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KONVERSI LIMBAH PLASTIK POLIETILEN MENJADI BAHAN BAKAR DENGAN METODE PIROLISIS Prabuditya Bhisma Wisnu Wardhana; Harwin Saptoadi
Jurnal DISPROTEK Vol 7, No 1 (2016)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Nahdlatul Ulama Jepara

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34001/jdpt.v7i1.354

Production and consumption of plastics are increasing every year. The phenomenon possibly occurs because plastics has many advantages than other materials, both from the nature of the material itself and its economical nature. The waste plastic could not be decomposed by environment, so it needs a special treatment for its processing. The purpose of this study was to change polyethylene plastic waste into fuel and to know the property of the liquid fuel itself. The study was conducted by preparing a polyethylene plasticwaste materials that have been chopped. The next step is to weigh the mass of plastic waste before it is put in into the reactor. The mass of plastic waste is then written to the data processing. After the plasticwaste or feed stock are put into the reactor, then directly the reactor is turned on. Polyethylene plastic waste pyrolysis products are then analyzed to observe the mass balance and characteristics of the liquid product produced. This analysis is expected to describe the effectiveness of the process of converting waste plastic to be useful fuel products. Pyrolysis process is at a temperature of 450°C delivers 61% of liquid fuels, gaseous fuels 27% and 12% mass-based solid fuel. The percentage value of fuel depends on the type of reactor, reactor design, temperature, quantity of nitrogen flow, and residence time used. Characteristics of liquid fuels showed that the quality of which is not much different than the biodiesel fuel as fuel comparator. Keywords: pyrolisis, waste, plastics, polyethylene. ABSTRAK Produksi dan konsumsi plastik meningkat setiap tahunnya. Fenomena yang sangat mungkin terjadi karena sifat-sifat plastik memiliki banyak keunggulan dari bahan yang lain, baik dari sifat material itu sendiri dan sifat keekonomiannya. Limbah plastik ini tidak mudah terurai di lingkungan dan memerlukan perlakuan khusus untuk pengolahannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk merubah limbah plastik polietilen menjadi bahan bakar dan mengetahui properties dari bahan bakar cair tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mempersiapkan bahan baku yaitu limbah plastik polietilen yang telah dicacah. Langkah selanjutnya adalah menimbang massa limbah plastik tersebut sebelum dimasukkan ke dalam reaktor. Massa limbah plastik kemudian dicatat untuk pengolahan data. Setelah limbah plastik atau feedstock tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam reaktor, kemudian reaktor dinyalakan. Produk pirolisis limbah plastik polietilen kemudian dianalisis untuk melihat kesetimbangan massa dan karakteristik dari produk cair yang dihasilkan. Analisis ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran efektivitas proses konversi limbah plastik hingga menjadi produk bahan bakar yang berguna. Proses pirolisis pada temperatur 450°C menghasilkan 61% bahan bakar cair, 27% bahan bakar gas dan 12% bahan bakar padat berbasis massa. Nilai persentase bahan bakar tergantung dari jenis reaktor, desain reaktor, temperatur, jumlah aliran nitrogen, dan residence time yang digunakan. Karakteristik bahan bakar cair menunjukkan kualitas yang tidak jauh berbeda dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar biosolar sebagai bahan bakar pembanding. Kata kunci: pirolisis, limbah, plastik, polietilen

PENGARUH MASSA KATALIS ZEOLIT ALAM PADA PROSES PIROLISIS LIMBAH PLASTIK LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE) Stephanus Danny Kurniawan; Harwin Saptoadi
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI TECHNOSCIENTIA Technoscientia Vol 9 No 1 Agustus 2016
Publisher : Lembaga Penelitian & Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (LPPM), IST AKPRIND Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.34151/technoscientia.v9i1.153

Plastic wastes have considerable potential to be converted into alternative fuels through pyrolysis process and reduce negative impacts on the environment pollution. Plastic pyrolysis process carried out to obtain hydrocarbon compounds that can be used as fuel and increase the economic value of the plastic wastes. The raw material used is Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). This study was conducted to determine the effect of variations in the mass of catalyst on the characteristics and applications of waste plastics pyrolysis oil (WPO). The reactor used was a batch-type fixed with a temperature of 450ºC, nitrogen flow rate of 0.8 l/min, which feedstock used is 2000gr and natural zeolite as a catalyst. The use of mass variation of Catalyst Feedstock Ratio (CFR) are 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15. The results showed that the increasing use of the mass of catalyst have an effect in decreasing of liquid products. Most liquid products obtained in the use of 100g catalyst, with a percentage of 56.75%wt liquid products, 38.60%wt gas products and 4.65%wt solid products. The results of the characteristics and properties testing of plastics pyrolysis oils include specific gravity, kinematic viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, water content, ash content, carbon number distribution and PONA analysis showed that the pyrolysis oil has similarities with kerosene and diesel oil as well can be developed as analternative fuels.

Pengaruh Temperatur Pada Microwave Pirolisis Cangkang Kelapa Sawit dan Low Density Polyethylene Dengan Katalis Zeolite/Kalsium Oksida Maulana Wahyu Ayatullah; Harwin Saptoadi
Proceedings Series on Physical & Formal Sciences Vol. 1 (2021): Proceedings of Smart Advancement on Engineering and Applied Science
Publisher : UM Purwokerto Press

In general, the use of oil palm parts can be utilized by industry, but it is different from oil palm shells which become waste. The high use of plastic is proportional to the waste generated. So far, both types of waste are problems that have not been resolved. The utilization of waste shell waste and low-density polyethylene using the pyrolysis method. Microwave technology has been widely used as a heat source in the pyrolysis process. The advantages of using microwaves in pyrolysis are fast and selective heating, efficient energy use, and control of pyrolysis products. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of Pyrolytic-oil from the pyrolysis of waste oil palm shells and Low-density polyethylene. The research was conducted using a microwave with temperature variations of 400oC, 450oC, 500oC, 550oC and 600oC. The composition of the main ingredients consisted of 75 grams of palm shells, 75 grams of low-density polyethylene plastic, 56.25 grams of a zeolite catalyst, 56.25 grams of calcium oxide and 131.25 grams of charcoal carbon absorber. The results showed the effect of temperature on pyrolytic-oil productivity; as the temperature increases, the product gas increases. The lowest density value at a temperature of 400oC is 966.8 Kg/m. The lowest viscosity at a temperature variation of 500oC is 2.1 Mpa.s. The highest acidity value is at a temperature of 550oC.

Heating Characteristics of Palm Oil Industry Solid Waste and Plastic Waste Mixture using a Microwave Oven Novi Caroko; Harwin Saptoadi; Tri Agung Rohmat
ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol 20, No 2 (2020)
Publisher : Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22146/ajche.58503

A microwave thermogravimetric analyzer was used to measure the characteristics of a mixture of palm oil solid waste (fiber, shell, and empty fruit bunch) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In the study, the range of palm oil solid waste composition ratios to PET used was 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (by weight). The study included the influence of the quality of raw material on the heating process. The mixture of palm oil solid waste (fiber, shell, and empty fruit bunch) and PET proved to impact the heating rate, mass-loss rate, and energy consumption. Based on the observation, empty fruit bunch-PET mixture had the highest heating rate (average 1.5039oC/s) than shell (average 0.6058oC/s), and fiber (0.9119oC/s) and also had the highest mass-loss rate (average 0.0253 g/s). The highest biomass (shell, empty fruit bunch, and fiber) and PET composition ratio give the highest rate of heating rate (average 1.8264oC/s) and mass-loss rate (average 0.02875 g/s). In addition, the increasing ratio of fixed carbon and material density will impact the increasing heating rate and mass-loss rate and decrease energy consumption. Therefore, fixed carbon and material gaps significantly affect the heating rate.

Pengaruh Penambahan Dry Scrubber Terhadap Produksi Tar Pada Downdraft Gasifier Dengan Feedstock Sekam Padi Nashrul Chanief Hidayat; Harwin Saptoadi
Prosiding SENASTITAN: Seminar Nasional Teknologi Industri Berkelanjutan Prosiding SENASTITAN Vol. 02 2022
Publisher : Institut Teknologi Adhi Tama Surabaya

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | Full PDF (772.396 KB)

Downdraft gasifier merupakan jenis gasifier yang mampu menghasilkan syngas dengan kandungan tar rendah. Untuk dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar pada mesin pembakaran dalalam, kandungan tar pada syngas harus berkisar 50-100 mg/Nm³. Downdraft gasifier kurang kompatibel untuk feedstock biomassa dengan kandungan moisture 30%. Temperatur syngas ketika keluar dari dari gasifier berkisar 200-400°C. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan dry scrubber terhadap produksi tar dan efektifitas dalam menurunkan kandungan moisture pada kulit kakao. Kulit kakao dengan ukuran 1 cm, 2 cm, dan 3 cm, dengan massa 3 kg, 4 kg, dan 5 kg digunakan sebagai media dry scrubber. Gasifikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan feedstock sekam padi sebanyak 5 kg pada setiap pengujian. Media gasifikasi yang digunakan adalah udara dengan equivalent ratio 0,30. Analisa kandungan tar pada syngas di lakukan dengan menggunakan metode tar gravimetric, dengan menggunakan impinggin botol yang di isi dengan isopropanol. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penambahan dry scrubber dengan ukuran kulit kakao 2 cm dan massa 5 kg dapat menurunkan produksi tar pada syngas menjadi 1,20 g/Nm³, sementara kandungan moisture pada kulit kakao dapat berkurang menjadi 8,66%. Komposisi H2, CO, CH4, dan CO2 pada syngas sebesar 2,36%, 2,90%, 0,71%, dan 9,88%, dengan nilai cold gas efficiency sebesar 26,08%.

The Effect of Microwave Oven Power Variations on Co-Pyrolysis Process of Oil Palm Shells and Polystyrene: Pengaruh Variasi Daya Microwave Oven Terhadap Proses Co-Pirolisis Cangkang Kelapa Sawit dan Polistirena Nazarrudin, Rizal; Saptoadi, Harwin
Procedia of Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 3 (2022): Proceedings of the 1st SENARA 2022
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/pssh.v3i.193

Indonesia has a very large area of oil palm plantations, one of which is the island of Sumatra. However, in processing and handling palm oil product waste in the form of palm shells, it has not been maximized. Therefore, the chemical decomposition process can play an important role in supporting waste management and sustainable energy use in Indonesia which is not yet optimal. In this research, the proper use of power will be tested with the help of microwaves as a reactor for the co-pyrolysis process of oil palm shells and polystyrene plastic. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate power to produce maximum co-pyrolysis products and to investigate the physical characteristics of the oil-pyrolytic products. The test uses a microwave oven which has a power variation of 300 W, 450 W, 600 W, and 800 W with the addition of a catalyst. The ratio of the composition of oil palm shells to polystyrene plastic is 1:1 with a total mass of 105 gr and using coconut shell charcoal as an activated carbon absorber. The pyrolysis temperature is 500 ℃, the nitrogen gas flow rate is 1.5 LPM, and the pyrolysis time is 60 minutes. Furthermore, testing the physical properties of the pyrolysis oil product in the form of density, acidity, and viscosity testing. The results showed that the optimal power to obtain oil-pyrolytic was 600 W with a product oil of 17.6%, and from the physical properties it had a low viscosity value of 2.55 mPa.s with a pH level of 6.6.

Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Rice Husk Waste Using Silicon Carbide: Effects of Particle Size and Holding Time Zaka, Ahmad Murtadlo; Saptoadi, Harwin; Putra, Robertus Dhimas Dhewangga
Chemical Engineering Journal Storage (CEJS) Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Chemical Engineering Journal Storage (CEJS)-Mei 2025
Publisher : LPPM Universitas Malikussaleh

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.29103/cejs.v5i2.21615

Microwave pyrolysis converts rice husk waste into biochar, bio-oil, and gas products. This research utilized a microwave oven and a conventional oven to process rice husk into pyrolysis products, with silicon carbide (SiC) serving as an absorber in the primary microwave reactor and a natural zeolite catalyst in the secondary oven reactor. The particle size variations of rice husk waste were 2-1 mm, 1-0.5 mm, and 0.5-0.25 mm, with holding times of 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes. The smallest particle size (0.25-0.5 mm) exhibited the fastest and most consistent heating rate, reaching 400 ËšC in 900 seconds and 450 ËšC in 1268 seconds. The highest biochar yield was obtained at a 5-minute holding time, whereas the highest bio-oil yield was achieved at 20 minutes. The highest gas yields for 1-2 mm (17.80%) and 0.5-1 mm (17.90%) were achieved at 5 minutes of holding time, whereas 0.25-0.5 mm particles yielded the highest gas (21.60%) at 20 minutes. The highest total energy of 1.153 MJ was obtained at size 1-2 with a holding time of 10 minutes and size 0.5-1 mm with a holding time of 5 minutes, while 0.25-0.5 mm particles reached 1.122 MJ at 10 minutes. The highest energy efficiency was achieved at a holding time of 5 minutes, recorded at 21.44% for particles sized 0.25-0.5 mm. This value is higher compared to particles sized 0.5-1 mm (21.21%) and 1-2 mm (19.84%). These results contribute to the optimization of rice husk waste management and the sustainable utilization of biomass

Pirolisis Gelombang Mikro Biomassa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS): Pengaruh Massa Absorber KOH dan Katalis Zeolit Alam terhadap Energi Produk Megaprastio, Bayu; Saptoadi, Harwin; Putra, Robertus Dimas Dewangga
Science Tech: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Vol 11 No 2 (2025): August
Publisher : Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.30738/st.vol11.no2.a19713

This study aims to investigate the effect of the KOH/TKKS ratio on the energy content and composition of three-phase pyrolysis products, with a fixed zeolite mass of 10 g. The pyrolysis process was conducted using 100 g of empty fruit bunches (TKKS) at 450 °C with a residence time of 15 minutes. The evaluation covered pyrolysis performance (yields of biochar, bio-oil, and gas), biochar properties (proximate analysis and energy content), bio-oil (energy content), and gas (composition via GC-TCD and energy content). The results show that increasing the KOH ratio accelerated the attainment of the target temperature from approximately 17 minutes (ratio 2:4) to 10 minutes (ratio 4:4) and promoted a higher gas fraction while reducing the bio-oil yield. The optimal condition for bio-oil production was achieved at a KOH/TKKS ratio of 2:4, yielding the highest bio-oil fraction of 29.3%. A higher KOH mass also increased the concentrations of CO, CO₂, and H₂ in the gas phase while decreasing the fixed carbon content in the biochar. The energy input during pyrolysis decreased significantly from 1513.11 kJ at the 2:4 KOH/TKKS ratio to 813.8 kJ at the 4:4 ratio, primarily due to the accelerated heating rate induced by higher KOH content. Despite this, the 2:4 ratio exhibited the highest energy conversion efficiency, as it produced the largest yield and energy content of bio-oil, contributing to a higher total energy output. These findings highlight the critical role of an appropriate KOH ratio in optimizing product distribution and energy efficiency in the pyrolysis process. The results underscore the potential of TKKS as a renewable energy source through microwave-assisted pyrolysis.

Integrated CFD and Aspen Plus Simulation for Optimizing Biomass Combustion: A Study on Sugarcane Bagasse Nugraha, Maulana Gilar; Azarya, Eblin Alle; Hidayat, Muslikhin; Saptoadi, Harwin
Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences Vol. 57 No. 5 (2025): Vol. 57 No. 5 (2025): October
Publisher : Directorate for Research and Community Services, Institut Teknologi Bandung

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2025.57.5.8

This study presents an integrated simulation approach to optimize biomass combustion using sugarcane bagasse as a renewable feedstock. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was employed to model combustion hydrodynamics, while Aspen Plus was used to simulate pyrolysis product distribution based on Gibbs free energy minimization. The simulation involved key parameters such as air-fuel ratio, excess air level (100% and 200%), and combustion temperature profiles, which were validated against experimental data from a lab-scale grate-fired furnace. The pyrolysis results revealed that increasing the temperature from 400°C to 600°C significantly enhanced CO and H₂ concentrations, thereby improving syngas reactivity. CFD analysis showed that, at 100% excess air, CO₂ concentration reached 9.15% with an average freeboard temperature of 405.2°C, while at 200% excess air, the CO₂ dropped to 6.46% and the temperature decreased to 397.9°C, indicating reduced combustion efficiency. These results underscore the importance of optimizing air supply to enhance combustion performance and minimize unburnt volatiles. The findings confirm that integrating CFD and Aspen Plus simulations provides a reliable framework for improving the efficiency and environmental performance of biomass combustion systems.

The Effect of Microwave Oven Power Variations on Co-Pyrolysis Process of Oil Palm Shells and Polystyrene: Pengaruh Variasi Daya Microwave Oven Terhadap Proses Co-Pirolisis Cangkang Kelapa Sawit dan Polistirena Nazarrudin, Rizal; Saptoadi, Harwin
Procedia of Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 3 (2022): Proceedings of the 1st SENARA 2022
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.21070/pssh.v3i.193

Indonesia has a very large area of oil palm plantations, one of which is the island of Sumatra. However, in processing and handling palm oil product waste in the form of palm shells, it has not been maximized. Therefore, the chemical decomposition process can play an important role in supporting waste management and sustainable energy use in Indonesia which is not yet optimal. In this research, the proper use of power will be tested with the help of microwaves as a reactor for the co-pyrolysis process of oil palm shells and polystyrene plastic. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate power to produce maximum co-pyrolysis products and to investigate the physical characteristics of the oil-pyrolytic products. The test uses a microwave oven which has a power variation of 300 W, 450 W, 600 W, and 800 W with the addition of a catalyst. The ratio of the composition of oil palm shells to polystyrene plastic is 1:1 with a total mass of 105 gr and using coconut shell charcoal as an activated carbon absorber. The pyrolysis temperature is 500 ℃, the nitrogen gas flow rate is 1.5 LPM, and the pyrolysis time is 60 minutes. Furthermore, testing the physical properties of the pyrolysis oil product in the form of density, acidity, and viscosity testing. The results showed that the optimal power to obtain oil-pyrolytic was 600 W with a product oil of 17.6%, and from the physical properties it had a low viscosity value of 2.55 mPa.s with a pH level of 6.6.

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