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Aplikasi Metoda Geolistrik Konfigurasi Wenner-Alpha Untuk Eksplorasi Batubara Farma, Rakhmawati
Jurnal Pilar Sains Vol 2, No 02 (2003)
Publisher : Jurnal Pilar Sains

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Abstract

Geoelectrical method uses variation of resistivity values to study subsurface geology structure, thereforeit can be applied to explore groundwater, pollution of groundwater, and geothermal exploration. In thisstudy, a physical modeling was built in the laboratory, that is used to resistivity measurement on coalsamples. The measurements employ Wenner-Alpha configuration. The result of the tests show that coallayer can be detected based on resistivity variation. The semi-antharasite sample showed higherresistivity than bituminous sample. This result is in accondance with the fact that semi antharsite drierthan bituminous sample.
PENGARUH DAYA IRADIASI GELOMBANG MIKRO TERHADAP SIFAT-SIFAT FISIKA KARBON AKTIF KAYU EUCALYPTUS Farma, Rakhmawati
Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia Vol 13, No 12 (2016)
Publisher : Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia

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Abstract

The aim of this research is to determine the influence of microwave irradiation on the physical properties of activated Carbon based Eucalyptus wood. Activated Carbon were prepared from the conventional carbonized of wood Eucalyptus for 1.5 hours and microwave assisted Potassium Hydroxide with ratio of carbon and KOH of 2:1. The samples were irradiated by using the microwave for 20 minutes and the power output of 540; 630 and 720 Watt respectively.The microwave assisted Potassium Hydroxide Carbon activation are influenced of the physical properties of the samples. The higher of output power of irradiation shows the smaller of activated Carbon.The activated Carbon were irradiated with power output of 630 Watt producing the highest percentage of Methilene Blue degradation of 96.859%, where this value is supported by the highest of Lc value of 48.4733Å.] 
PERFORMA SEL SUPERKAPASITOR DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PENGUMPUL ARUS STAINLESS STEEL-NANOPARTIKEL PLATINUM Farma, Rakhmawati; Deraman, Mohamad; Awitdrus, Awitdrus
SEMIRATA 2015 Prosiding Bidang Fisika
Publisher : SEMIRATA 2015

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Abstract

Performa sel superkapasitor sangat ditentukan oleh tiga faktor utama yaitu elektrolit,  pengumpul arus dan elektroda. Elektroda karbon aktif yang disediakan dari pra- karbonisasi serabut tandan kosong kelapa sawit dengan perlakuan KOH. Karbonisasi elektroda dilakukan pada suhu 800oC menggunakan profil pemanasan multi-langkah dalam lingkungan gas N2 dan pengaktifan CO2 dilakukan pada suhu 800oC selama 3 jam. Larutan 1 M H2SO4 digunakan sebagai larutan elektrolit. Steinless Steel 316L yang telah ditumbuhkan nanopartikel platinum di atasnya digunakan sebagai pengumpul arus. Penumbuhan nanopartikel platinum di atas pengumpul arus bertujuan untuk menghasilkan sifat listrik dan elektrokimia yang lebih baik. Evaluasi terhadap nanopartikel platinum di atas pengumpul arus dilakukan dengan difraksi sinar-X yang ditandai dengan kehadiran puncak platinum (111) dan analisis energi dispersif sinar-X dengan persentase atomik platinum 3.89 %. Nilai kapasitansi sel superkapasitor berdasarkan data spektroskopi impedansi elektrokimia sebelum dan setelah penumbuhan nanopartikel platinum masing-masing sebesar 104.87 F/g dan 114.67 F/g, dan nilai hambatan seri ekuivalen menurun dari 0.438 W menjadi 0.045 W. Katakunci: Superkapasitor, Spektroskopi impedansi elektrokimia, Kapasitansi spesifik, nanopartikel platinum
PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI SEL SUPERKAPASITOR MENGGUNAKAN KARBON AKTIF MONOLIT DARI KAYU KARET BERDASARKAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI HNO 3 Arif, Eko Nur; Taer, Erman; Farma, Rakhmawati
Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Vol 2, No 1 (2015): Wisuda Februari 2015
Publisher : Jurnal Online Mahasiswa (JOM) Bidang Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam

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Abstract

Synthesis of carbon electrode from rubber wood was started by carbonizing process by adding N 2 gas at a temperature of 600 °C and continued by utilizing physical activation of CO 2 gas at 850 °C for 2 hours, and followed by a combination process of chemical activation using potassium hydroxide activator and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) with its concentration of 5%, 15% and 25%. Density of resulted electrodes was 0.407 g/cm3, 0.359 g /cm3 and 0.349 g/cm3 for each sample. X-ray diffraction analysis showed amorphous carbon electrodes in the presence of ramps at 2θ of 25.25 o and 44.21 o . The results of cyclic voltametry obtained specific capacitance of 10.444 F/g, 70.1969 F/g and 81.8234 F/g, respectively for each HNO 3 concentration. It was concluted that the addition of HNO3 to the activation proces can improve the performance of supercapacitors cell. The highest specific capacitance obtained 81.823 F/g for the 25% HNO3.
PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI ELEKTRODA KARBON AKTIF DENGAN KARBONISASI DAN AKTIVASI BERTINGKAT MENGGUNAKAN GAS CO2 DAN UAP AIR Rakhmawati Farma., Yusriwandi, Erman Taer,; Taer, Erman
Edu Research Vol. 6 No. 1 (2017): Edu Research
Publisher : Universitas Pasir Pengaraian

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Abstract

Has been conducted a research to produce cell supercapacitor electrodes of activated carbon (AC) which were prepared using rubber wood sawdust (SGKK). KA electrode is made via carbonization and activation method integrated using CO2 and water vapor for 4 hours. N2 flow is maintained from room temperature to a temperature of 600 0C, followed by CO2 to a temperature of 900 0C for 2 hours, water vapor flow continued for 2 hours at a temperature of 900 0C. Crystallite structure is reviewed samples using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Methods Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology. While the composition of the content chemical elements the samples were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). Electrochemical properties of samples were tested using the method Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). Overall characterization of physical properties indicates that the sample is a carbon material with a carbon content of 90%. Electrochemical test proved that the integrated activation method can produce a  electrode with excellent performance with a specific capacitance value of 72 F/g.
Characterization of Physical Properties for Activated Carbon from Garlic Skin Miftah Ainul Mardiah; Awitdrus Awitdrus; Rakhmawati Farma; Erman Taer
Journal of Aceh Physics Society Volume 10, Number 4, October 2021
Publisher : PSI-Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/jacps.v10i4.19571

Abstract

Abstrak. Karbon aktif yang berasal dari biomassa telah menjadi bahan material dasar yang sudah digunakan secara luas untuk berbagai aplikasi eperti penyerapan, absorben, elektroda, penyimpan energi, dan aplikasi lainnya. Oleh karena itu perlu untuk pengoptimalkan sumber mentah karbon aktif berbiaya rendah dan memiliki porositas yang tinggi.  Biomassa kulit bawang putih sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan karbon aktif melalui proses pra-karbonisasi, aktivasi kimia dengan aktivator KOH dan ZnCl2 dengan masing-masing kosentrasi sebesar 0,25 M, 0,5 M, dan 0,75 M dan tanpa aktivator kimia. Proses karbonisasi dengan suhu 600°C dialiri gas nitrogen dan diaktivasi fisika dengan suhu 850°C. Penyusutan massa karbon sebesar 29,4%. Nilai densitas dari elektroda karbon untuk aktivator KOH dengan kosentrasi 0,5M yaitu 0,64 g.cm-3dan untuk aktivator ZnCl2 dengan kosentrasi 0,5M yaitu 0,71 g.cm-3. Gugus fungsi yang dimiliki elektroda kulit bawang putih diidentifikasi sebagai C-C, C C (alkuna), C-H (alkana), dan (O-H) yaitu pada bilangan gelombang 1600 cm-1, 1500 cm-1, 2950 cm-1 dan 2900-3600 cm-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada aktivator KOH dan ZnCl2 dengan kosentrasi 0,5 M kondisi terbaik untuk variasi guna menunjang pengoptimalkan sumber mentah karbon aktif dan bisa digunakan dalam berbagai apliasi yang lebih luas. Abstract. Activated carbon derived from biomass has become a basic material that has been used widely for various applications such as absorption, absorbent, electrodes, energy storage, and other applications. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the raw source of activated carbon which is low cost and has high porosity. Garlic skin biomass as a basic material for making activated carbon through a pre-carbonization process, chemical activation with KOH and ZnCl2 activators with concentrations of 0,25 M, 0,5 M, and 0,75 M respectively and without chemical activators. The carbonization process with a temperature of 600°C is flowed with nitrogen gas and is physically activated at a temperature of 850°C. Shrinkage of carbon by 29.4%. The density value of the carbon electrode for the KOH activator with a concentration of 0.5M is 0.64 g.cm-3 and for the ZnCl2 activator with a concentration of 0,5M is 0,71 g.cm-3. The functional groups possessed by the garlic skin electrode were identified as C-C, C = C (alkynes), C-H (alkanes), and (O-H), namely at the wave numbers 1600 cm-1, 1500 cm-1, 2950 cm-1 and 2900-3600 cm-1. The results showed that the KOH and ZnCl2 activators with a concentration of 0.5 M were the best conditions for variation in order to optimize the raw source of activated carbon and could be used in a wider variety of applications.
The production of supercapacitor carbon electrodes based on sugar palm fronds using chemical and physical activation combination Awitdrus Awitdrus; Decha Apriliany Suwandi; Agustino Agustino; Erman Taer; Rakhmawati Farma
Journal of Aceh Physics Society Volume 10, Number 3, July 2021
Publisher : PSI-Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/jacps.v10i3.18517

Abstract

Abstrak. Pembuatan elektroda karbon superkapasitor berbasis limbah pelepah aren dengan kombinasi pengaktifan kimia dan fisika telah berhasil dilakukan. Aktivasi kimia dilakukan dengan menggunakan agen pengaktif 0,3 M KOH dan aktivasi fisika menggunakan gas CO2 pada suhu 900oC selama 2,5 jam. Karakterisasi sifat fisis elektroda meliputi susut massa, tebal, diameter, densitas dan derajat kristalinitas. Karakterisasi sifat elektrokimia elektroda dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode siklis voltametri. Setelah proses karbonisasi-aktivasi fisika, massa, tebal, diameter dan densitas elektroda mengalami penurunan persentase masing-masing adalah 60,87; 30,43; 24,08 dan 5,71%. Elektroda PA-0,3 memiliki struktur semi kristalin, yang ditandai dengan adanya dua puncak yang lebar pada sudut hamburan sekitar 25o dan 46o. kapasitansi spesifik elektroda PA-0,3 berdasarkan variasi laju pemindaian  adalah 90 F g-1 untuk 1 mV s-1, 82 F g-1 untuk 2 mV s-1, dan 71 F g-1 untuk 5 mV s-1. Abstract. The production of supercapacitor carbon electrodes based on sugar palm frond waste using chemical and physical activation combinations have been successfully carried out. The chemical activation was carried out using 0.3 M KOH activating agent and the physical activation using CO2 gas at a temperature of 900oC for 2.5 h. Characterization of the physical properties of the electrodes includes mass loss, thickness, diameter, density and degree of crystallinity. The electrochemical properties characterization of the electrodes was carried out using the cyclic voltammetry method. After the carbonization-physical activation process, the mass, thickness, diameter, and density of the electrodes decreased in the percentage of 60.87, 30.43, 24.08, and 5.71%, respectively. The PA-0.3 electrode has a semi crystalline structure, which characterized by the presence of two broadening peaks at a scattering angle around of 25o and 46o. The specific capacitance of the PA-0.3 electrode based on the scan rate variations is 90 F g-1 for 1 mV s-1, 82 F g-1 for 2 mV s-1, and 71 F g-1 for 5 mV s-1.Keywords: Sugar palm fronds, Chemical activation, Physical activation, Carbon electrode, Supercapacitor 
Effect of carbonized temperature to supercapacitor electrode from palm midrib biomass Rakhmawati Farma; Melda Oktaviandari; Vepy Asyana
Journal of Aceh Physics Society Volume 10, Number 1, January 2021
Publisher : PSI-Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/jacps.v10i1.17926

Abstract

Abstrak. Elektroda merupakan salah satu komponen yang dapat meningkatkan kinerja sel superkapasitor. Pada penelitian ini elektroda karbon berasal dari limbah biomassa pelepah nipah. Persiapan awal dimulai dari proses prakarbonisasi pada suhu 200˚C dan selanjutnya diaktivasi secara kimia menggunakan KOH sebagai aktivator dengan konsentrasi 1M. Serbuk karbon aktif diubah menjadi bentuk monolit menggunakan Hydrolic press dan kemudian diikuti oleh proses karbonisasi pada suhu 650, 700 dan 750˚C, kemudian diaktivasi fisika dengan mengalirkan gas CO2 pada suhu 900˚C. Karakterisasi sifat fisis elektroda karbon menunjukkan bahwa densitas sampel PN650 yang dikarbonisasi pada suhu 650˚C memiliki nilai densitas paling rendah. Karakterisasi struktur mikro menunjukkan bahwa elektroda karbon memiliki struktur semikristalin yang ditandai dengan kehadiran puncak (002) dan (100) pada sudut 2θ sekitar 24˚ dan 43˚. Hasil karakterisasi struktur mikro juga menunjukkan bahwa sampel PN650 memiliki nilai Lc tertinggi yaitu sebesar 7,947 nm. Analisa sifat elektrokimia menunjukkan bahwa sampel PN650 mempunyai nilai kapasitansi terbesar yaitu 223,55 F/g. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa suhu 650˚C merupakan suhu terbaik dalam proses pembuatan elektroda karbon dari pelepah nipah untuk diaplikasikan sebagai elektroda sel superkapasitor.Abstract. The electrode is one of the components that can increase the supercapacitor cell performance. In this research, the carbon electrode derives from waste of palm midrib biomass. Initial preparation was started from the pre carbonization process at 200˚C and then was chemically activated using KOH as an activator with a concentration of 1M. The activated carbon powder was converted into a monolith form using a hydraulic press and then was followed by carbonization process at 650, 700 and 750˚C, then physical activation by flowing CO2 at 900˚C. Characterization of the physical properties of the carbon electrode showed that the density of the PN650 sample carbonized at 650°C had the lowest density value. Microstructure characterization indicated that the carbon electrode had a semi crystalline structure, it was characterized by the presence of peaks (002) and (100) at an angle of 2θ around 24˚ and 43˚. The results of the microstructure characterization also showed that the PN650 sample had the highest Lc value of 7.947 nm. Analysis of electrochemical properties showed that the PN650 sample had the largest capacitance value of 223.55 F/g. It can be concluded that 650˚C was the best temperature in the process of making carbon electrodes from palm leaf midrib to be applied as supercapacitor cell electrodes.Keywords: Ketaping, Activated Carbon, Supercapacitor, Activator, Capacitance.
Synthesis of activated carbon electrodes from date seeds with a variety of separators for supercapacitor cell applications Desmagrini Desmagrini; Awitdrus Awitdrus; Erman Taer; Rakhmawati Farma
Journal of Aceh Physics Society Volume 10, Number 3, July 2021
Publisher : PSI-Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/jacps.v10i3.18512

Abstract

Abstrak. Karbon aktif yang berasal dari biomassa telah menjadi bahan elektroda paling kompetitif untuk superkapasitor karena sifatnya yang terbarukan dan berkelanjutan. Upaya optimalisasi dilakukan untuk proses pembuatan sel superkapasitor dengan memvariasikan separator agar dapat memperoleh kapasitansi spesifik yang tinggi. Biomassa biji kurma sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan elektroda karbon melalui proses prakarbonisasi, aktivasi kimia dengan aktivator KOH 0,3M, proses karbonisasi dengan suhu 650oC dialiri gas nitrogen. Penyusutan massa karbon sebesar 24,59%. Nilai densitas dari elektroda karbon setelah dilakukan proses karbonisasi adalah 0,852 g cm-3. Analisis struktur mikro menunjukkan bahwa elektroda karbon bersifat amorf ditunjukkan dengan adanya puncak pada sudut 2θ sekitar 24o dan 44o. Kapasitansi spesifik ditentukan dengan metode Cyclic Voltametry dan didapati sebesar 217,22; 176,18; dan 82,8 F/g masing-masing untuk variasi separator kertas whatman, kertas saring, dan membran telur ayam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kertas whatman merupakan separator terbaik untuk elektroda karbon dari biji kurma. Oleh karena itu karbon aktif yang dibuat dari biji kurma dengan biaya rendah, ketersedian mudah, dan berkelanjutan dapat diaplikasikan sebagai bahan elektroda untuk superkapasitor.Abstract. Activated carbon derived from biomass has become the most competitive electrode material for supercapacitors due to its renewable and sustainable nature. Optimization efforts are made for the process of making supercapacitor cells by varying the separator in order to obtain a high specific capacitance. Date seed biomass as the basic material for making carbon electrodes through a pre-carbonization process, chemical activation with a KOH activator of 0.3M, the carbonization process at a temperature of 650oC flowed with nitrogen gas. Shrinkage of carbon by 24.59%. The density value of the carbon electrode that was carried out by the carbonization process was 0.852 g.cm-3. The microstructure analysis showed that the carbon electrode was amorphous indicated by the presence of a peak at an angle of 2θ around 24o and 44o. Specific capacitance was determined by the Cyclic Voltametry method and was found to be 217.22, 176.18, and 82.8 F/g respectively for the Whatman paper, filter paper, and chicken egg membrane separator variations. The results showed that whatman paper was the best separator for carbon electrodes from date palm seeds. Therefore, activated carbon made from date seeds with low cost, easy availability, and sustainability can be applied as an electrode material for supercapacitors.Keywords: Date seed, Activated Carbon, Supercapacitor, Carbon Electrode, Separator
Analysis of Cyclic Voltammetry dan Galvanostatic Charge Discharge Electrode Supercapacitor based on activated carbon from Kepok Banana Leaf (Musa balbisiana) Apriwandi Apriwandi; Erman Taer; Rakhmawati Farma
Journal of Aceh Physics Society Volume 10, Number 4, October 2021
Publisher : PSI-Aceh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.24815/jacps.v10i4.19491

Abstract

Abstrak. Teknologi penyimpan energi elektrokimia yang ramah lingkungan merupakan aspek yang penting dalam menunjang kinerja sistem konversi energi terbarukan. Studi ini menyiapkan elektroda superkapasitor berbahan asal karbon aktif berpori limbah daun pisang kepok. Sampel dipreparasi melalui impregnasi Natrium hidroksida pada konsentrasi 0,5 m/L dan dipirolisis satu tahap meliputi karbonisasi dan aktivasi fisika. Serbuk karbon yang dihasilkan dikonversi dalam bentuk pellet atau monolit dengan menggunakan hidraulik press tanpa adanya penambahan bahan perekat. Proses karbonisasi dilakukan dari suhu kamar hingga 600 °C pada lingkungan gas N2 sedangkan proses aktivasi fisika dilakukan dari suhu 600 °C hingga pada suhu tinggi dengan tiga jenis suhu yang berbeda meliputi 700 °C, 800 °C, dan 900 °C pada lingkungan gas CO2. Analisis densitas ditinjau sebagai evaluasi awal elektroda karbon berpori. Lebih lanjut, sifat elektrokimia superkapasitor dievaluasi melalui dua teknik yang berbeda meliputi teknik cyclic voltammetry (CV) dan galanostatic charge discharge (GCD) pada sistem dua elektroda dalam elektrolit 1 M H2SO4. Kapasitansi spesifik pada teknik CV adalah sebesar 142 F/g sedangkan dengan teknik GCD menghasilkan kapsitansi spesifik sebesar 154 F/g pada resistansi 42∙10-3Ω. Rapat daya dan rapat energi yang dihasilkan berturut-turut 20,45 Wh/kg dan 38,32 W/kg. Hasil ini mengkonfirmasi bahwa daun pisang berpotensi dijadikan sebagai karbon aktif berpori untuk material dasar elektroda superkapasitor.Abstract. Environmentally friendly electrochemical energy storage technology is an important aspect of supporting global energy fulfillment as a contribution to improving the performance of renewable energy conversion systems. Currently, supercapacitors are considered as a superior electrochemical energy storage technology compared to others. This study performed a supercapacitor with electrodes made from porous activated carbon based on biomass waste, especially banana leaf waste. The sample was prepared by sodium hydroxide impregnated at a concentration of 0.5 m/L dan one-step pyrolysis both carbonization dan physical activation. The carbon powder is converted into pellets or monoliths using a hydraulic press without the addition of any adhesive materials. The carbonization process is performed from room temperature to 600 °C in an N2 gas environment while the physical activation process is carried out from a temperature of 600 °C to a high temperature with three different types including 700 °C, 800 °C, dan 800 °C in CO2 gas atmosphere. Density analysis is reviewed as an initial evaluation of the porous carbon electrode. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of the supercapacitor were evaluated through two different techniques including cyclic voltammetry (CV) dan galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) in a two-electrode system in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. The specific capacitance in the CV technique is 142 F/g while the GCD technique produces a specific capacitance of 154 F/g at resistance of 42∙10-3 Ω. The power density dan energy densities for the K-900 are 20.45 Wh/kg dan 38.32 W/kg, respectively. These results confirmed that banana leaves have the potential to be used as porous activated carbon for the supercapacitor electrode.