice related to the bankruptcy of the debtor and the implementation of the bankruptcy test in relation to the request for bankruptcy submitted to the debtor. This study is a normative juridical research method that uses descriptive-analytic research. This study also uses library research to collect data andÂ analyzes data with qualitative juridical methods. The results show that the debtor's bankruptcy application did not apply the Bankruptcy test. It is believed that insolvency testÂ on the debtor's bankruptcy petition is as a manifestation of the principle of justice that is in accordance with Pancasila by providing balanced protection among creditors, debtors and other stakeholders.

Implementation of Ex-Gratia Claim Payment in Insurance Agreement Windiantina, Wiwin Wintarsih; Suparman, Eman; Ikhwansyah, Isis; Suryanti, Nyulistiowati
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 13 No. 1 (2022): January 2022
Publisher : Richtmann Publishing

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.36941/mjss-2022-0007

This study aims to explain descriptively about the implementation of ex-gratia claims on life insurance agreements, how to pay and settle ex-gratia claims and ex-gratia claim terms. In the Life Insurance agreement, the insured party when experiencing an unexpected risk of obtaining its rights in the settlement of claims. The occurrence of rejection of claims on life insurance, becomes the cause of a lack of understanding of the actual articles and regulations must be understood before deciding to use insurance. In fact, not all losses suffered by the insured in the insurance agreement can be paid according to the agreement. It is caused by several factors that are considered to violate the principles of insurance and regulations that have been determined in the insurance agreement, resulting in the cancellation of the insurer pays its obligations to the insured or commonly called rejected claims. But customers sometimes still demand that the company pay, therefore the insurance company takes the initiative to pay claims rejected through Ex-gratia. But many people do not know about the ex-gratia claim. Some insurers take the initiative to pay ex-gratia rejected claims. Implementation of ex gratia claims can be done by negotiation, good faith from the insurer to the insured. Received: 15 October 2021 / Accepted: 30 November 2021 / Published: 5 January 2022

Optimizing Village-Owned Enterprises as Legal Entities in Efforts to Enhance Cooperation and Asset Management Ikhwansyah, Isis; Faisal, Pupung; Trisnamansyah, Purnama
Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Vol. 8 No. 2 (2024): Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum Volume 8 Number 2 March 2024
Publisher : Faculty of Law Universitas Padjadjaran

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.23920/jbmh.v8i2.1384

Village-Owned Enterprises (BUM Desa) is a business entity that carries out business in the economic sector and/or public services. The status of BUM Desa is confirmed as a legal business entity in the Law on Job Creation. This article discusses efforts that can be made to optimize the legal entity status of BUM Desa after the enactment of the Law on Job Creation to increase cooperation and management of BUM Desa assets after the enactment of the Job Creation Law. The research method used is normative juridical, namely research based on legal sources and their findings. The research results show that first, determining the legal entity status of BUM Desa has implications for optimizing the intensity of cooperation with third parties. Clarity on the legal entity status of BUM Desa can optimize opportunities for BUM Desa cooperation with third parties, because third parties will feel more secure in collaborating with legal entities as legal subjects who have separate assets. Second, after the establishment of BUM Desa as a legal entity, it is necessary to manage BUM Desa assets separately from Village assets, based on the statutory regulations governing BUM Desa, Good Corporate Governance Principles, and internal regulations of BUM Desa, as well as cooperation agreements with third parties if the object of cooperation is BUM Desa assets.

Pernyataan Pailit Pada Penyertaan Modal di Badan Usaha Milik Negara Widyaningtyas, Kezia Regina; Ikhwansyah, Isis; Suryanti, Nyulistiowati
Widya Yuridika Vol 6, No 3 (2023): Widya Yuridika: Jurnal Hukum
Publisher : Universitas Widya Gama Malang

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31328/wy.v6i3.4462

State-Owned Enterprises (SOE) as a legal entity established and administered by the state obtained its establishment fund from state assets which are separated for BUMN. In conducting the activities to gain profit, of course, loans or legal relations are needed as supports to the business continuity. However, it is not uncommon for these legal relations causing debt. Bankruptcy institutions were formed with the aim to resolve debt matters in accordance with the principles of bankruptcy. In the practice, SOE is often being filed for bankruptcy. However, there are differences in opinions regarding SOE assets that cannot be confiscated, thus the bankruptcy filing is cancelled or rejected. This study aims to analyse the position of capital equity inclusion done by the state based on the relevant law and regulations, as well as to provide answers to the considerations of the judges in deciding the decree regarding SOE bankruptcy cases from time to time. This study implemented an analytical descriptive method and a normative juridical approach by examining the primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. Based on the research and analysis conducted, it was found that there were several SOEs that were being filed for bankruptcy. However, in legal consideration, an inconsistency was found between the decrees of SOE bankruptcy as there was an assumption that the capital provided by the state for SOE could not be confiscated. The included capital has transformed from a public sphere to a private one which is related to the characteristics of the legal entity called separate legal entity.

Implementasi Hukum Personal Guarantee dalam Praktik Kepailitan Nadriana, Lenny; Ikhwansyah, Isis
Pagaruyuang Law Journal Volume 1 Nomor 2, Januari 2018
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31869/plj.v1i2.562

Various judgments of bankruptcy petition declare a Guarantor that Guarantor may be made bankrupt, so that the guarantor as referred to in Article 1 paragraph 1 of the Bankruptcy Law must give up all his property to be public enclosures to pay off the creditors' payment. Legal Position of Corporate Guarantor or Personal Guarantee which is used as a bankrupt debtor is the same as the main debitor because at the time of execution of the deed of guarantee guarantee is willing to voluntarily give up all his privileges without waiting for the main debtor of default and hartan sold. Regarding the making of the Security Guarantee Coverage the position of the guarantor that may be made bankrupt is a weak position in an agreement, so the role of the notary must be able to provide legal counseling prior to the signing of the guarantee deins held by the Guarantor Personal Guarantor or Corporate Guarantor.

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