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STUDI METODE-METODE EKSTRAKSI PEWARNA MAKANAN ALAMI ANNATTO DARI BIJI KESUMBA (Bixa orellana) Johnner Parningotan Sitompul; Martha Situ Situmorang; Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja
Reaktor Volume 14, Nomor 1, April 2012
Publisher : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Diponegoro University

Annatto is natural food colorant extracted from Bixa orellana seeds. The main constituent of annatto is bixin, a carotenoid having carboxylic acid groups at both ends of its molecular chain and one of these is methyl-esterified. The carboxylic acid groups of bixin and norbixin cause the molecule to dissolve in aqueous bases. The methyl ester structure causes the molecule dissolving in oil and other organic solvents. The double bond conjugated chain causes bixin dissolved in most organic solvents. These characteristics are mainly bases for extraction solvent selection. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the performance of ethyl acetate and acetone as solvents for annatto extraction with different method of extraction and to obtain a procedure for preparing general purpose annatto extract having the highest possible of bixin yield. Two methods of extraction are carried out using Soxhlet method (at solvent boiling temperature) and ultrasonic bath extraction at room temperature. The selected solvents are ethyl acetate and acetone that have medium polarity index and low boiling point. The bixin quality is examined by measuring pigment content with spectrophotometer at certain wavelength. Two types of seeds from different places in Indonesia will be the investigated as sources of annatto. Experimental results for extraction with Soxhlet method shows that yield of bixin (upon seed) from ultrasonic bath extraction is higher that is 0.584% (w), compared to Soxhlet extraction 0.443% (w). For ultrasonic bath extraction, yield of bixin (upon seed) with ethyl acetate as solvent is 0.602%, much higher compared to that from acetone 0.565%. Extraction with Soxhlet method gives different results. Yield of bixin (upon seed) with acetone as solvent is higher which is 0.460%, compared to ethyl acetate which is 0.427%. Seeds from Bandung (West Java) and Duri (Riau) do not give significant difference of bixin yield from two methods of extraction. Annatto merupakan pewarna alami makanan yang didapatkan melalui ekstraksi dari biji pohon kasumba (Bixa orellana) dengan komponen pewarna utamanya adalah bixin. Keberadaan ikatan rangkap terkonjugasi menyebabkan bixin dan norbixin larut dalam sebagian besar pelarut organik. Ciri struktur kimia dari bixin ini yang menjadi dasar dalam pemilihan pelarut untuk ekstraksi pewarna annatto. Tujuan makalah ini adalah studi metode-metode ekstraksi terhadap perolehan bixin, metode Soxhlet pada temperatur didih pelarut dan metoda ultrasonic bath pada temperatur kamar, dengan dua tempat sumber biji kasumba, Bandung dan Duri. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah etil asetat dan aseton. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mengukur kadar pigmen yang dihasilkan menggunakan spektrofotometri pada panjang gelombang tertentu. Dari penelitian ini, didapatkan data yield (perolehan bixin) dari berbagai variasi percobaan. Perolehan bixin (terhadap biji) yang didapat dari ekstraksi ultrasonic bath lebih tinggi yaitu rata-rata sebesar 0,584%, dibanding dengan metode soxhlet yang rata-rata sebesar 0,443%. Ekstraksi menggunakan metode ekstraksi ultrasonic bath, dan menggunakan pelarut etil asetat lebih tinggi yaitu rata-rata 0,602% daripada menggunakan aseton yang rata-rata 0,565%. Sedangkan dengan metode soxhlet menunjukkan perolehan bixin berbeda, dengan pelarut aseton 0,460%, sedangkan untuk pelarut etil asetat adalah 0,427%. Biji yang berasal dari 2 tempat berbeda, ketika diekstraksi dengan dua metode tersebut tidak memberikan perbedaaan hasil bixin yang signifikan

Karakterisasi Nanokomposit Poly(Lactic Acid)-Spent Bleaching Earth Regenerasi Termodifikasi: Characterization of Nanocomposite of Poly(Lactic Acid)-Modified Regenerated Spent Bleaching Earth Tika Paramitha; Johnner P. Sitompul
KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia Vol. 6 No. 2 (2020): Edisi Agustus
Publisher : Chemistry Department, Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty, Tadulako University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22487/kovalen.2020.v6.i2.15207

Development of renewable resource-based polymers attracts attention to solve environmental problems due to the build up of polymer (plastic). Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most widely used polymers which have good biodegradability and processability. The addition of fillers to the PLA matrix aims to improve the characteristics of the PLA, such as mechanical properties of nanocomposites of PLA. Thus, PLA can be use as substitution of fossil fuel-based polymer. Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) can be used as a filler after regeneration process. SBE was extracted and oxidized to take its oil content. Then, SBE was modified with urea solution to increase the interlayer distance. In this study, structure of nanocomposites was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction and mechanical properties of nanocomposites were characterized using Universal Testing Machines. X-Ray Diffraction characterization results show that PLA-SBE nanocomposite and PLA-modified regenerated SBE nanocomposites do not form new peaks, so SBE and modified regenerated SBE is intercalated and partially exfoliated in the PLA matrix. The degree of intercalation/exfoliation is indicated by the results of characterization of mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of PLA-SBE nanocomposite are lower than neat PLA, whereas the mechanical properties of PLA-modified regenerated SBE nanocomposites are higher than neat PLA. The best mechanical properties of nanocomposites were obtained for PLA-5% modified regenerated SBE, with elongation and tensile strength, 3.26%, and 42.22 MPa, respectively. Keywords: nanocomposites, poly(lactic acid), regeneration, spent bleaching earth

Penerapan Spouted-ben dalam Pembuatan Natrium Silikat dari Abu Sekam Padi: Hidrodinamika, Perpindahan Massa, dan Perolehan Silikat Johnner P. Sitompul; Chrismono Himawan; Agus Wanadri
Journal of Mathematical and Fundamental Sciences Vol. 31 No. 1 (1999)
Publisher : Institute for Research and Community Services (LPPM) ITB

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar

Sari. Telah dilakukan satudi awal penerapan spouted-bed untuk menyelenggarakan reaksi cair-padat, NaOH-abu sekam padi guna memperoleh natrium silikat yang mencakup studi hidrodinamika, perpindahan massa, dan perolehan silikat. Korelasi kecepatan minimum spouting dan kriteria kestabilan spouting telah diperoleh lewat pengematan sistem tak bereaksi air-abu sekam padi. Korelasi untuk koefisien perpindahan massa pada rezim transisi, Re partikel 7-25 atau Re fluida 19-254, diperoleh lewat penerapan model reaksi cair-padat dengan anggapan laju difusi NaOH dari bulk ke permukaan partikel sebagai pengendali. Konversi SiO2 tertinggi yang diperoleh mencapai 62% dengan pemakaian larutan NaoH yang relatif encer, yaitu 0,8 M. unjuk kerja ini lebih baik dibandingkan dengan hasil yang telah diperoleh peneliti terdahulu. Tawar-menawar antara konversi SiO2 dengan perolehan rasio SiO2/Na2O dalam produk perlu diperhatikan berdasarkan hasil studi ini. Spouted-Bed Reactor in Producing Sodium Silicate from Paddy Husk Ash: Hydrodynamics, Mass Transfer, and Silicate YieldAbstract. A laboratory-scale spouted bed reactor has been applied for producing sodium silicate from paddy husk ash and NaOH. The study covered hydrodynamics, mass transfer, and silicate-yield in the reactor. The correlation of minimum superficial velocity was determined by using nonreacting paddy ash-water system. Mass transfer correlation is spouted-bed which is valid for transition regim, i.e. Reynold particle range 7-25 or Reynold fluid number 19 -254, was derived from a simple model assuming the diffusion rate of NaOH from bulk to the particle surface as a determining step. Conversion of SiO2, equivalent to Na-silicate yield, is up to 62% using 0.8 M NaOH. This performance is significantly better than the other previous research. The study found that in producing silicate pay-off between SiO2 conversion and SiO2/Na2O mol ratio should be considered.

PEROLEHAN SILIKAT DARI ABU SEKAM PADI DALAM SPOUTED-BED: EFEK PERPINDAHAN MASSA Johnner P Sitompul; Agus Wanadri
Mesin Vol. 11 No. 2 (1996)
Publisher : Mesin

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A 5 cm diameter spouted-bed reactor has been applied for solid-liquid reaction, paddy ash and NaOH producing Na-silicate. Hydrodinamics of spouted-bed reactor was studied by using paddy ash-water system. Correlation for minimum superfisial spouting (Ums) was determined and follows the equation. ( in cgs unit)The spouted bed (SB) operates under transition regime i.e. Reynold number particle range 7-25 or Re number ï¬‚uid ranging from 19 to 254. The mass transfer is the controlling step for this system as for all solid-liquid reactions are very fast. So, a model of mass transfer has been derived and mass transfer correlation in SB follows equations Sh = 191,34 + 0,6325 Sc0.35 Re1.89 Above correlation shows high mass transfer at stagnant ï¬‚uid compared to other mass transfer correlations which is due to reacting system involved.Kata kunci : sunbungan adhesives, perfonnansi kekakuan. performansi perpindahan panas.

Studi Kondisi Operasi dalam Pemisahan Asam Laktat dari Produk Konversi Katalitik Tandan Kosong Sawit Melalui Esterifikasi-Hidrolisis Johnner Parningotan Sitompul; Ana Kemala Putri Jauhari; Gun Gun Gumilar; Yosandi Calimanto; Carolus Borromeus Rasrendra
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 13, No 2 (2019)
Publisher : Departemen Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Lactic acid is a platform chemical that is usually used to form various chemical products. Nowadays, the need of lactic acid is increasingly high especially for bio-based chemical as a substitute for petroleum-based one. Catalytic chemical conversion is seemingly potential to substitute the bioconversion pathway. This research aims to determine the best operating condition for separating lactic acid from its mixture (the catalytic conversion product of oil palm empty fruit bunch) by esterification-hydrolysis in order to produce the highest yield and purity. The esterification of the mixture was carried out by using n-butanol as a solvent and wet Amberlyst-15 as a catalyst. The esterification process was conducted by reacting n-butanol and lactic acid for 6 hours in a batch reactor. Hydrolysis was then followed by reacting organic phase as an esterification product and water in batch reactor system for 4 hours. The result showed that the higher reactant volume ratio, temperature, and catalyst concentration were used, the higher yield of both esterification and hydrolysis products would be. The highest esterification yield of 98.64%-w/w was achieved when the temperature was at 90oC, with a reactant volume ratio of 4, and the catalyst concentration of 2.5%-w/w. Moreover, the experiment results showed that the highest hydrolysis yield of 98.64%-w/w was achieved by the temperature of 90 oC, the reactant volume ratio of 20, and the catalyst concentration of 2.5%-w/w. It was revealed that the most significant variable for esterification was reactant volume ratio while both reactant volume ratio and temperature become the prominent variables for hydrolysis counterpart. Additionally, another modified method of separation was conducted by applying reactive distillation. This modified process increased the hydrolysis yield up to 82.34%-w/w by using pure butyl lactate as feed while the usage of the catalytic butyl lactate as feed could produce lactic acid with the yield of 74.01%-w/w. A B S T R A KAsam laktat adalah bahan kimia antara yang bermanfaat untuk pembentukan berbagai macam produk kimia. Permintaan asam laktat dewasa ini sangat tinggi terutama sebagai bahan kimia berbasis alam yang digunakan sebagai substitusi untuk penggunaan bahan kimia tak terbarukan. Terdapat banyak alternatif proses yang sudah dilakukan oleh peneliti untuk menemukan metode alternatif yang efektif sebagai pengganti proses fermentasi dan konversi katalitik merupakan proses yang berpotensi untuk diaplikasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi operasi yang menghasilkan perolehan asam laktat tinggi pada reaksi esterifikasi-hidrolisis asam laktat dari produk reaksi katalitik tandan kosong sawit menggunakan n-butanol p.a., dan katalis Amberlyst-15 basah. Esterifikasi dilakukan dengan mereaksikan n-butanol dan umpan hasil konversi katalitik tandan kosong sawit selama 6 jam. Hidrolisis dilakukan dengan mereaksikan air dan fase organik esterifikasi selama 4 jam. Hasil menunjukkan semakin tinggi temperatur reaksi, rasio volume reaktan, dan konsentrasi katalis, semakin tinggi perolehan asam laktat esterifikasi dan hidrolisis yang dihasilkan. Perolehan butil laktat tertinggi pada reaksi esterifikasi diperoleh sebesar 98,64%-b/b pada kondisi 90 oC, rasio volume 4 dan konsentrasi katalis 2,5%-b/b. Perolehan asam laktat tertinggi pada reaksi hidrolisis diperoleh sebesar 67,97%-b/b pada kondisi 90 oC, rasio volume 20 dan konsentrasi katalis 2,5%-b/b. Variabel signifikan pada esterifikasi adalah rasio volume reaktan, sedangkan pada hidrolisis adalah rasio volume reaktan dan temperatur. Penggunaan distilasi reaktif pada hidrolisis mampu meningkatkan perolehan asam laktat hingga 82,34%-b/b untuk butil laktat murni sebagai umpan dan 74,01%-b/b untuk butil laktat katalitik sebagai umpan.

Evaluation and Modification of Processes for Bioethanol Separation and Production Johnner P Sitompul; Widayat Widayat; Tatang H. Soerawidjaja
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 1, No 1 (2012): February 2012
Publisher : Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.14710/ijred.1.1.15-22

This paper concerns on process evaluation and modification for bioethanol separation and production by applying pinch technology. Further, the paper is also focused on obtaining a most energy-efficient process among several processes. Three basic process configurations of bioethanol separation and production were selected for this study. The three separations and production systems are Othmer process, Barbet process and a separation process that operates under vacuum condition. Basically, each process is combination of Danish Distilleries process with a separation system yielding 95% (v/v) bioethanol. The production capacity of the plant is estimated about 4 x 107 litre of bioethanol 95% (v/v) per year. The result of the studies shows that the most energy efficient process among the three processes evaluated is the Othmer process, followed by the Barbet process and the process involving vacuum operation. The evaluation also shows that further energy saving can be carried for Barbet and Othmer process configuration when Tmin = 10oC for heat exchange possible.

Pinch-Exergy Approach to Enhance Sulphitation Process Efficiency in Sugar Manufacturing Riadi, Indra; Sitompul, Johnner; Lee, Hyung Woo
CHEESA: Chemical Engineering Research Articles Vol. 7 No. 1 (2024)
Publisher : Universitas PGRI Madiun

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.25273/cheesa.v7i1.17831.1-14

This study aimed to enhance the thermal efficiency of the sulphitation process in the boiling house of sugar plants using a combined approach of pinch and exergy analyses. Pinch analysis is a reliable method for optimizing the design of energy recovery systems. However, the primary limitations arise from its exclusive focus on heat transfer processes. On the other hand, exergy balance provides valuable insight into the consumption of supplied exergy by individual process units, serving as a quantitative measure of inefficiency. The boiling house was evaluated and modified using pinch-exergy analysis with Sulphitation Process capacity production of 8000 TCD. The results showed a potential reduction in exergy destruction by approximately 10.25 MW. The optimization effort led to reductions of 18.18 and 14.70% in the use of hot and cold external utility, respectively.

Produksi Asam Laktat Melalui Jalur Biologi dan Jalur Kimia Katalitik Menggunakan Berbagai Bahan Baku Aini, Apsari Puspita; Nurmalasari, Enny; Rasrendra, Carolus Borromeus; Sitompul, Johnner
Eksergi Vol 20, No 3 (2023)
Publisher : Prodi Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknologi Industri, UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.31315/e.v20i3.9768

Aplikasi asam laktat pada berbagai industri menarik minat para peneliti untuk memproduksi asam laktat melalui berbagai jalur reaksi. Perolehan isomer asam lakat yang lebih murni dibandingkan dengan jalur reaksi kimia katalitik menjadikan jalur biologi dengan fermentasi menjadi jalur reaksi yang banyak dipakai di industri. Berbagai mikroorganisme pada golongan Lactic Acid Bacteria telah digunakan untuk memproduksi asam laktat baik dalam skala laboratorium maupun skala industri. Berbagai bahan baku dapat dikonversi menjadi asam laktat seperti, dihidroksi aseton, gliseraldehid, piruvaldehid, xilosa, glukosa, fruktosa, sukrosa, selulosa, insulin, selobiosa, pati, levoglukosan dan lignoselulosa. Kemampuan katalis dalam metode kimiawi menarik banyak minat peneliti untuk mencari alternatif pembuatan asam laktat yang bisa mengkonversi gula menjadi asam laktat dengan waktu reaksi yang lebih singkat. Penggunaan berbagai katalis mulai dari katalis homogen dan heterogen terbukti dapat menghasilkan asam laktat dengan yield yang bervariasi. Katalis lanthanum triflate terlihat menghasilkan asam laktat dengan perolehan yang baik walaupun dari bahan baku lignoselulosa yang perlu perlakuan awal terlebih dahulu karena mempunyai senyawa lignin yang bisa menghalangi kerja katalis.Kata Kunci: asam laktat; kimia katalitik; fermentasi; lignoselulosa ABSTRACT: The utilization of lactic acid for various applications encourages researchers to produce lactic acid by various reaction pathways. The yield of lactic acid isomer which is purer than the catalytic chemical reaction makes the biological pathway by fermentation widely used in industry. Various microorganisms in the Lactic Acid Bacteria categories have been used to produce lactic acid both on a laboratory and industrial scale. Various raw materials can be converted into lactic acid such as dihydroxy acetone, glyceraldehyde, pyruvaldehyde, xylose, glucose, fructose, sucrose, cellulose, insulin, cellobiose, starch, levoglucosan and lignocellulose. The ability of catalyst has attracted interest of researcher to find alternatives for making lactic acid that can convert sugar into lactic acid with a shorter reaction time. The use of various catalysts from homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts has been proven to produce lactic acid with varying results. The lanthanum triflate catalyst proven to produce lactic acid with a high yield, even though it is from lignocellulosic raw materials that need pre-treatment to remove lignin compounds which can inhibit the performance of the catalyst.Keywords: lactic acid; chemical catalytic; fermentation; lignocellulose

Variasi Jarak Antar Layer Bentonit Pada Pembuatan Nanokomposit Pla-Bentonit Sebagai Kemasan Makanan Wonoputri, Vita; Emanuella, Natasha; Angelica, Evelyn; Sitompul, Johnner
Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research Vol 8 No 1 (2020): Edisi Bulan Mei (Edition for May)
Publisher : Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Pattimura

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30598/ijcr.2020.8-vit

In this study, bentonite was used as a filler in the synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite. The mechanical property of PLA-Bentonite nanocomposite was treated using two different surfactants, namely octadecyl amine (ODA) and trimethyl stearyl ammonium chloride (TSC) at two different concentration (20 mmol and 40 mmol). The treatments of ODA and TSC in the matrix with regards to the basal spacing of bentonite stacks measured by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results showed a significant increase in basal spacing was obtained when TSC 40 was applied for treatment. Data of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) suggested that this increase was caused by the incorporation of surfactant into the bentonite stacks. Most of the PLA-Bentonite nanocomposite can form intercalation structure, while a sample containing TSC 40 formed exfoliation structure. This exfoliation structure resulted in a film with the best tensile strength and water vapor permeability compared to the others. The film containing TSC 40 showed the lowest reduction in water activity, almost similar to the bread sample wrapped using conventional plastic. The bread wrapped with TSC 40 film was not grown by fungi as opposed to the conventional plastic, showing the potential of the nanocomposite film as food packaging.

Studi kondisi operasi dalam pemisahan asam laktat dari produk konversi katalitik tandan kosong sawit melalui esterifikasi-hidrolisis Johnner Parningotan Sitompul; Ana Kemala Putri Jauhari; Gun Gun Gumilar; Yosandi Calimanto; Carolus Borromeus Rasrendra
Jurnal Rekayasa Proses Vol 13 No 2 (2019): Volume 13, Number 2, 2019
Publisher : Jurnal Rekayasa Proses

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/jrekpros.44195

Lactic acid is a platform chemical that is usually used to form various chemical products. Nowadays, the need of lactic acid is increasingly high especially for bio-based chemical as a substitute for petroleum-based one. Catalytic chemical conversion is seemingly potential to substitute the bioconversion pathway. This research aims to determine the best operating condition for separating lactic acid from its mixture (the catalytic conversion product of oil palm empty fruit bunch) by esterification-hydrolysis in order to produce the highest yield and purity. The esterification of the mixture was carried out by using n-butanol as a solvent and wet Amberlyst-15 as a catalyst. The esterification process was conducted by reacting n-butanol and lactic acid for 6 hours in a batch reactor. Hydrolysis was then followed by reacting organic phase as an esterification product and water in batch reactor system for 4 hours. The result showed that the higher reactant volume ratio, temperature, and catalyst concentration were used, the higher yield of both esterification and hydrolysis products would be. The highest esterification yield of 98.64%-w/w was achieved when the temperature was at 90oC, with a reactant volume ratio of 4, and the catalyst concentration of 2.5%-w/w. Moreover, the experiment results showed that the highest hydrolysis yield of 98.64%-w/w was achieved by the temperature of 90 oC, the reactant volume ratio of 20, and the catalyst concentration of 2.5%-w/w. It was revealed that the most significant variable for esterification was reactant volume ratio while both reactant volume ratio and temperature become the prominent variables for hydrolysis counterpart. Additionally, another modified method of separation was conducted by applying reactive distillation. This modified process increased the hydrolysis yield up to 82.34%-w/w by using pure butyl lactate as feed while the usage of the catalytic butyl lactate as feed could produce lactic acid with the yield of 74.01%-w/w.

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