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All Journal Ilmu Administrasi Publik Gender Equality: Internasional Journal of Child and Gender Studies NUSANTARA : Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial Jurnal Pro Hukum : Jurnal Penelitian Bidang Hukum Universitas Gresik Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences Ulumuna Journal of Terrorism Studies Interdisciplinary Social Studies Jurnal Pertahanan dan Bela Negara Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES (POLRI) Journal of Law, Poliitic and Humanities Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies INTERDISIPLIN: Journal of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ)
Zora Arfina Sukabdi
Universitas Indonesia
Religion Aerospace Engineering Arts Humanities Computer Science & IT Decision Sciences, Operations Research & Management Economics, Econometrics & Finance Education Engineering Environmental Science Health Professions Languange, Linguistic, Communication & Media Law, Crime, Criminology & Criminal Justice Library & Information Science Mathematics Neuroscience Public Health Social Sciences Other

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Salience identity of women in terrorism P., Gega Ryani Cahya Kurnia B.; Sukabdi, Zora A.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHILD AND GENDER STUDIES Vol 7, No 2 (2021)
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.22373/equality.v7i2.10407

Abstract

Recently the involvement of women in terrorism has increased through their various roles, from facilitators, recruiters, nurses, couriers to suicide bombers and frontline fighters in acts of terrorism. Even though jihad limit the involvement of women in action, the rising of ISIS in 2014 has increased their involvement in terrorism as jihadists. Women are given various passive and active roles such as being the perpetrators of suicide bombers. Violent behavior by women is said to be a deviation because of gender stereotypes that exist in society and shift the view that women are victims. This study used a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study to describe the identity and role that women have in terrorism. Furthermore, this study used a theoretical analysis of Sheldon Stryker's Identity Theory (1980) with the salience identity to find out how to counter women involvement in terrorism in profiling practice to decide the methods to hadling it. The results of the study showed that the salience identity of women is still not considered as the main character in terrorism so that women are often considered as victims.The involvement of women in the role is marked by the roles they carry that affect their social behavior according to the role they play as terrorists. There are various identities of women that will have an impact on policies to deal with terrorism aimed at women, they must look at the roles and identities they have in accordance with the proportions of their salience identities.
Analysis of MUI Office Security System Using Routine Activity Theory: Case Study of Shooting at MUI Office Kurniawati, Deni; Sukabdi, Zora A.; Wardhana, I Made Wisnu
Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities Vol. 5 No. 5 (2025): (JLPH) Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities
Publisher : Dinasti Research

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.38035/jlph.v5i5.1903

Abstract

The shooting incident at the Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis Ulama Indonesia/MUI) office has raised public concern regarding the security systems of religious institutions in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the security system of the MUI office using the Routine Activity Theory (RAT), which emphasizes three key elements for the occurrence of crime: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. Employing a case study approach and qualitative methods, data were collected through document analysis, media reports, and interviews with relevant stakeholders. The findings reveal that weaknesses in surveillance and the lack of technology-based security systems contributed to the incident. These results highlight the urgency of upgrading security measures, including enhancing the capacity of security personnel, installing electronic surveillance systems, and establishing more adaptive standard operating procedures (SOPs) to respond to potential threats. This study contributes to the development of crime
The Role of Police in Preventing the Regeneration of Armed Criminal Groups: A Study in Ilaga District Siagian, Oktovian Prawira Hidayat; Nita, Surya; Sukabdi, Zora A.
POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES Vol. 4 No. 2 (2025): APRIL
Publisher : Transpublika Publisher

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55047/polri.v4i2.1692

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the extent of the role of education in deciding the regeneration of KKB criminal groups. The collaboration between the Puncak Regency Police and the Ilaga Regency Government in the implementation of education programs as an effort to prevent the regeneration of Armed Criminal Groups (KKB) shows positive potential in shaping the character and social awareness of the younger generation. This program that integrates the values of nationalism and ethics indirectly reduces the interest in recruitment by the KKB. This study uses a qualitative method with interview data collection techniques, observation and documentation. The results show that cross-sector synergy increases the effectiveness of planning, coordination, and implementation of educational programs, although it still faces challenges such as limited resources, infrastructure, and organizational cultural differences. Therefore, increasing human resource capacity, improving infrastructure, and making more adaptive policy adjustments are needed to optimize community support and program effectiveness. The findings of this study make an important contribution to the development of strategies to prevent KKB regeneration through continuous education.
The Challenge of Terrorism Regeneration: What Schools Do Terrorist Offenders Select for Their Children? Sukabdi, Zora Arfina; Sofanudin, Aji; Munajat, Munajat; Mulyana, Mulyana; Budiyanto, Sigit
Ulumuna Vol 29 No 1 (2025): June
Publisher : Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.20414/ujis.v29i1.1061

Abstract

Children's education plays a crucial role in preventing radicalization. By fostering analytical thinking and encouraging an evidence-based approach, education can help children develop the ability to discern and challenge extremist narratives. This study aims to investigate the terrorist offenders’ children's education in Indonesia through qualitative and quantitative research designs. By interviewing terrorist prisoners, holding discussions with former prisoners, and reviewing legal documents of terrorism cases such as profiling and assessment reports, this study tries to identify the regeneration of terrorist networks in Indonesia. The study examines the schools terrorist offenders (as decision makers) select for their children. The findings of this study show that only 18% of prisoners’ children are sent to schools not associated at all with terrorist organizations. In comparison, prisoners hide 29%, 14% are sent to schools less affiliated with terrorist organizations, and 13% are in schools very affiliated with terrorist organizations. This indicates distressing information that the indoctrination of youngsters persists within terrorist networks in Indonesia. Moreover, there are correlations between several independent (e.g., offenders' sentences, risk levels, and affiliations) and dependent variables (e.g., children's trauma, categories of school, orientations, and school networking). The study may help predict the continuation and recurrence of terrorism.
The Role of TNI (Indonesian National Army) in Countering Trans-national Crimes Subandi, Imam; Syauqillah, Muhammad; Priyanto, Sapto; Sukabdi, Zora A.; Rum, Muhamad
Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies Vol. 4 No. 8 (2024): Journal Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies
Publisher : Green Publisher Indonesia

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.59188/eduvest.v4i8.1340

Abstract

The involvement of the Indonesian Army in law enforcement is often a problematic issue in the context of countries that implement a democratic system. History has proven that authoritarianism is not only the domination of the military, but also the domination of every government regime including civilians that do not implement checks and balances system in the execution of the government. This is what should be the focus of the problem. Apart from that, law enforcement authority actually is not only limited to the area of civil authority which is only given to the police as a representation of state authority which obtains authority from law, but rather to the police functions in general which can also be given to the military which functions as law enforcement officers (law enforcement officials) as explained in the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement as follows; "(a) The term "law enforcement officials", includes all officers of the law, whether appointed or elected, who exercise police powers, especially the powers of arrest or detention. (b) In countries where police powers are exercised by military authorities, whether uniformed or not, or by State security forces, the definition of law enforcement officials shall be regarded as including officers of such services." In the explanation of Article 1 of the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement, it is clear that what is meant by "law enforcement officials" includes elected or appointed law enforcement officers who are given the authority to carry out arrests and detention. 
Pencegahan Residivisme Narapidana Teroris Di Indonesia Anwar Luqman Hakim; Zora A. Sukabdi
Jurnal Pro Hukum : Jurnal Penelitian Bidang Hukum Universitas Gresik Vol 11 No 5 (2022)
Publisher : Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gresik

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55129/.v11i5.2436

Abstract

Isu residivisme narapidana teroris kembali mengemuka ketika terdapat kasus yang melibatkan mantan narapidana teroris. Kejadian serupa menyebabkan program deradikalisasi Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme (BNPT) dipertanyakan keefektivitasannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kritik terhadap program deradikalisasi dan memberikan usul perbaikan atasnya. Penelitian menggunakan studi literatur dengan memanfaatkan studi terdahulu dalam memahami fenomena yang ada. Diketahui terdapat kebutuhan untuk melakukan pengukuran obyektif keberhasilan program deradikalisasi. Untuk itu BNPT perlu menggunakan alat ukur yang sesuai dengan kaidah keilmuan dan dapat diterapkan di Indonesia. Beberapa alat ukur telah dikembangkan dan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh BNPT antara lain MIKRA (Motivasi-Ideologi-Kapabilitas Risk Assessment) yang menggunakan konsep Risk-Need-Responsivity dan Psychology of Criminal Conduct. BNPT perlu mendorong penggunaan dan pengembangan alat ukur serupa MIKRA untuk mencegah residivisme teroris. BNPT dapat menjalin kerja sama yang lebih erat dengan berbagai institusi seperti Kemendikbudristek, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, dan Universitas/Akademisi/Peneliti untuk menghasilkan alat ukur yang sesuai dengan keperluan Indonesia.
Stressors Among Counterterrorism Professionals in Indonesia Sukabdi, Zora Arfina; Purnama, Chandra Yudistira; Ruliana, Winda; Muzayanah, Umi
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 2 No. 4 (2025)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v2i4.72

Abstract

Counterterrorism professionals in Indonesia face significant pressures due to the demanding nature of their work. This study was aimed at investigating stressors among Indonesian counterterrorism personnel. A mixed-methods research design was employed in the study. The results demonstrate that counterterrorism professionals, including national intelligence operatives, encounter stress chiefly from role expectations, workload, and insufficient social support. Different demographic groups view certain stressors as the most challenging. Furthermore, statistical evidence indicates that employment in security and national defence, or broader intelligence sectors significantly affects personnel's occupational stress levels. The study may help in developing resilience capacity-building strategies.
The Tension in the Great Lakes Region Over the M23 Rebellion in Eastern Democratic Republic of CONGO (DRC) Lukuba Machibya; Zora Sukabdi
Interdisciplinary Social Studies Vol. 4 No. 4 (2025): Regular Issue: July-September 2025
Publisher : International Journal Labs

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.55324/iss.v4i4.922

Abstract

The re-emergence of the March 23 Movement (M23) in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has reignited tensions in the Great Lakes Region, exposing deep-rooted historical, ethnic, political, and economic grievances. This study analyzes the causes, dynamics, and consequences of the rebellion, situating it within the colonial legacy, state fragility, and regional competition, with particular emphasis on the roles of Rwanda and Uganda. Using Conflict Theory and Realist International Relations Theory, the research highlights key drivers of conflict, including the socio-political marginalization of the Congolese Tutsi minority, competition over vast natural resources, and the weakness of the Congolese state. Qualitative methods and secondary data from UN, AU, and NGO reports form the basis of this analysis. Findings reveal that the rebellion persists due to unfulfilled peace agreements, ethnic divisions, and the shadow economy fueled by illicit resource extraction. The consequences are severe: over a million displaced people, widespread human rights abuses, and devastated livelihoods. Despite interventions by the East African Community, MONUSCO, and international sanctions, mistrust, weak institutions, and conflicting regional interests hinder peace. The study concludes that only a holistic peacebuilding process—encompassing regional cooperation, accountability for war crimes, governance reforms, and inclusive economic growth—can break the cycle of violence and foster stability in Eastern DRC and the wider Great Lakes Region.
Economic Shockwaves and Extremist Pathways: A Dual-Perspective Analysis of the 2025 Trade War's Psychological Impact Sukabdi, Zora A.; Hidayat , Eri R.; Muzayanah, Umi
Security Intelligence Terrorism Journal (SITJ) Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026)
Publisher : Pusat Studi Politik dan Kebijakan Strategis Indonesia (POLKASI)

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.70710/sitj.v3i1.90

Abstract

Trade wars, though driven by economic objectives, had repercussions extending beyond the economy into social and political spheres. Using a qualitative research design, this study examines the connection between the 2025 trade war and the potential rise of violent extremism by interviewing two key groups: former terrorist offenders, who provide insider perspectives, and terrorism analysts, who offer outsider viewpoints on extremist groups. The findings reveal that contemporary extremists can be categorized by ideology, scope, generational cohort, and behavioral patterns. The study further highlights how global economic instability, which leads to local crises, can exacerbate extremism and criminal behavior, particularly within vulnerable communities. This study identifies three classifications of extremists based on their responses to economic crises: “deradicalized”, “exploiters”, and “vulnerable”.
The Psychology of Extremism in of Economic Crisis: A Dual-Perspective Study of 2025 Trade War Sukabdi, Zora; Hidayat , Eri R.; Muzayanah, Umi
INTERDISIPLIN: Journal of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Vol. 3 No. 2 (2026)
Publisher : Penerbit Hellow Pustaka

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.61166/interdisiplin.v3i2.139

Abstract

Trade wars, while motivated by economic goals, had consequences that transcended the economic realm, impacting social and political domains. This study employs a qualitative research design to investigate the relationship between the 2025 trade war and the potential emergence of violent extremism by interviewing two pivotal groups: former terrorist offenders, who provide insider insights, and terrorism analysts, who present outsider perspectives on extremist organizations. The results indicate that modern extremists can be classified by ideology, scope, generational cohort, and behavioral tendencies. The study emphasizes that global economic instability, resulting in local crises, can intensify extremism and criminal activity, especially in vulnerable groups. This study categorizes extremists into three classes based on their reactions to economic crises: “deradicalized,” “exploiters,” and “vulnerable.”
Co-Authors Aji Sofanudin Anwar Luqman Hakim Anwar Luqman Hakim Anwar Luqman Hakim Budiyanto, Sigit Eko Setyo Utomo Ganda Halomoan Sitorus Guntur Wijaya Kesuma harto, Sugi Hidayat , Eri R. Jayawarsa, A.A. Ketut Kurniawati, Deni Lukuba Machibya Mul yadi Mulyana Mulyana Munajat Munajat, Munajat Nita, Surya Novi Pasaribu P., Gega Ryani Cahya Kurnia B. Priyanto, Sapto Purnama, Chandra Yudistira Ruliana, Winda Rum, Muhamad Sapto Priyanto Siagian, Oktovian Prawira Hidayat Subandi, Imam Surya Nita Syauqillah, Muhammad Umi Muzayanah Wahyu Agung Sukhamdani Wardhana, I Made Wisnu