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All Journal Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial SIASAT Journal Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education Journal (Birle Journal) Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences Budapest International Research in Exact Sciences (BirEx Journal) Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal Britain International of Exact Sciences Journal (BIoEx Journal) Rowter Journal Matondang Journal Economit Journal Polit Journal LingLit Journal Lakhomi Journal
Muhammad Ridwan
Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
Religion Agriculture, Biological Sciences & Forestry Arts Humanities Biochemistry, Genetics & Molecular Biology Chemistry Civil Engineering, Building, Construction & Architecture Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Environmental Science Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Mathematics Medicine & Pharmacology Physics Social Sciences Transportation Other

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The Fractal Polity: Macrocosm, Microcosm, and the Co-Creation of Communal Heaven or Hell Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Polit Journal Scientific Journal of Politics Vol 6 No 3 (2026): Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics, August
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Abstract

Political science has long struggled to explain why some nations achieve sustained flourishing (“heaven on Earth”) while others descend into systemic predation, distrust and suffering (“hell on Earth”). Existing institutional, economic and cultural theories overlook the recursive, self similar relationship between macro scale governance and micro scale citizen consciousness. This paper introduces the fractal polity framework, drawing on the Hermetic principle “As above, so below,” to theorize governance and citizen practice as co creative, bi directionally causal and self similar across scales. The study synthesizes political philosophy, complexity theory and comparative case analysis. Four cases are examined using a novel Fractal Diagnostic Tool that assesses macro micro alignment on three dimensions: justice, truth and compassion. Fractal alignment produces heavenly outcomes (Costa Rica); pathological fractal alignment produces self reinforcing hell (Mobutu’s Zaire); radical macro reform can catalyze micro change (post Soviet Georgia); but macro liberalization without micro civic trust can trigger collapse (post EPRDF Ethiopia). Transmission occurs via institutional signaling, resource allocation, enforcement, collective action, norms diffusion and leadership selection, with tipping points at critical minority thresholds. Heaven and hell on Earth are emergent products of fractal alignment or misalignment. Durable transformation requires simultaneous top down institutional reform and bottom up cultivation of civic virtue. Policymakers should adopt fractal audits; citizens should organize at neighbourhood scales; researchers should employ multi scale longitudinal methods, agent based modelling and QCA.
The Chemistry of Devotion: Materials, Techniques, and Symbolism in Ethiopian Sacred Metalwork and Manuscript Illumination Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Lakhomi Journal Scientific Journal of Culture Vol 7 No 3 (2026): Lakhomi Journal : Scientific Journal of Culture, September
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Ethiopian sacred arts represent one of the world's oldest continuous traditions of material and spiritual transformation, yet the chemical knowledge embedded in these practices remains largely unexplored in the historiography of science and art history. Purpose: This study examines Ethiopian sacred metalwork and manuscript illumination as a form of applied alchemy, investigating the practical chemistry, techniques, and theological symbolism underlying these traditions. Drawing on interdisciplinary approaches combining archaeometric analysis (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry), art historical examination, ethnographic documentation, and textual analysis, this study synthesizes existing research and presents new interpretations of Ethiopian sacred material culture. Ethiopian artisans possessed sophisticated indigenous chemical knowledge encompassing metallurgy (smelting, lost-wax casting, alloying, gilding), parchment-making, ink preparation (carbon-based and iron-gall inks), and pigment production (mineral, plant-based, and imported pigments). This practical chemistry was deeply intertwined with theological symbolism: gold signified divine light, red represented the blood of Christ, and the processes of transformation were understood as acts of purification and devotion. The Ethiopian tradition, continuous since late Antiquity, serves as a vital source for understanding vanished historical practices. Ethiopian sacred arts constitute a distinctive tradition of applied alchemy that challenges Eurocentric narratives of chemical knowledge, demonstrating that sophisticated material practices flourished in non-European contexts. Future research should prioritize systematic chemical analysis of wider manuscript and metal object corpora, ethnographic studies of living craftspeople, comparative studies with other African and Eastern Christian traditions, and digital humanities approaches to preserve and analyze this endangered heritage.
The Growth-Emissions Paradox: Assessing the Offset of Climate Mitigation by Economic Expansion in Ethiopia Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance Vol 6 No 1 (2026): Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance: (February)
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Abstract

Ethiopia's climate mitigation initiatives from 2010 to 2023, under the Climate Resilient Green Economy (CRGE) framework, demonstrate a dual strategy of renewable energy expansion and afforestation, achieving modest offsets amid 8.4% average annual GDP growth. Total mitigation amounted to 34,006 tCO₂, with renewables contributing 49.3%, driven by hydropower surging to 85% of electricity generation by 2022, phasing out 95% of fossil fuels, and afforestation accounting for 50.7%, via 3,450 kHa planted and a 25.6% forest cover increase, sequestering 500 tCO₂ annually. However, a -3.4 kHa/year afforestation slope and low overall impact (2% of national emissions) highlight scalability challenges. Sectoral greenhouse gas emissions rose 196% to 770 ktCO₂e, with agriculture's share declining from 77% to 32%, overtaken by industry (39%) and transport (26%). Emissions growth was driven primarily by transport activity (46.2% contribution; feature importance 0.176) and industrial GDP (38.1%; 0.129), while the energy sector’s –7.1% offset underscores the efficacy of renewable deployment. Intensity halved across sectors, yielding absolute decoupling in agriculture (0.9 indexes) and industry (0.8), though transport recoupled sharply. Decoupling analysis confirms full relative decoupling over the 13 years, with emissions rising only 4.0, lagging GDP growth, and producing a 41.3% reduction in intensity (–15.948 tCO₂ per million USD per year). Periodically, 2010-2015 achieved a -26.1% intensity drop foundational to CRGE, while 2016-2023 sustained -17.7% amid a 39.8% emissions rise, averting 117,426 ktCO₂ (4.2% effectiveness). Net effects balanced 184.0% GDP expansion with 67.6% offsets, closing a 0.36 efficiency gap. These findings affirm Ethiopia's positive low-carbon trajectory, economic decoupling, balanced mitigation drivers, positioning it as an African exemplar. Yet vulnerabilities such as drought exposure, urbanization pressures, and equity gaps demand accelerated reforms to deliver NDC-aligned emissions cuts and net-zero by 2050.
The 2026 Strong El Niño Triggers a Compounding Drought-to-Flood Cascade, Elevating Multisectoral Risks to East African Agriculture and Public Health Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance Vol 6 No 2 (2026): Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance: (May
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Abstract

The World Meteorological Organization projects the 2026 El Niño to rank among histories strongest, with an 80% probability of onset between June and August and a 63–65% chance of attaining super-strength from October 2026 through February 2027, posing a dire threat to climate-vulnerable East Africa. This paper provides a holistic, predictive assessment of the event's cascading consequences for agriculture and public health across the region. Our synthesis integrates climatic forecasts from WMO, NOAA, and ICPAC; agricultural and food-security indicators from FAO GIEWS, FEWS NET, and IPC classifications; health surveillance data from WHO; and historical lessons from the 1997–1998 and 2023–2024 episodes. We project a distinct biphasic pattern: drought from June to September curtails planting and growth in western unimodal zones; Ethiopia, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, and western Kenya followed by a positive Indian Ocean Dipole-driven deluge from October to December. This second phase unleashes widespread flooding across Kenya, Somalia, southern Ethiopia, and Uganda, destroying standing crops, spoiling stored grain, and rupturing transport and market infrastructure. Staple cereal yields, notably sorghum and millet, could plummet by up to 30%. Concurrently, inundated landscapes amplify Rift Valley fever transmission, triggering substantial livestock losses. The compound effect would push roughly 8.8 million people across 22 high-risk nations into acute food insecurity; Somalia alone may see 6 million individuals facing IPC Phase 3 or worse. Health systems will grapple with surges in cholera, malaria, dengue, and heat-related morbidities, with critical hotspots centering on the Lake Victoria and Tana River basins, the Juba and Shabelle catchments, and densely populated urban hubs like Nairobi. This impending super-El Niño constitutes an unprecedented humanitarian emergency, yet its forecast lead time offers a tangible preparedness window. We urge immediate investments in early-warning system upgrades, climate-resilient crop varieties, irrigation and flood defenses, expanded disease surveillance and vaccine stockpiles, robust water-sanitation-hygiene programs, scaled humanitarian logistics, and targeted interventions addressing the structural poverty and land-use pressures that magnify climatic shocks.
A Systematic Literature Review of Digital Payment in Ethiopia: Challenges, User Satisfaction, and Socio-Economic Impact Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance Vol 6 No 2 (2026): Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance: (May
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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This systematic literature review examines the challenges, user satisfaction determinants, and socio-economic impact of digital payments in Ethiopia. Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, the Addis Ababa University Institutional Repository, and African Journals Online was conducted, covering literature published between 2015 and 2026. The review synthesises findings from peer-reviewed journal articles, institutional reports, and postgraduate theses, employing the Technology Acceptance Model and Diffusion of Innovation theory as analytical frameworks. The findings reveal that while Ethiopia's digital payment ecosystem has experienced remarkable growth, exemplified by Telebirr's 46.6 million users and digital transactions exceeding 18 trillion Birr annually, persistent challenges impede the transition from access to meaningful usage. Five interconnected categories of barriers are identified: infrastructure deficits, trust and security concerns, economic and affordability barriers, organizational and institutional weaknesses, and socio-cultural factors. Trust emerges as the critical mediating factor between service provision and user satisfaction, serving as the primary adoption driver. User satisfaction is determined by trust, convenience, speed, security, cost, and user experience, with integrated theoretical models demonstrating strong predictive power (R² = 0.675). Socio-economic benefits are evident across financial inclusion, economic formalization, social empowerment, and enterprise development, though benefits remain unevenly distributed. The National Bank of Ethiopia's Digital Payment Strategy 2026–2030 represents a necessary policy reorientation toward trust-building and active usage. Recommendations include strengthening digital infrastructure, reducing transaction costs, enhancing consumer protection, and prioritizing gender-responsive innovation.
Leapfrogging into Digital Credit: The Trade-off between Financial Inclusion and Portfolio Risk in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Kenya and Ethiopia Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance Vol 6 No 2 (2026): Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance: (May
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Abstract

The rapid proliferation of mobile-based lending across Sub-Saharan Africa has generated a fundamental tension: digital credit promises financial inclusion at scale yet carries inherent portfolio risks that threaten lender stability and borrower welfare. This study examines this inclusion-risk trade-off through a comparative analysis of Kenya, a mature digital credit market, and Ethiopia, an emerging latecomer with significant leapfrogging potential. Drawing on bank-level loan performance data, regulatory frameworks, and institutional analysis spanning 2014–2025, the study documents Kenya's "develop first, regulate later" trajectory, which achieved remarkable inclusion, 5.5 million borrowers, and Sh76.8 billion in disbursements but at the cost of a micro-loan default crisis, with loans below KES 1,000 defaulting at 83.1 percent. Four determinants-loan appraisal, borrowing costs, disbursement management, and repayment terms mediate this trade-off. Ethiopia, by contrast, has adopted a proactive regulatory framework but constrained inclusion through a bank-account mandate that excludes the unbanked majority. Early risk indicators, unsecured lending at scale, fee opacity, and emerging defaults suggest vulnerabilities are already present. The comparative analysis yields five stylized facts and five policy recommendations for latecomer economies: recalibrate credit access, strengthen consumer protection, invest in financial infrastructure, adopt regulatory sandboxes, and enhance supervision. The findings extend leapfrogging theory, demonstrating that technological leapfrogging does not automatically imply regulatory leapfrogging. Ethiopia has a narrow window to integrate innovation, inclusion, and stability from the outset, offering lessons for emerging digital finance markets worldwide.
The Mediating Role of Computational Identity in the Relationship between Computational Thinking Skills and Academic Self-Efficacy Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial Vol 12 No 4 (2025): Konfrontasi, December
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.33258/konfrontasi2.v12i4.360

Abstract

Computational thinking (CT) has emerged as a critical 21st-century skill, yet its motivational and psychological correlates in higher education remain underexplored, particularly in African contexts. Creative interest (CI) and academic self-efficacy (ASE) represent key motivational mechanisms that may link CT perceptions to broader academic confidence. Purpose: This study examined the direct and indirect relationships among computational thinking, creative interest, and academic self-efficacy among undergraduate students, testing whether creative interest mediates the effect of CT on ASE. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to 357 undergraduate students at Dire Dawa University, Ethiopia. Validated self-report scales measured overall and subscale levels of CT, CI, and ASE. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and bootstrapped mediation analysis with PROCESS macro. CFA supported the distinctiveness of the three constructs with acceptable fit (CFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.072) and strong validity (AVE > 0.76). CT showed strong positive correlations with CI (r = 0.594) and ASE (r = 0.632). Mediation analysis revealed a significant total effect of CT on ASE (β = 0.356, p < .001), a significant direct effect after mediation (β = 0.289, p < .001), and a small but significant indirect effect via CI (β = 0.067, 95% bootstrap CI [0.033, 0.101]), accounting for 18.8% of the total effect. The model explained 42.5% of variance in ASE. Conclusion: Computational thinking perceptions enhance academic self-efficacy both directly and partially through creative interest, highlighting a motivational pathway in which CT fosters creative identity that, in turn, supports efficacy beliefs. Ethiopian universities should integrate CT training with activities that explicitly link computational skills to creative expression and self-regulated learning to maximize motivational and efficacy benefits.
The Cosmic Horizon as the Highest Heaven: Examining Michael Guillen's Hypothesis Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial Vol 13 No 1 (2026): Konfrontasi, March
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

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Abstract

The human tendency to locate the divine in spatial terms represents a cognitive universal, yet classical theism affirms divine transcendence, the claim that God as Creator cannot be contained within creation. Into this tension steps physicist Michael Guillen, who has proposed that the "highest heaven" described in biblical tradition possesses a specific physical location: the cosmic horizon, the boundary of the observable universe where galaxies recede at the speed of light and time ceases. This article critically examines Guillen's hypothesis, evaluating whether it successfully integrates scientific cosmology with theological claims about divine transcendence and the nature of heaven. The study employs interdisciplinary analysis, drawing on cosmological literature to clarify the scientific status of the cosmic horizon, and on theological sources (biblical, patristic, medieval, and contemporary) to assess the hypothesis against classical and modern understandings of divine transcendence, immanence, and eschatology. The analysis proceeds through comparative evaluation of scientific and theological frameworks. While Guillen's hypothesis has received popular attention, sustained scholarly analysis remains lacking. This article provides the first systematic examination of the proposal within the science-religion literature, demonstrating how the hypothesis reveals fundamental tensions between spatial models of divinity and theological commitments to transcendence. It offers a constructive alternative: interpreting the cosmic horizon as a symbol of transcendence rather than a literal location. Scientifically, Guillen misconstrues the cosmic horizon, which is not a physical location but an observer-dependent observational boundary. Theologically, his spatial literalism conflicts with classical theism's affirmation that God cannot be contained within creation (1 Kings 8:27; Augustine; Aquinas).
The Augmented Science Journalist: A Human-in-the-Loop Framework for AI Integration Belay Sitotaw Goshu; M. Yoserizal saragih; Muhammad Ridwan
Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial Vol 13 No 1 (2026): Konfrontasi, March
Publisher : Budapest International Research and Critics University

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Algorithmic bias in healthcare systems has emerged as a critical threat to equitable patient care, with growing evidence that machine learning models perpetuate racial and ethnic disparities in clinical decision-making. This study aimed to investigate the extent, evolution, and real-world consequences of bias in healthcare algorithms through an innovative human-in-the-loop (HITL) investigative journalism framework. The methodology integrated AI-driven discovery, automated code repository auditing, and in-depth human investigation across three phases. AI tools analyzed temporal bias trends from 2015–2023, audited over 50 public GitHub repositories, and quantified disparities, while human journalists conducted expert interviews, impact assessments, and narrative synthesis to ensure contextual accuracy and ethical framing. Key findings revealed persistent and severe biases: Black and Native American patients experienced 2–3 times higher bias scores than White patients, with diagnostic and risk-prediction algorithms showing the greatest disparities. Only 33% of analyzed repositories included explicit bias testing, despite high adoption rates. Consequential impacts included false negative rates up to 73.7% for Black patients needing care, elevated treatment disparities, poorer health outcomes, and substantial economic costs from excess hospitalizations. The novelty lies in the scalable HITL synergy that enabled longitudinal, multi-source analysis previously infeasible manually, translating technical artifacts into actionable public knowledge. In conclusion, unchecked algorithmic bias systematically harms marginalized communities. We recommend mandatory bias audits, regulatory oversight of proprietary systems, and participatory governance involving affected patients.
Determinants of Health in Abrahamic Scriptures: A Comparative Thematic Analysis of the Quran, Bible, and Torah Belay Sitotaw Goshu; Muhammad Ridwan
LingLit Journal Scientific Journal for Linguistics and Literature Vol 6 No 4 (2025): Linglit Journal: Scientific Journal of Linguistics and Literature, December
Publisher : Britain International for Academic Research (BIAR-Publisher)

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Abstract

Mainstream models of health determinants, including the Dahlgren Whitehead rainbow model and WHO frameworks, overlook spiritual and religious factors despite growing evidence of their influence on health outcomes. Abrahamic scriptures the Quran, Bible, and Torah contain extensive guidance on health, yet no systematic comparative analysis has mapped their determinants. This study aimed to identify, categorise, and compare health determinants articulated in the Quran, Bible, and Torah, and to integrate findings into contemporary public health discourse. A comparative qualitative thematic analysis was conducted. Deductive codes were derived from existing determinant models; inductive codes emerged from scriptural analysis. Texts included the Quran (Arabic with Saheeh International translation), the Bible (NIV/NRSV), and the Torah (Jewish Publication Society translation). Rigour was ensured through audit trails, peer debriefing, and negative case analysis. Four determinant categories were identified: metaphysical (divine will, sin, spiritual forces, prayer), behavioural (diet, hygiene, rest, sexual ethics, intoxicants), social (charity, community responsibility, justice, governance), and psychological (faith, gratitude, repentance). All three scriptures affirm metaphysical determinants. Behavioural determinants are strongest in the Quran and Torah; social determinants are strongest in the Bible; psychological determinants are strong in the Quran and Bible, moderate in the Torah. Conclusion: Abrahamic scriptures present a holistic model in which the divine human relationship is the primary health determinant, extending beyond secular frameworks. Public health practice should integrate spiritual determinants through culturally competent promotion, faith based interventions, and clinical spiritual assessment. Future research should quantify scriptural determinants and extend analysis to other religious traditions.
Co-Authors Abdurahman Adisaputera Abraham Edeh Adebogun Babatunde Olayinka Aduloju Doyinsola Akhimien Emmanuel Alice Blessing Ogundiya Alikor Queen Nneka Aliyah Balogun-Ibijunle Amaka Yvonne Okafor Ambwa Lokula Junior Amédée Gbatea Kundana Amédée Kundana Gbatea Ange Thijenira Loketo Arifulhak Aceh Armand Endowa Doikasiye Aurel Vlad Aymard Papy Bembiade Babatunde Covenant Olugbenga Barsha Biswal Belay Sitotaw Goshu Belay Sitotaw Goshu Belay Sitotaw Goshu Belay Sitotaw Goshu Belay Sitotaw Goshu Belay Sitotaw Goshu Journal Bembi Bosso Benjamin Zoawe Gbolo Benjamin Zoawe Gbolo Bikila Merga Deresa Bikram Biswas Bondombe Gorges-Willy Bright Kelechi Uzoji Briki C. Kakesa Charles K. Moywaywa Clarisse Falanga Mawi Colette Masengo Ashande Colette Masengo Ashande Damas Boboy Manzongo Damien Sha Tshibey Tshibangu Deborah Adedeji Dike Harcourt White Dorothée Tshilanda Dinangayi Duol Dak Maluel Ekpali Joseph Saint Eliane Griep Gomes Bitencourt Emmanuel Blessing Oyiza Emmanuel Kitete Mulongo Emmanuel Moke Lengbiye Eric Msughter Aondover Eser Demir Falguni Roy Ferdi T. Güçyetmez Florin Skutnik Francis Mosala Gabriel Lola Oriloye Gédéon Ngiala Bongo Gédéon Ngiala Bongo Godfrey Alinaitwe Hadiza Abubakar Ahmad Hauwa Kawo Mohammed Hossein Shahri Ibrahim Abdulkadir Idikodingo Anzinzoniwa Faustin Jacqueline Kangu Kobe Jacquie Kangu Kobe Jammy Seigha Guanah Javaid Ahmad Andrabi JB Zanyako Bosanza Jeff Iteku Bekomo John Likolo Baya Jonas Mbaya Kusagba Jonas Nagahuedi Mbongu Sodi Josiah Adewale Apalowo Josiah Adewale Apalowo Joy Collins-Dike JP Mokombe Magbukudua Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua Lettiah Gumbo Litucha Bakokola Joseph Loveth Okowa-Nwaebi M. Yoserizal Saragih Majeed Mohamed Fareed Majeed Marcus Garvey ORJI Marcus Garvey Orji Mark Angelo C. Reotutar Masengo Ashande Colette Masens Da-Musa Y.B. Mauricio Bueno da Rosa Melaku Masresha Woldeamanueal Melaku Masresha Woldeamanueal Melaku Masresha Woldeamanueal Mihai Pichler Modeste Ndaba Modeawi Modeste Ndaba Modeawi Moein Mirani Ahangar Kolaei Mohammad Nur Ullah Mohammad Taghi Sheykhi Molongo Mokondande Médard Molongo Mokondande Médard Monde-Te-Kazangba Godefroid Monye I. Florence Mostafa Toranji Muhammad Danjuma Abubakar Navaneeta Rath Ngalakpa Héritier Ngbolua Koto-te-Nyiwa Jean-Paul Njoku C. Justice Norie T. Tactay Nweke Pearl Iheoma Obodoeze Chekwube Josephine Ojetola Adetola Afolabi Oke Edward Edherue Okungo Lotokola Albert Olayinka Babatunde Adebogun Ololade Olatunji Ololade Olatunji Lateef Olusola Oladapo Makinde Omolara Akin-Odukoya Omolara Akin-Odukoya Omolara Oluwabusayo Akin-Odukoya Omotola Ogunbola Omotola Ogunbola Onaopepo Ibrahim Bamidele Paulos Manedo Hafebo Perpetua Ogechi Vitalis Philippe Ebuma Dongo Pius T. Mpiana Placide Makwa Mbulola Precious Awosanya Oreoluwa Precious Dube Ramlan Richard N. Amadi Robijaona Rahelivololoniaina Baholy Rokeeb Tunde Afeez Ruphin Djolu Djoza Ruphin Djolu Djoza Sajib Kumar Roy Shittu Lukman Olayinka Solomon Zerihun Songbo Kwedugbu Médard Subulola Etimiri Supper Roland Okijie Sylvester Ojenagbon Tadashi Adino Taffouo Victor Désiré Timothy Ekeledirichukwu Onyejelem Tolga Constantinou Toyosi Khadijat Owoyale Tunmise Daramola Ubong Edem Effiong Uzoji Bright Kelechi Vladimir Valentinovich Kozhevnikov Vladimir Valentinovich Kozhevnikov Zubair Shaib Bashir