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Effect of Severity Factor on the Subcritical Water and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coconut Husk for Reducing Sugar Production Maktum Muharja; Nur Fadhilah; Rizki Fitria Darmayanti; Hanny Frans Sangian; Tantular Nurtono; Arief Widjaja
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 3 Year 2020 (December 2020)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering - Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.3.8870.786-797

Preventing the further degradation of monomeric or oligomeric sugar into by-product during biomass conversion is one of the challenges for fermentable sugar production. In this study, the performance of subcritical water (SCW) and enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk toward reducing sugar production was investigated using a severity factor (SF) approach. Furthermore, the optimal condition of SCW was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), where the composition changes of lignocellulose and sugar yield as responses. From the results, at low SF of SCW, sugar yield escalated as increasing SF value. In the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the effect of SCW pressure is a significant factor enhancing sugar yield. A maximum total sugar yield was attained on the mild SF condition of 2.86. From this work, it was known that the SF approach is sufficient parameter to evaluate the SCW and enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Identifikasi Kandungan Boraks dan Formalin pada Makanan dengan Menggunakan Scientific Vs Simple Methods Siti Nurkhamidah; Ali Altway; Sugeng Winardi; Achmad Roesyadi; Yeni Rahmawati; Siti Machmudah; Widiyastuti; Tantular Nurtono; Siti Zullaikah; Lailatul Qadariyah
Sewagati Vol 1 No 1 (2017)
Publisher : Pusat Publikasi ITS

Seiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan bahan makanan yang tidak mudah rusak, boraks banyak sekali digunakan dalam industri makanan, seperti: dalam pembuatan mie basah, lontong, ketupat, tahu, bakso, sosis, dan lain-lain. Selain boraks, formalin juga banyak digunakan sebagai bahan pengawet makanan. Padahal zat-zat kimia tersebut merupakan bahan beracun dan bahan berbahaya bagi manusia sehingga sangat dilarang digunakan sebagai bahan baku makanan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan metode identifikasi yang sederhana (simple method) untuk kedua bahan berbahaya tersebut dalam makanan. Sehingga, dapat dilakukan oleh konsumen terutama para ibu rumah tangga dengan mudah. Untuk menguji validitas dari simple method tersebut, maka hasil ujinya perlu dibandingkan dengan scientific method. Hasil uji kandungan boraks pada makanan dengan menggunakan simple method telah dilakukan di Laboratorium dan hasil uji menunjukaan bahwa dari 28 sampel yang di uji, ada dua sample yang positif mengandung boraks. Hasil dari metode nyala api yang merupakan scientific method untuk uji kandungan boraks menunjukkan hasil yang sama dengan hasil uji menggunakan simple method. Sedangkan pada uji formalin, baik menggunakan scientific method menunjukkan hasil bahwa terdapat tujuh sampel yang positif mengandung formalin dari 28 sampel yang diuji dan sebagian besar sampel tersebut merupakan ikan asin. Hasil dari uji tersebut telah disosialisasikan kepada masyarakat sekitar Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), yaitu ibu-ibu PKK di Perumahan Sukolilo Dian Regency RT 8 dan 9, RW 2 Kelurahan Keputih Kecamatan Sukolilo Surabaya pada 26 Juni 2016 dan dilakukan sosialisasi kedua pada tanggal 30 Juli 2016 untuk melihat tingkat keberhasilan dan keberlanjutan dari sosialisasi yang pertama.

Studi Fluidisasi dan Pembakaran Batubara Polydisperse di Dalam Fluidized Bed Berbasis Simulasi CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) Mochammad Agung Indra Iswara; Tantular Nurtono; Sugeng Winardi
Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan Vol. 2 No. 1 (2018): April 2018
Publisher : Politeknik Negeri Malang

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui fenomena pembakaran batubara dimana dimensi alat, distribusi ukuran partikel, dan jenis kualitas batubara menggunakan validasi dari penelitian Wang. Penelitian ini mengarahkan pada simulasi berbasis CFD. Kondisi operasi pada saat simulasi pembakaran dilakukan pada kecepatan bubbling. Metode yang digunakan sebelum melakukan simulasi pembakaran merupakan kelanjutan dari simulasi fluidisasi dimana masih menggunakan geometri 2-D fluidized bed lalu dilakukan meshing, selanjutnya memasukkan persamaan energi. Geometri fluidized bed yang digunakan berbentuk tabung dengan panjang silinder fluidized bed 1370 mm, diameter silinder 152 mm. Bahan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berupa pulverized coal dengan jenis batubara Bituminous dimana ukuran partikel dianggap polydisperse dengan ukuran partikel 1 mm dan 1,86mm yang masing-masing sebesar 50% fraksi massa dengan kecepatan 0,2 Kg/s dan suhu 1200 K, dan udara luar yang diinjeksikan dengan kecepatan 0,8 m/s dan suhu 300 K. Analisa pengambilan data adalah berupa kontur fase padatan, kontur temperatur pada fase-1 dan fase padatan, fraksi massa produk pembakaran, massa padatan awal dan akhir simulasi dengan time step sebesar 0,0001 detik dan number of time step sebesar 300000. Selanjutnya data tersebut diplot menjadi grafik temperatur terhadap time step dan disajikan dalam setiap 1 menit simulasi selama 5 menit simulasi. This research aims to determine coal combustion’s phenomenon, where the device’s dimension, particle size distribution, and the quality of rank coal which validated Wang’s reseach. This reseach leads on CFD simulation. The operation condition has did in bubbling velocity. This method is a continuation from fluidization simulation which is use 2-D Geometry and then used the meshing method, and enter the energy equation. The geometry of fluidized bed used was tubular cylinder with 1370 mm length and 152 mm. Materials used in this study was pulverized coal with Bituminous coal type which the particle size was considered as monodispers with particle size was 1.43 mm and polydispersed with particle size was 1 mm with 50% mass fraction and 1.86 mm with 50% mass fraction with flow rate 0,2 Kg/s and the temperature is 1200 K, and the outside air are injected in 0,8 m/s and 300 K. The analysis of data retrieval is solid phase contour, temperature contours in phase-1 and solid phase, mass fraction of combustion product, initial solid mass and final solid mass simulation with time step 0,0001 s and the numberof time step 300000. Then the data is plotted into a graph temperature vs time step and presented in 1 minute simulation for 5 minute simulation.

Effect of Severity Factor on the Subcritical Water and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Coconut Husk for Reducing Sugar Production Maktum Muharja; Nur Fadhilah; Rizki Fitria Darmayanti; Hanny Frans Sangian; Tantular Nurtono; Arief Widjaja
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 3 Year 2020 (December 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.3.8870.786-797

Preventing the further degradation of monomeric or oligomeric sugar into by-product during biomass conversion is one of the challenges for fermentable sugar production. In this study, the performance of subcritical water (SCW) and enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk toward reducing sugar production was investigated using a severity factor (SF) approach. Furthermore, the optimal condition of SCW was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), where the composition changes of lignocellulose and sugar yield as responses. From the results, at low SF of SCW, sugar yield escalated as increasing SF value. In the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the effect of SCW pressure is a significant factor enhancing sugar yield. A maximum total sugar yield was attained on the mild SF condition of 2.86. From this work, it was known that the SF approach is sufficient parameter to evaluate the SCW and enzymatic hydrolysis of coconut husk. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Enhancing Enzymatic Digestibility of Coconut Husk using Nitrogen-assisted Subcritical Water for Sugar Production Maktum Muharja; Nur Fadhilah; Tantular Nurtono; Arief Widjaja
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2020: BCREC Volume 15 Issue 1 Year 2020 (April 2020)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.15.1.5337.84-95

Coconut husk (CCH) as an abundant agricultural waste in Indonesia has the potential to be utilized for sugar production, which is the intermediate product of biofuel. In this study, subcritical water (SCW) assisted by nitrogen (N2) was developed to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of CCH. SCW process was optimized by varying the operation condition: the pressure of 60-100 bar, the temperature of 150-190 °C, and the time of 20-60 min. The SCW-treated solid was subsequently hydrolyzed by utilizing a mixture of commercial cellulase and xylanase enzymes. The result shows that the optimum total sugar yield was obtained under the mild condition of SCW treatment, resulting in the sugar of 15.67 % and 10.31 % gained after SCW and enzymatic hydrolysis process, respectively. SEM and FTIR analysis of SCW-treated solid exhibited the deformation of lignin and solubilization of cellulose and hemicellulose, while XRD and TGA revealed an increase of the amount of crystalline part in the solid residue. The use of N2 in SCW treatment combined with enzymatic hydrolysis in this study suggested that the method can be considered economically for biofuel production from CCH waste in commercial scale. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Mathematical Modelling of Alkaline and Ionic Liquid Pretreated Coconut Husk Enzymatic Hydrolysis Akbarningrum Fatmawati; Ari Anggoro; Kamila Adila Muslim; Arief Widjaja; Tantular Nurtono; Hanny Frans Sangian
Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 2021: BCREC Volume 16 Issue 2 Year 2021 (June 2021)
Publisher : Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.16.2.10306.331-341

The problem of crude oil reserve shortage and air quality decline currently have led researches on renewable fuel such as bioethanol and biohydrogen. The attempt to provide such biofuel involves the utilization of enormously available wasted materials, lignocellulose. Coconut husk is one of such materials available in Indonesia. The previous work had reported the quantity of total reducing sugar produced after the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated coconut husk. The pretreatment methods used were dilute sodium hydroxide solution (1 and 4% w/v), 1,3-methylmethylimidazolium dimethyl phosphate ionic liquid and the combination of both methods. This work focused on constructing the mathematical model which describes the kinetic of those enzymatic hydrolysis reactions. Mathematical model expressions help describing as well as predicting the process behavior, which is commonly needed in the process design and control. The development of mathematical model in this work was done based on the total reducing sugar concentration resulted in batch hydrolysis reaction. The kinetic parameters including initial available substrate (S0), maximum reaction rate (rmax), and half-maximum rate constant (KM). According to the values of half-maximum rate constant (KM), the enzymatic hydrolysis performance of coconut husk treated using ionic liquid is better than that treated using dilute alkaline solution as the former had shown lower KM value and hence higher enzyme affinity to the substrate. The best hydrolysis result was performed using combination of 1% dilute sodium hydroxide solution and ionic liquid with kinetic model parameter of 0.5524 g/L.h of rmax, 0.0409 g/L of KM, and 4.1919 g/L of S0. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Pra-Desain Pabrik Fraksinasi Lignoselulosa dengan Metode Steam Explosion Muhammad Abdurrokhim Al Hafiizh; W. Widiyastuti; Tantular Nurtono
Journal of Fundamentals and Applications of Chemical Engineering Vol 3, No 1 (2022)
Publisher : Journal of Fundamentals and Applications of Chemical Engineering

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.12962/j2964710X.v3i1.17323

Lignoselulosa merupakan bahan organik alami yang paling banyak terdapat di bumi namun selama ini hanya fraksi selulosa yang dimanfaatkan secara komersial. Hal ini tentu menjadi tantangan sekaligus kesempatan baik bagi industri sabut kelapa di Indonesia untuk melakukan diversifikasi produk samping selain mengekspor produk mentahnya saja, namun juga berpotensi menghasilkan produk intermediate yang lebih bernilai ekonomi secara komersial melalui teknologi biorefinery. Tingginya kandungan lignoselulosa dalam sabut kelapa menunjukkan adanya potensi lain yang lebih efektif dan efisien apabila dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai pemanfaatan lignoselulosa yang terkandung dalam sabut kelapa untuk menjadikannya sebagai high value-added products. Struktur kokoh dalam lignoselulosa yang secara alami melindungi partikel serat dari gangguan lingkungan, termasuk dapat menahan beban mekanis yang tinggi bahkan resisten terhadap degradasi kimia maupun enzimatis oleh mikroorganisme membuat pengembangan teknologi biorefinery menghadapi banyak tantangan. Karena itu disusunlah studi pra-desain pabrik fraksinasi lignoselulosa dari sabut kelapa dengan metode steam explosion yang dikombinasikan dengan alkali-acid delignification process. Proses ini mempermudah tahap isolasi komponen-komponen penyusun lignoselulosa (selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin) sehingga memungkinkan untuk dapat dimurnikan sebagai high value-added products dari turunan komoditas kelapa. Setelah preliminary techno-economic analysis dilakukan, diperkirakan kebutuhan investasi untuk membangun pabrik dengan kapasitas olah 33.000ton sabut kelapa/tahun adalah Rp 1,01 triliun dengan Laju Pengembalian Modal (IRR) sebesar 19%. Dengan potensi penerimaan hasil penjualan Rp 600-700 miliar/tahun, diperkirakan Durasi Pengembalian Modal (POT) dapat dicapai selama 8-9 tahun pada Break Even Point di angka 40%. Rancangan ini memerlukan waktu konstruksi lancar 3-5 tahun dengan umur rencana pabrik selama 20 tahun.

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